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Nucleus in ciliates, involved in non-reproductive cell functions
A macronucleus (formerly also meganucleus) is the larger type of nucleus in ciliates. Macronuclei are polyploid and undergo direct division without mitosis
Macronucleus
Taxon of protozoans with hair-like organelles called cilia
not express its genes. The macronucleus provides the small nuclear RNA for vegetative growth. Division of the macronucleus occurs in most ciliate species
Ciliate
Genus of unicellular ciliates
nuclear apparatus, consisting of a polyploid macronucleus, and one or more diploid micronuclei. The macronucleus controls non-reproductive cell functions
Paramecium
Species of single-celled organism
nuclei (a large macronucleus and a single compact micronucleus). As in other ciliates, individuals cannot survive without the macronucleus and cannot reproduce
Paramecium_caudatum
Genus of single-celled organisms
existing at a copy number of approximately 10,000 within the macronucleus. Because the macronucleus divides amitotically during binary fission, these minichromosomes
Tetrahymena
Genus of ciliated protists
Spirostomum’s macronucleus, possessing a double membrane with perforations, is the first record of a nucleus being highly extensile. The macronucleus can initially
Spirostomum
a macronucleus that is primarily used to control metabolism, and a micronucleus which performs reproductive functions and generates the macronucleus. The
Nuclear_dimorphism
Subphylum of single-celled organisms
division of the macronucleus is accomplished during binary fission of the cell. In ciliates of this subphylum, division of the macronucleus is achieved by
Intramacronucleata
Species of single-celled organism
micronucleus and macronucleus. Unlike some other ciliates, C. uncinata contains millions of minichromosomes (somatic chromosomes) in its macronucleus while its
Chilodonella_uncinata
Single-celled organisms
experiments of Aufderheide in 1986. These experiments demonstrated that the macronucleus, and not the cytoplasm, is responsible for clonal aging. Additional experiments
Protozoa
Genus of single-celled organisms
other ciliates, the nuclei of Stentor are split into a macronucleus and micronucleus. The macronucleus is highly polyploid and any one fragment can contain
Stentor_(ciliate)
Species of single-celled organism
micronuclei of the cell(s) undergo meiosis, the old macronucleus disintegrates, and a new macronucleus is formed by replication of the micronuclear DNA that
Paramecium_aurelia
Species of single-celled organism
visible. The macronucleus is long and sausage-shaped, and the spherical micronucleus is nested next to it, often hidden by the macronucleus. The opening
Balantidium_coli
Species of single-celled organism
Pseudomonilicaryon, which is distinguished from Dileptus by the shape of its macronucleus. The macronucleus of Pseudomonilicaryon is arranged like a string of beads, whereas
Pseudomonilicaryon_anser
Species of single-celled organism
coeruleus specifically appears as an elongated trumpet. It contains a macronucleus that looks like a string of beads that are contained within a ciliate
Stentor_coeruleus
Basic unit of life forms
nucleus", which carries the germline of the cell), and a large, ampliploid macronucleus (the "vegetative nucleus", which takes care of general cell regulation
Cell_(biology)
Fusion of gametes from the same individual
either during conjugation or automixis, the old macronucleus disintegrates and a new macronucleus is formed by replication of the micronuclear DNA that
Autogamy
Organism that consists of only one cell
of sexual reproduction, and utilize two nuclei unique to ciliates: a macronucleus for normal metabolic control and a separate micronucleus that undergoes
Unicellular_organism
Species of single-celled organism
When the organism is fully extended, its macronucleus is long and worm-like. In contraction, the macronucleus may show distinct nodules separated by constricted
Stentor_roeselii
inheritance, and a macronucleus, which controls the metabolism. The micronucleus contains the entirety of the genome whereas the macronucleus only contains
Epigenetic controls in ciliates
Epigenetic_controls_in_ciliates
Genus of single-celled organisms
of the morphology of the cell. Inside, there is a curved, transverse macronucleus and round micronucleus near it. The similar genus Pseudovorticella is
Vorticella
Clade of protists
among eukaryotes in that reproduction involves a micronucleus and a macronucleus. Their reproduction is easily studied in the lab, and made them a model
Alveolate
"Origin, structure and function of millions of chromosomes present in the macronucleus of unicellular eukaryotic ciliate, Oxytricha trifallax: a model organism
List of organisms by chromosome count
List_of_organisms_by_chromosome_count
Organism that consists of more than one cell
ciliates are dissimilar and have clear differentiated functions. The macronucleus serves the organism's needs, whereas the micronucleus is used for sexual
Multicellular_organism
Resting or dormant stage of a microorganism
Trichocyst Dinoflagellates: Dinokaryon Dinocyst Theca Ciliates: Cilium Cirrus Macronucleus Micronucleus Apicomplexans: Rhoptry Apicoplast Microneme Rhizaria Phytomyxea
Microbial_cyst
Species of single-celled organism
contractile vacuoles, and a single micronucleus as well as a single macronucleus. P. bursaria is the only species of Paramecium that forms symbiotic relationships
Paramecium_bursaria
Species of single-celled organism
micronuclear genome is eliminated during the differentiation into a macronucleus; in comparison, in other ciliates like Paramecium only about 30% is eliminated
Sterkiella_histriomuscorum
Species of protozoan
a somatic macronucleus that function and replicate independently of one another. In 2006, the full genome of the T. thermophila macronucleus was sequenced
Colpidium_colpoda
Subfield of genetics devoted to the study of microorganisms
all ciliates, Paramecium has a polyploid macronucleus, and one or more diploid micronuclei. The macronucleus controls non-reproductive cell functions
Microbial_genetics
Genes coding for ribosomal RNA
ciliates, the presence of a generative micronucleus next to the vegetative macronucleus allows for the reduction of rDNA genes in the germline. The exact number
Ribosomal_DNA
Number of sets of chromosomes of a cell
their DNA faster than they can divide.[citation needed] In ciliates, the macronucleus is called ampliploid, because only part of the genome is amplified. Mixoploidy
Ploidy
Organelle in eukaryotic cells
cell. Ciliates have two kinds of nuclei in a single cell, a somatic macronucleus and a germline micronucleus. In humans, skeletal muscle cells, also called
Cell_nucleus
Species of ciliate
non-contractile stalk; peristome without lip; and elongate, horseshoe-shaped macronucleus. The name Opercularia comes from the Latin opercularis, which means covered
Opercularia_(ciliate)
Genus of single-celled organisms
from molecular phylogenetics and some morphological features of the macronucleus. However, another analysis has found that it is an "isolated branch"
Licnophora
Genus of protozoans
micronucleus and a second macronucleus. Similarly, species such as L. striatus have two pairs of nuclei, each pair made of one macronucleus and one micronucleus
Loxodes
Medical condition
humans. Trophozoites possess both a macronucleus and a micronucleus, and both are usually visible. The macronucleus is large and sausage-shaped while the
Balantidiasis
Cell organelle in a few species
Trichocyst Dinoflagellates: Dinokaryon Dinocyst Theca Ciliates: Cilium Cirrus Macronucleus Micronucleus Apicomplexans: Rhoptry Apicoplast Microneme Rhizaria Phytomyxea
Mitosome
Shell-like protective outer covering of organisms
Trichocyst Dinoflagellates: Dinokaryon Dinocyst Theca Ciliates: Cilium Cirrus Macronucleus Micronucleus Apicomplexans: Rhoptry Apicoplast Microneme Rhizaria Phytomyxea
Lorica_(biology)
Parasitic species of protozoan
trout tail fin (light microscopy with subillumination). The horseshoe-shaped macronucleus is visible (photo: Kurt Buchman, University of Copenhagen).
Ichthyophthirius_multifiliis
Class of protists belonging to the ciliates phylum
and the other into a macronucleus; the old macronucleus typically disintegrates (see main article). In most ciliates, a macronucleus can divide during asexual
Karyorelictea
Mitochondrion-derived organelle
Trichocyst Dinoflagellates: Dinokaryon Dinocyst Theca Ciliates: Cilium Cirrus Macronucleus Micronucleus Apicomplexans: Rhoptry Apicoplast Microneme Rhizaria Phytomyxea
Hydrogenosome
Genus of protists
are full of food vacuoles as well as cortical granules. They have a macronucleus with differing numbers of nodules ranging from 6 to 120. The pellicle
Condylostoma
Type of cell structure in several groups of organisms
Giardia, have two nuclei. Ciliates have cells that contain two nuclei: a macronucleus and a micronucleus. The schizont of apicomplexan parasites is a form
Coenocyte
Methods that imitate, replicate or use natural processes
Ciliates store a copy of their DNA containing functional genes in the macronucleus, and another "encrypted" copy in the micronucleus. Conjugation of two
Natural_computing
micronucleus (germ-line cell nucleus) that does not express genes and macronucleus, where most genes are expressed, and is subject to chromatin elimination
Somatic_genome_processing
Family of single-celled organisms
Like other ciliates, Oxytrichidae have two or more nuclei: a large macronucleus that generally stretches across much of the cell body, and one or more
Oxytrichidae
as Tetrahymena. This has two types of cell nuclei, a large, somatic macronucleus and a small, germline micronucleus. Both exist in a single cell at the
Heterokaryon
Family of motor proteins
nucleus and perturbing the developmentally regulated elimination of the macronucleus during conjugation. Myosin XV is necessary for the development of the
Myosin
Genus of protozoans belonging to peritrich ciliates
itself like a suction cup. Reproduction in Cothurnia begins with the macronucleus taking a transverse position in the zooid. With the help of two contractile
Cothurnia
Genus of single-celled organisms
symbiotic. Halteria have one micronucleus and a macronucleus with large band-like nucleoli. The macronucleus is oblong in shape while the micronucleus is
Halteria
Species of parasitic protist
of about 7 to 8 cells in parallel lines. They mostly lie close to the macronucleus (the reason for the species name) and sometimes appear attached to the
Paramecium_biaurelia
Species of single-celled organism
distinguished from its congeners by its large body size and the shape of the macronucleus. M. rex exhibits up to 30μm-long endosymbiotic bacteria. Vďačný, Peter;
Metopus_rex
Species of ciliate
front anterior quarter of the cell. L. bellerophon has a long, C-shaped macronucleus and a posterior contractile vacuole taking up a quarter of its body.
Legendrea_bellerophon
Species of single-celled organism
distinguished from its congeners by its large body size and the shape of the macronucleus; this species' micronucleus is located situated in a small macronuclear
Metopus_magnus
Cell proliferation that does not occur by mitosis
adjusting the copy numbers of individual genes during amitosis of the macronucleus. Additional reports of non-mitotic proliferation and insights into its
Amitosis
Study of microorganisms in soil
nuclei in a single cell: the "germinal" micronucleus and the "somatic" macronucleus. Conjugation (isogamy) between two ciliate cells is a primitive form
Soil_microbiology
Genus of single-celled organisms
dimensions of this protuberance vary among the different species. The macronucleus is long and may be curved, horseshoe-shaped, or twisted into a shape
Didinium
Genus of single-celled organisms
acquisition. Dileptus bodies are typically narrow or cylindrical, and have a macronucleus made up of more than a hundred scattered nodules. During cell division
Dileptus
Genus of single-celled organisms
The body is ovoid to elongate, and uniformly ciliated, with a single macronucleus and a partial hypostomial frange (synhymenium) running from the left
Nassula
Species of ciliate protozoa
dimorphism: two types of cell nuclei. They have a bigger, non-germline macronucleus and a small, germline micronucleus in each cell at the same time and
Tetrahymena_thermophila
locus. Additionally, there is evidence that in the development of the macronucleus between generations, there is differential gene duplication of copies
Gene amplification in Paramecium tetraurelia
Gene_amplification_in_Paramecium_tetraurelia
Genus of single-celled organisms
within a species, but it is most common for Euplotes to have 4 or 5. The macronucleus is typically long and narrow, and approximately horseshoe-shaped, C-shaped
Euplotes
Scientific theories regarding the origins and formation of cells
types of nuclei: a micronucleus which is used as germline nucleus and a macronucleus which regulates the vegetative growth. This division of nuclei is a unique
Cellularization
Small nucleus in the cells of some organisms
are not removed, which is the basis for the in vivo micronucleus test. Macronucleus Cancerous micronuclei Microchromosome "Micronucleus". ntp.niehs.nih.gov
Micronucleus
American biologist
of macronuclei suggested that genetic information passed from an old macronucleus to cytoplasm to a newly forming macronuclei, a mode of inheritance later
Tracy_Sonneborn
Class of single-celled organisms
anterior of the mouth, and often spiral out of the oral cavity. The macronucleus is divided by external microtubules, whereas in the Karyorelictea it
Heterotrich
Order of single-celled organisms
foliaceus Lepsi 1931 Hyalodiscus korotnewi Mereschovsky 1879 Hyalodiscus macronucleus Lepsi 1931 Hyalodiscus minimus Lepsi 1960 Hyalodiscus placopus Hülssmann
Vampyrellida
American molecular biologist (1951–2023)
to study histone acetylation due to its dual nucleus. It has a larger macronucleus that is transcriptionally active and somatic, and a smaller micronucleus
Charles_David_Allis
Multiprotein complex
generated by RISCs seem to have a role in degrading DNA during somatic macronucleus development in ciliates of the genus Tetrahymena. It is similar to the
RNA-induced_silencing_complex
American biochemist and developmental biologist (1935–2024)
PMID 4867987. Gall, Joseph G. (1974). "Free ribosomal RNA genes in the macronucleus of Tetrahymena". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 71
Igor_B._Dawid
Species of single-celled organism
surrounds the cytoproct (anus), through which food waste is eliminated. The macronucleus of Climacostomum virens is normally long and wormlike (vermiform). The
Climacostomum_virens
Community of microorganisms found in or around specific marine environments
Possible dynamics in symbiosis with aquatic ciliates as host Black circle: macronucleus, white big circle: food vacuoles, green circles: phototrophs, brown circles:
Marine_microbiome
MeSH A11.284.430.106.279.692.630 – nuclear pore MeSH A11.284.430.106.550 – macronucleus MeSH A11.284.430.106.570 – micronuclei, chromosome-defective MeSH A11
List_of_MeSH_codes_(A11)
American biologist (1925–2016)
1987. The application of propidium iodide staining to the study of the macronucleus and micronuclei in the suctorian Heliophyra sp. Stain Technology 62:
George_B._Chapman
may not be polymeric but are nevertheless large and complex molecules. macronucleus The larger of the two types of nuclei which occur in pairs in the cells
Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)
Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(M–Z)
Genus of single-celled organisms
macronucleus of Climacostomum virens is normally long and wormlike (vermiform). Climacostomum gigas is reported to have a compact, ovoid macronucleus
Climacostomum
Species of single-celled organism
after which it is named. It can be distinguished by having a globular macronucleus surrounded by many refractive granules and a big preoral dome. Vďačný
Metopus_murrayensis
a variety of species, ranging from primates, birds to the micro- and macronucleus of ciliates with the goal to classify universally valid, species and
Thomas_Cremer
dense rows of extrusomes. It possesses one elongated, horseshoe-shaped macronucleus and a contractile vacuole at its posterior end. Legendrea loyezae possesses
Legendrea_loyezae
Species of single-celled organism
to swap DNA. Second, it has two cell nuclei. The larger, called the "macronucleus", carries out the normal work of the cell by transcribing DNA into RNA
Halofolliculina_corallasia
Protein complex
(CAP-D2 and CAP-H), and some of them specifically localize to either the macronucleus (responsible for gene expression) or the micronucleus (responsible for
Condensin
Species of single-celled organism
well-nourished individuals can also appear reniform. C. inflata has a macronucleus to which a micronucleus is attached, contractile vacuoles, an excretory
Colpoda_inflata
Species of single-celled organism
per cell, from as few as 10 to as many as 14. Each cell possesses one macronucleus and one micronucleus. The original 1964 description emphasized the significance
Miamiensis_avidus
MACRONUCLEUS
MACRONUCLEUS
MACRONUCLEUS
MACRONUCLEUS
Male
Finnish
Finnish form of Latin Jacobus, JAAKO means "supplanter."
Girl/Female
Assamese, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Jain, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Artistic; A Paint Brush
Boy/Male
British, English
From the Sandy Stream
Biblical
his resurrection
Girl/Female
English American Greek Scottish
Abbreviation of Greek name Euphemia meaning well spoken.
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Lord Shiva and Nectar
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Loneliness
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Gold Lamp
Surname or Lastname
German
German : diminutive of Summer 5.English (Bedfordshire) : unexplained.
Boy/Male
Tamil
The earth
MACRONUCLEUS
MACRONUCLEUS
MACRONUCLEUS
MACRONUCLEUS
MACRONUCLEUS