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Small nucleus in the cells of some organisms
A micronucleus is a small nucleus. In most species, it is an abnormal product that forms whenever a chromosome or a fragment of a chromosome is not incorporated
Micronucleus
Test for potential genotoxic compounds
There is a chance of more than one micronucleus forming when more genetic damage has happened. The micronucleus test is used as a tool for genotoxicity
Micronucleus_test
Taxon of protozoans with hair-like organelles called cilia
The latter is generated from the micronucleus by amplification of the genome and heavy editing. The micronucleus passes its genetic material to offspring
Ciliate
Genus of unicellular ciliates
The two cells exchange a micronucleus. The cells then separate. The micronuclei in each cell fuse, forming a diploid micronucleus. Mitosis occurs three times
Paramecium
maintains two distinct nuclear genomes, the micronucleus and the macronucleus. The macronucleus and micronucleus are located in the same cytoplasm, however
Nuclear_dimorphism
Species of single-celled organism
compact micronucleus). As in other ciliates, individuals cannot survive without the macronucleus and cannot reproduce without the micronucleus. Paramecia
Paramecium_caudatum
Genus of single-celled organisms
other ciliates, the nuclei of Stentor are split into a macronucleus and micronucleus. The macronucleus is highly polyploid and any one fragment can contain
Stentor_(ciliate)
Basic unit of life forms
pseudopodia. Ciliates have two different sorts of nuclei: a tiny, diploid micronucleus (the "generative nucleus", which carries the germline of the cell), and
Cell_(biology)
Substance that can cause breaks in chromosomes
The micronucleus test is another type of assay that uses gut cells to observe clastogens, and there are a few different types. The micronucleus test
Clastogen
nuclear dimorphism): a micronucleus used for inheritance, and a macronucleus, which controls the metabolism. The micronucleus contains the entirety of
Epigenetic controls in ciliates
Epigenetic_controls_in_ciliates
Species of single-celled organism
conjugant pairs. This pairing can last up to 12 hours, during which the micronucleus of each organism will be exchanged. In Paramecium aurelia, a cryptic
Paramecium_aurelia
Massive chromosomal rearrangement process linked to cancer
divisions and contribute to the development of a cancer cell. Although the micronucleus model is appropriate, other factors are likely to contribute towards
Chromothripsis
Genus of flowering plants in the bean family
of n=6, the broad bean has a high DNA content, making it easy for a micronucleus test of its root tips to recognize genotoxic compounds. A lectin from
Vicia
Species of single-celled organism
uncinata has cilia covering its body and a dual nuclear structure, the micronucleus and macronucleus. Unlike some other ciliates, C. uncinata contains millions
Chilodonella_uncinata
Red raspberry
Stanković, M (2009). "Antioxidant properties of raspberry seed extracts on micronucleus distribution in peripheral blood lymphocytes". Food Chem Toxicol. 47
Rubus_idaeus
Genus of protozoans
macronuclei and one micronucleus. The two macronuclei are separated into the daughter cells when the cell divides. The micronucleus then goes through two
Loxodes
Resting or dormant stage of a microorganism
Dinoflagellates: Dinokaryon Dinocyst Theca Ciliates: Cilium Cirrus Macronucleus Micronucleus Apicomplexans: Rhoptry Apicoplast Microneme Rhizaria Phytomyxea Cruciform
Microbial_cyst
Species of single-celled organism
long, with a wide oral groove, two contractile vacuoles, and a single micronucleus as well as a single macronucleus. P. bursaria is the only species of
Paramecium_bursaria
Organism that consists of only one cell
ciliates: a macronucleus for normal metabolic control and a separate micronucleus that undergoes meiosis. Examples of such ciliates are Paramecium and
Unicellular_organism
Species of single-celled organism
uncovered in 2024. The protist usually has two macronuclei and a single micronucleus. Its entire cell body is covered with cilia arranged in spirals. It has
Lacrymaria_olor
Scientific theories regarding the origins and formation of cells
ciliates being the metazoan ancestor. Ciliates have two types of nuclei: a micronucleus which is used as germline nucleus and a macronucleus which regulates
Cellularization
Concept in toxicology
numerical aberrations of the genetic material. This is similar to the micronucleus test and chromosome aberration assay, which detect structural and numerical
Genotoxicity
Chemical stimulant produced by some plants
by assays for genotoxicity such as the comet assay, cytokinesis-block micronucleus test and chromosome aberrations test. In humans, this damage can happen
Nicotine
Cancerous micronuclei are a type of micronucleus that is associated with cancerous cells. Theodor Boveri originally observed the fact that abnormal nuclear
Cancerous_micronuclei
Genes coding for ribosomal RNA
actually has 98 copies of 5S. In ciliates, the presence of a generative micronucleus next to the vegetative macronucleus allows for the reduction of rDNA
Ribosomal_DNA
Organism that consists of more than one cell
functions. The macronucleus serves the organism's needs, whereas the micronucleus is used for sexual reproduction with exchange of genetic material. Slime
Multicellular_organism
Genus of single-celled organisms
They have a bigger, non-germline macronucleus and a small, germline micronucleus in each cell at the same time and these two carry out different functions
Tetrahymena
Physical or chemical agent that increases the rate of genetic mutation
correlated to the mutagenic or carcinogenic potential of a chemical. In micronucleus Test, cells are examined for micronuclei, which are fragments or chromosomes
Mutagen
Chemical compound
structural analogues 2,6-diaminotoluene and 2,4-diaminotoluene using the rat micronucleus test and rat liver UDS assay". Carcinogenesis. 12 (12): 2233–2237. doi:10
2,4-Diaminotoluene
Human-caused environmental event in the US
drinking water concentrations is not genotoxic in the in vivo bone marrow micronucleus or liver unscheduled DNA synthesis assays". Environmental and Molecular
Hinkley groundwater contamination
Hinkley_groundwater_contamination
Species of single-celled organism
visible. The macronucleus is long and sausage-shaped, and the spherical micronucleus is nested next to it, often hidden by the macronucleus. The opening,
Balantidium_coli
Clade of protists
lineage. They are unusual among eukaryotes in that reproduction involves a micronucleus and a macronucleus. Their reproduction is easily studied in the lab,
Alveolate
decaploid species. Ciliated protozoa (Tetrahymena thermophila) 10 (in micronucleus) 50x = 12,500 (in macronucleus, except minichromosomes) 10,000x = 10
List of organisms by chromosome count
List_of_organisms_by_chromosome_count
Species of protozoan
center of the cell is a large, ovoid macronucleus and a small spherical micronucleus. A single contractile vacuole is located slightly posterior to the middle
Colpidium_colpoda
Fusion of gametes from the same individual
rejuvenation is due to repair of DNA damage during meiosis that occurs in the micronucleus during conjugation or automixis and reestablishment of the macronucleus
Autogamy
Genus of single-celled organisms
the cell. Inside, there is a curved, transverse macronucleus and round micronucleus near it. The similar genus Pseudovorticella is practically indistinguishable
Vorticella
Organelle in eukaryotic cells
kinds of nuclei in a single cell, a somatic macronucleus and a germline micronucleus. In humans, skeletal muscle cells, also called myocytes and syncytium
Cell_nucleus
Nucleus in ciliates, involved in non-reproductive cell functions
maintain a balanced genome after generations of divisions is unknown. Micronucleus Prescott, D M (June 1994). "The DNA of ciliated protozoa". Microbiological
Macronucleus
Failure to separate properly during cell division
exposure induces genome damage measured using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay and aneuploidy in human B lymphoblastoid cell lines". Mutagenesis
Nondisjunction
Eukaryotes other than animals, plants or fungi
are also diploid, but instead of producing gametes they divide their micronucleus into two haploid nuclei, exchange one of them by conjugation with another
Protist
American evolutionary biologist
acids. Her studies of the massive rearrangements of the genome in the micronucleus of Oxytricha showed an unsuspected role for non-coding RNA in directing
Laura_Landweber
MRI procedure that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow
genotoxic effect of magnetic resonance negligible? Low persistence of micronucleus frequency in lymphocytes of individuals after cardiac scan". Mutation
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging
Genotoxic assay in fruit fly
"Genotoxic and Antigenotoxic Assessment of Chios Mastic Oil by the In Vitro Micronucleus Test on Human Lymphocytes and the In Vivo Wing Somatic Test on Drosophila"
Somatic mutation and recombination tests
Somatic_mutation_and_recombination_tests
MRI safety and risk factors
genotoxic effect of magnetic resonance negligible? Low persistence of micronucleus frequency in lymphocytes of individuals after cardiac scan". Mutation
Safety of magnetic resonance imaging
Safety_of_magnetic_resonance_imaging
Pressure reduction and its effects during ascent from depth
Command. Van Liew, HD; Conkin, J (14–16 June 2007). "A start toward micronucleus-based decompression models:Altitude decompression". Bethesda, Maryland:
Decompression_(diving)
Genus of protists in the ciliates phylum
of monokinetids. The two globular macronuclei are linked by a single micronucleus, a pattern found in most Geleiidae. The genus name is a taxonomic patronym
Corlissina
Species of ciliate protozoa
They have a bigger, non-germline macronucleus and a small, germline micronucleus in each cell at the same time and these two carry out different functions
Tetrahymena_thermophila
is the first description of gene duplication and amplification in the micronucleus of ciliates. Additionally, it appears that the duplication of the mutant
Gene amplification in Paramecium tetraurelia
Gene_amplification_in_Paramecium_tetraurelia
Genus of ciliated protists
sexually through conjugation. During fission, it is observed that the micronucleus divides mitotically before the cell separates into daughter cells. Micronuclei
Spirostomum
Chemical compound
Dunkelberg H. In vitro genotoxicity of polycyclic musk fragrances in the micronucleus test. Mutation Research, 395(2-3), 145-150. Kevekordes S., Mersch-Sundermann
Cashmeran
Mitochondrion-derived organelle
Dinoflagellates: Dinokaryon Dinocyst Theca Ciliates: Cilium Cirrus Macronucleus Micronucleus Apicomplexans: Rhoptry Apicoplast Microneme Rhizaria Phytomyxea Cruciform
Hydrogenosome
Processes to develop the skills and knowledge to dive safely underwater
Retrieved 15 June 2008. Van Liew, H.D.; Conkin, J. (2007). A start toward micronucleus-based decompression models:Altitude decompression. Annual Scientific
Diver_training
Unproven hypothesis regarding low doses of ionizing radiation on health
exposed population, including cytogenetic analyses showing increased micronucleus frequencies in peripheral lymphocytes, increases in acentromeric and
Radiation_hormesis
Shell-like protective outer covering of organisms
Dinoflagellates: Dinokaryon Dinocyst Theca Ciliates: Cilium Cirrus Macronucleus Micronucleus Apicomplexans: Rhoptry Apicoplast Microneme Rhizaria Phytomyxea Cruciform
Lorica_(biology)
Medical condition
macronucleus and a micronucleus, and both are usually visible. The macronucleus is large and sausage-shaped while the micronucleus is less prominent.
Balantidiasis
Type of cell structure in several groups of organisms
nuclei. Ciliates have cells that contain two nuclei: a macronucleus and a micronucleus. The schizont of apicomplexan parasites is a form of a coenocyte (i.e
Coenocyte
in a micronucleus are located in permuted order. During sexual development the genetic content of somatic macronucleus is derived from micronucleus. First
Somatic_genome_processing
Chemical compound
the genotoxicity of substances. In order to do so, cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN assay) with human lymphocytes is applied. This works in vitro
Cytochalasin_B
Genus of single-celled organisms
Halteria have one micronucleus and a macronucleus with large band-like nucleoli. The macronucleus is oblong in shape while the micronucleus is more globular
Halteria
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Abnormal Haematology Abnormal Peripheral blood lymphocytes Abnormal Micronucleus test Normal Heart weight Normal Tail epidermis wholemount Normal Skin
GRXCR1
Set of accepted specifications
Vitro Mammalian Chromosomal Aberration Test 474 Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test 475 Mammalian Bone Marrow Chromosomal Aberration Test 476 In Vitro
OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals
OECD_Guidelines_for_the_Testing_of_Chemicals
Methods that imitate, replicate or use natural processes
functional genes in the macronucleus, and another "encrypted" copy in the micronucleus. Conjugation of two ciliates consists of the exchange of their micronuclear
Natural_computing
Cell organelle in a few species
Dinoflagellates: Dinokaryon Dinocyst Theca Ciliates: Cilium Cirrus Macronucleus Micronucleus Apicomplexans: Rhoptry Apicoplast Microneme Rhizaria Phytomyxea Cruciform
Mitosome
Watterott electronic Very small size and microUSB plug for programming (Micronucleus USB Bootloader). Requires special board package for the Arduino IDE.
List of Arduino boards and compatible systems
List_of_Arduino_boards_and_compatible_systems
Chemical compound
probable active species in the human carcinogenicity of arsenic: mouse micronucleus assays on Na and K arsenite, orpiment, and Fowler's solution". Environmental
Potassium_arsenite
Bosnian public research institute
culture and include: chromosome aberrations analysis, cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay and sister chromatids exchange assay. Evaluation of cytotoxic
Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
Institute_for_Genetic_Engineering_and_Biotechnology
Subfield of genetics devoted to the study of microorganisms
cell functions, expressing the genes needed for daily functioning. The micronucleus is the generative, or germline nucleus, containing the genetic material
Microbial_genetics
of cell nuclei, a large, somatic macronucleus and a small, germline micronucleus. Both exist in a single cell at the same time and carry out different
Heterokaryon
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
DNA damage and homocysteine levels are proportional to CAD severity. Micronucleus frequency in human lymphocytes, dependent on homocysteine levels increases
MTRR_(gene)
Brightfield whole slide imaging, IHC quantitative scoring, Cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus, region of interest annotating and measuring, tissue matching and FISH
Applied_Spectral_Imaging
Biomedical imaging technology
genotoxic effect of magnetic resonance negligible? Low persistence of micronucleus frequency in lymphocytes of individuals after cardiac scan". Mutat. Res
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
Cardiac_magnetic_resonance_imaging
Theoretical modelling of decompression physiology
1 Chpt. 3 Sec. 9.3 Van Liew, H.D.; Conkin, J. (2007). A start toward micronucleus-based decompression models: Altitude decompression. Annual Scientific
Decompression_theory
Protein complex
to either the macronucleus (responsible for gene expression) or the micronucleus (responsible for reproduction). Thus, this species has multiple condensin
Condensin
also seen for the lone lagging sister chromatid, forming a micronucleus. The micronucleus has the capacity to persist in the daughter cell but with abnormal
Anaphase_lag
Deuterium-substituted isotopologue of caffeine
both the Ames’s bacterial reverse mutation assay and mammalian cell micronucleus assay. In a human clinical study, d9-caffeine was well tolerated with
D9-Caffeine
Study of microorganisms in soil
systems. They have two types of nuclei in a single cell: the "germinal" micronucleus and the "somatic" macronucleus. Conjugation (isogamy) between two ciliate
Soil_microbiology
Chemical compound
; Hamada, S.; et al., Repeated-dose liver and gastrointestinal tract micronucleus assays with CI Solvent Yellow 14 (Sudan I) using young adult rats. Mutation
Sudan_I
(FISH), are used after chronic or long-term exposure to radiation. The micronucleus test and the premature chromosome condensation (PCC) test are available
History of radiation protection
History_of_radiation_protection
Species of fish
the formation of micronuclei in the red blood cells. The presence of a micronucleus results from a chromosome (or chromosome fragment) that is not carried
Astyanax_bimaculatus
Private dental school in Telangana, India
[citation needed] Harshvardhan Jois(Department of Oral Pathology), "Micronucleus as Potential Biomarker of Oral Carcinogenesis". Indian Journal of Dental
Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences
Kamineni_Institute_of_Dental_Sciences
Exopolysaccharide
cell-lines (hamster, rat, human) that it was not mutagenic (assessed by the micronucleus test), nor was it genotoxic as assessed by the Ames test and Comet assay
Botryosphaeran
Mountain range in Italy
reports: In fact the genetic damage observed in studies performed with the micronucleus test applied on wild rodents from the Piana del Garigliano resulted among
Aurunci_Mountains
Chemical compound
Bacterial Forward- and Reverse-mutation Assays and in the Mouse Bone-marrow Micronucleus Test. University of Kentucky. Corcoran, John W. (6 December 2012). Biosynthesis
Tomaymycin
Association between obesity and risk of cancer
usually a sign of genotoxic events and chromosomal instability (see Micronucleus). 8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) concentration in peripheral blood
Obesity_and_cancer
Antiviral drug
mutagenic in in vitro in the Ames test, CHL test, and in vitro in the mice micronucleus test. Azvudine is toxic to the reproductive system of rats and rabbit
Azvudine
Species of single-celled organism
its large body size and the shape of the macronucleus; this species' micronucleus is located situated in a small macronuclear concavity. Vďačný, Peter;
Metopus_magnus
techniques MeSH E05.393.560.150 – comet assay MeSH E05.393.560.598 – micronucleus tests MeSH E05.393.600.300 – dna footprinting MeSH E05.393.620.311 –
List_of_MeSH_codes_(E05)
Species of fish
micronuclei in the red blood cells (erythrocytes). The presence of a micronucleus results from a chromosome (or chromosome fragment) that is not carried
Astyanax_altiparanae
Eastmond, D. A.; Tucker, J. D. (1 January 2011). "Molecular mechanisms of micronucleus, nucleoplasmic bridge and nuclear bud formation in mammalian and human
Breakage-fusion-bridge_cycle
American molecular biologist (1951–2023)
macronucleus that is transcriptionally active and somatic, and a smaller micronucleus that is transcriptionally silent and germline. Chromatin biology at the
Charles_David_Allis
Species of single-celled organism
individuals can also appear reniform. C. inflata has a macronucleus to which a micronucleus is attached, contractile vacuoles, an excretory pore and several extrusomes
Colpoda_inflata
mutagenesis assays (mouse lymphoma and other tests), DNA damage assays (micronucleus and chromosomal aberration assays), and cytotoxicity assays. Molecular
IIT_Research_Institute
Class of protists belonging to the ciliates phylum
by mitosis into two daughter nuclei, one of which develops into a new micronucleus and the other into a macronucleus; the old macronucleus typically disintegrates
Karyorelictea
Genus of single-celled organisms
the cell are also variable between species. Some species have only one micronucleus and two macronuclei, but others can have multiple clusters of macro-
Kentrophoros
Chemical compound
Genotoxic potential was shown in bacteria and mammalian cell system, micronucleus formation occurred in bone marrow cells. Actual cancer incidence increase
Benzotrichloride
and facilitating changes in cell shape, as well as in cytokinesis. micronucleus The smaller of the two types of nuclei that occur in pairs in the cells
Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)
Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(M–Z)
Herbicide active ingredient
fluchloralin on human lymphocytes in vitro: chromosomal aberration and micronucleus tests". Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology. 344 (1–2): 69–72. doi:10
Fluchloralin
Small fragments of extrachromosomal DNA
from extrachromosomal DNA but reemerge after drug withdrawal. MicroDNA Micronucleus Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) Extrachromosomal Circular DNA (eccDNA) Stephens
Double_minute
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
immunoglobulins Normal Haematology Normal Peripheral blood lymphocytes Normal Micronucleus test Normal Heart weight Normal Tail epidermis wholemount Normal Skin
MYO7A
106.570 – micronuclei, chromosome-defective MeSH A11.284.430.106.575 – micronucleus, germline MeSH A11.284.430.214 – cytoplasm MeSH A11.284.430.214.190 –
List_of_MeSH_codes_(A11)
MICRONUCLEUS
MICRONUCLEUS
MICRONUCLEUS
MICRONUCLEUS
Girl/Female
Hindu
Moonlight, Full Moon
Boy/Male
Indian
Open Personality
Boy/Male
Indian
In Control of One's Stars
Boy/Male
Shakespearean
A Midsummer Night's Dream' Starveling, a tailor, acts as Moonshine in the play within the play.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Protector; Guard
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sikh
A Forest
Male
Chamoru
, fresh, vigorous, young.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Heart as Big as Ocean
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Telugu
Consolation
Girl/Female
Biblical
Descendant of Heber.
MICRONUCLEUS
MICRONUCLEUS
MICRONUCLEUS
MICRONUCLEUS
MICRONUCLEUS