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Jewish law on financial transactions
subject of loans and interest in Judaism has a long and complex history. In the Hebrew Bible, the Book of Ezekiel classifies the charging of interest among
Loans_and_interest_in_Judaism
Lending of money
as loan covenants. Although this article focuses on monetary loans, in practice, any material object might be lent. Acting as a provider of loans is one
Loan
Topics referred to by the same term
a 2014 animated film The charging of forbidden loans and interest in Judaism Ribbit, a character in The Amazing Digital Circus Ribbit (game), a 2004
Ribbit
Rabbinic legal text by Jacob ben Asher
of Jewish law pertinent to finance, torts, legal procedure and loans and interest in Judaism. Later, Rabbi Yosef Karo modeled the framework of his own
Choshen_Mishpat
Loans with unfairly high interest rate
Sacred Economics: Money, Gift, and Society in the Age of Transition Robinson, George. "Interest-Free Loans in Judaism". Retrieved 12 March 2015. "Jewish
Usury
Organization for Jewish interest-free loans
of Hebrew Free Loans (IAHFL) is an umbrella organization for Hebrew Free Loan societies, organizations that offer interest-free loans to Jews. There are
International Association of Hebrew Free Loans
International_Association_of_Hebrew_Free_Loans
Organization in New York City
credit union Halakha International Association of Hebrew Free Loans Loans and interest in Judaism "Traditionally, the Gemach has been a financial institution
Hebrew Free Loan Society of New York
Hebrew_Free_Loan_Society_of_New_York
Tractate of the Talmud
are all guilty of having broken the law concerning interest" (5:11). See Loans and interest in Judaism. A paid trustee is liable to pay for all losses except
Bava_Metzia
Mystical concept of a heavenly man or world
“male and female” instead of “man and woman,” and that the separation of the sexes arose from the subsequent operation upon Adam's body, as related in the
Adam_Kadmon
Receptacle for charitable donations in Judaism
donations in Judaism. The earliest mention of a tzedakah box is in connection with the priest Jehoiada, who crafted a chest with a hole in its lid, positioning
Tzedakah_box
Type of Jewish mysticism
method, discipline, and school of thought in Jewish mysticism. It forms the foundation of mystical religious interpretations within Judaism. A traditional
Kabbalah
Meditation in Judaism
in Judaism, combinations of Hebrew letters, and kavanot (esoteric "intentions"). The main concern of the Theosophical Kabbalah such as the Zohar and Isaac
Jewish_meditation
Impure spiritual forces in Kabbalah
In the Zohar, Lurianic Kabbalah, and Hermetic Qabalah, the qlippoth (Hebrew: קְלִיפּוֹת, romanized: qəlippōṯ, lit. "peels", "shells", or "husks", sing
Qlippoth
between Judaism and politics is a historically complex subject, and has evolved over time concurrently with both changes within Jewish society and religious
Judaism_and_politics
Type of medieval banking
loans. Pawn shops thus could operate on the basis of a contract that fixes in advance the "fine" for not respecting the nominal term of the "interest
Lombard_banking
Foundational work in Kabbalah literature
religious observances, and produced a strong tendency to substitute mystic Judaism in the place of traditional Rabbinic Judaism. For example, Shabbat,
Zohar
"Nothingness" in Kabbalah and Hasidic philosophy
descriptions to their psychological correspondence in man, making Deveikut (cleaving to God) central to Judaism. The populist aspect of Hasidism revived common
Ayin_and_Yesh
Infinite, unknowable aspect of God
explanation was accepted and expanded upon in later works of Kabbalah and Hasidic philosophy. Hasidic Judaism in the 18th century internalised the esoteric
Ein_Sof
Lurianic Kabbalah doctrine
tzimtzum. In Kabbalistic interpretation, tzimtzum gives rise to the paradox of simultaneous divine presence and absence within the vacuum and resultant
Tzimtzum
Diagram used in various mystical traditions
is a symbolic diagram used in Jewish mystical traditions, especially in Kabbalah, to describe divine structure, creation, and the spiritual path of ascent
Tree_of_life_(Kabbalah)
Type of economic system
February 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016. Robinson, George. "Interest-Free Loans in Judaism". Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March
Interest-free_economy
School of kabbalah named after Isaac Luria (1534–1572)
periodically renewing Judaism with new mystical or messianic impetus. The 20th century academic respect of Kabbalah, as well as wider interest in spirituality
Lurianic_Kabbalah
Hebrew book on Jewish mysticism
such a vital part in the astrology of the book, is probably an ancient Semitic figure; at all events its name is an Akkadian loan-word. The "dragon"
Sefer_Yetzirah
Obligation to pay borrowed money
mortgage loans, car loans, credit card debt, and income taxes. For individuals, debt is a means of using anticipated income and future purchasing power in the
Debt
Two general stages in Jewish Kabbalah
oppression and supporting messiah claimants. The essential tiqqun is to have peace and order in Creation. The revivalist Hasidic Judaism from the 18th
The World of Chaos and The World of Rectification
The_World_of_Chaos_and_The_World_of_Rectification
Historical Jewish practitioner of Practical Kabbalah
decipher dreams, and bless those who sought his powers. In Rabbinic Judaism, similar figures arbitrated between earthly realities and spiritual realms
Baal_Shem
Reincarnation in Kabbalah
and Talmud), or Maimonides' 13 principles of faith. Kabbalah, however, teaches a belief in gilgul; hence, the belief is universal in Hasidic Judaism,
Gilgul
Jerusalem) was a rabbi and the founder and rosh yeshiva of Yeshivat Nahar Shalom, a yeshiva for the study of the Kabbalah of Shalom Sharabi, in the Jerusalem neighborhood
Mordechai_Sharabi
Branch of the Jewish mystical tradition that concerns the use of magic
Practical Kabbalah (Hebrew: קַבָּלָה מַעֲשִׂית Kabbalah Ma'asit), in historical Judaism, is a branch of Jewish mysticism that concerns the use of magic
Practical_Kabbalah
Grimoire of practical Kabbalah
Kabbalah from the Middle Ages written primarily in Hebrew and Aramaic. The version of the book published in 1701 is the most known version. Liber Razielis
Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh
Ten emanations in Kabbalah
and humans in particular, as created in the "image" of the world above is not restricted in Rabbinic Judaism to Kabbalah, but abounds more widely in Biblical
Sefirot
Kabbalistic schools/authors in Hasidism are included here. In the Sabbatean mystical heresy that broke away from Judaism, only the founders are listed
List_of_Jewish_Kabbalists
Christian interpretation of Kabbalah
Christian Kabbalah arose during the Renaissance due to Christian scholars' interest in the mysticism of Jewish Kabbalah, which they interpreted according to
Christian_Kabbalah
Part of Islamic law
riba not as interest on all loans, but only "exploitive" loans, including: Loans for consumption not investment: investment loan interest is allowed,
Riba
Term in the Jewish mystical tradition
central Kabbalistic term in Jewish mysticism. The analogy to physical light describes divine emanations. Shefa "flow" (שפע šep̄aʿ) and its derivative, hashpaʾa
Ohr
Polish kabbalist rabbi (1907–1991)
selected students at the age of nine, and joined him on his trips to the Rabbi of Porisov and to the Rabbi of Belz. In 1921, at age 13, he immigrated with
Baruch_Ashlag
Title in Judaism given to people considered righteous
[tsadiˈkim] צדיקים ṣadīqīm) is a title in Judaism given to people considered righteous, such as biblical figures and later spiritual masters. The root of
Tzadik
Particular reconfigured arrangements of the ten sefirot
One” or “Short-Tempered”; and Nukvah, the feminine aspect of the Divine. Although one can observe expression of certain sefirot in the partzufim, the Idra
Partzufim
Early work of Jewish Kabbalah
mystical ideas. Chazan, Robert (2018-10-11). The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 6, The Middle Ages: The Christian World. Cambridge University Press
Bahir
Part of Jewish spirituality
were undertaken and resulted in mystical literature. The first to appear within Judaism was the Apocalyptic literature of the second and first pre-Christian
Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah
Israeli Hasidic rabbi and Kabbalist
disputes in Judaism are only from an external perspective, not from the inner truth. His teachings incorporate elements from the Rashash and his students
Yitzchak_Meir_Morgenstern
Islamic concept of interest-free lending
prohibit Muslims from charging interest on business loans, Farooq notes that the verses "specify no detail whatsoever in regard to conditions or limitations
Qard_al-Hasan
Western esoteric tradition
Theodore (eds.). Tradition, Heterodoxy, and Religious Culture: Judaism and Christianity in the Early Modern Period. Israel: Ben-Gurion University of the
Hermetic_Qabalah
Israeli philosopher and historian (1897–1982)
organism; and it did not consider the proper foundations of Judaism, the non-rational force that, in Scholem's view, made the religion a living thing. In Scholem's
Gershom_Scholem
Rabbi and Kabbalist (c.1534–1572)
Father of Lurian kabbala and confidant of Elijah dies". Haaretz. Retrieved July 25, 2021. Falcon, Ted; Blatner, David (2019). Judaism for Dummies (2nd ed.)
Isaac_Luria
Concept of rebirth in different physical form
Jainism, and Sikhism. In various forms, it occurs as an esoteric belief among certain streams of Judaism, pagan religions (including Wicca), and the Indigenous
Reincarnation
Rabbi and Kabbalist figure in Ottoman Syria (1522–1570)
Lurianism displaced the Cordoverian scheme and became predominant in Judaism, its followers read Cordoverian works in harmony with their teachings. Where, to
Moses_ben_Jacob_Cordovero
Jewish concept referring to closeness to God
toward a particular goal. In religious Judaism and in academia, "Dvequt" refers most commonly to the philosophical, mystical and Hasidic understanding of
Devekut
Kabbalistic author and commentator (1570–1643)
was a Kabbalistic author and commentator born in Fez, Morocco. In 1599 he moved to Ottoman Palestine and settled in Hebron. In Hebron, Azulai wrote a commentary
Abraham_Azulai
Development of banking institutions and practices from antiquity to the present
grain loans to farmers and traders who carried goods between cities. This was around 2000 BCE in Assyria, India, and Sumer. Later, in ancient Greece and during
History_of_banking
Kabbalistic philosophical framework
primordial world, Adam Kadmon, and called the Five Worlds, are the comprehensive categories of spiritual realms in Lurianic Kabbalah in a descending chain of existence
Four_Worlds
Jewish teacher
also spelled Shushani and Shoshani, is the nickname of an otherwise anonymous and enigmatic Jewish teacher. His students – found in Israel, South America
Monsieur_Chouchani
Aspect of God in Kabbalah
revealed aspect of God in Kabbalah, comprising the emotional sephirot attributes: Chesed, Gevurah, Tiphereth, Netzach, Hod and Yesod. The Zohar's imagery
Zeir_Anpin
Israeli rabbi
and Rebbe and leader of the Ashlag communities in Telse Stone and Tel Aviv. He has compiled dozens of books on Kabbalah and self help. He teaches in the
Avraham_Mordechai_Gottlieb
"Biblical literature - Exegesis, Hermeneutics, Judaism". Britannica. Retrieved 31 October 2025. In Hebrew, "Yetzirah" can mean either "creation" or
Jewish_mystical_exegesis
people), and, for the most part, was preserved only by a privileged few. Talmudic Judaism records its view of the proper protocol for teaching secrets in the
History_of_Jewish_mysticism
Rothschild loans to the Holy See refers to a series of major financial loans arranged between the Rothschild family and the Holy See of the Catholic Church
Rothschild loans to the Holy See
Rothschild_loans_to_the_Holy_See
Jewish eschatology concept
Chassidim–Misnagdim divide, and across the rational Talmud and mystical Kabbalah perspectives, shows the centrality of this idea in traditional Judaism. The French rabbi
Year_6000
Zohar imitation
Judaism portal Tikunei haZohar (Hebrew: תִּקּוּני הזהר, romanized: ˌTiqqunˈē haz-ˈZohar, lit. 'Repairs of the Zohar'), also known as the Tikunim (תקונים)
Tikunei_haZohar
German rabbi and talmudist (1697–1776)
1697 – April 19, 1776), was a leading German rabbi and talmudist who championed traditional Judaism in the face of the growing influence of the Sabbateans
Jacob_Emden
Rosicrucian esoteric Christian order
emphasis in the work of the society is learning, therefore every member is encouraged to deliver a paper of their own work on some topic of interest in open
Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia
Societas_Rosicruciana_in_Anglia
Israeli academic and scholar (born 1947)
also include Jewish myth, Sabbateanism, and the links between Judaism and ancient Greek religion, Christianity, and Islam. He is the recipient of the 1997
Yehuda_Liebes
in Šiauliai, Lithuania, and later moved to the Land of Israel. His father was Rabbi Chayim Chaikl Eliashoff. Rabbi Elyashev, a talmudist, studied in the
Shlomo_Elyashiv
the opposite of Haskalah, Hasidic Judaism. Hasidic Judaism began in the 18th century by Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov, and quickly gained a following with
Jewish_history
rosh yeshiva of Shaar Hashamayim Yeshiva in Jerusalem, Israel. He is a recognized expert in Jewish Law and Kabbalah. Rabinowitz is the son of Rabbi Levi
Gamliel_Rabinowitz
doctors or scientists. In addition to these payments, Israel also secured loans for Romania and paid off the interest itself, and supplied the Romanian
Romanian_Jews_in_Israel
the central system in Jewish mysticism, uses anthropomorphic mythic symbols to metaphorically describe manifestations of God in Judaism. Based on the verses
Anthropomorphism_in_Kabbalah
Chabad philosophy
2014. Isaiah chapter 6 Ezekiel chapter 1 Prophecy versus Divine Spirit in Judaism, from chabad.org "This is what the Talmud means when it proclaims that
Seder_hishtalshelus
Kabbalah aspect of Divine emanation
within and guiding the Divine Intellect and Emotions. In parallel lesser process, Zeir Anpin (Microprosopus) acts as the revelation of Divine Delight and Will
Arich_Anpin
Rabbi and foremost disciple of Isaac Luria (1542–1620)
in Safed and the foremost disciple of Isaac Luria. He recorded much of his master's teachings. After Vital's death, his writings began to spread and led
Hayyim_ben_Joseph_Vital
Specific form of Jewish meditation in Kabbalistic Jewish mysticism
male-female "seclusion". In the esoteric anthropomorphism in Kabbalah, Yichudim denote unifications between male and female Divine aspects in the supernal sephirot
Yichudim
Israeli historian and philosopher of Jewish mysticism (born 1947)
the mythical, theurgical, mystical, and messianic dimensions of Judaism have been attentive to history, sociology, and anthropology, while rejecting a naïve
Moshe_Idel
Jewish diaspora of Central Europe
charging interest on loans). Additional Jewish merchants arrived under Louis the Pious, with Jewish communities emerging in southern France, and from there
Ashkenazi_Jews
Ashkenazi rabbi & mystic (c.1555–1630)
Jewish thought through to the eighteenth-century, and greatly influenced the development of Hasidic Judaism. Famous descendants of Isaiah Horowitz included
Isaiah_Horowitz
Israel's ethnic and religious majority
government loans or low-interest mortgages. Similarly to other groups of immigrant Jews who made aliyah to Israel, the Ethiopian Jews have faced obstacles in their
Israeli_Jews
Systemic denial of services to some areas
showed a surge in manipulative practices. Not all subprime loans were predatory, but virtually all predatory loans were subprime. Predatory loans are dangerous
Redlining
Neo-Kabbalistic and Academic scholars who read Kabbalah in a critical, universalist way. Traditionalist Kabbalah and its development in Hasidic Judaism often took
Kabbalistic approaches to the sciences and humanities
Kabbalistic_approaches_to_the_sciences_and_humanities
American billionaire businessman and investor
Perelman in 1989. By the end of 1989, MacAndrews refinanced the Holding companies' junk bonds for standard bank loans. The bulk of New World's film and home
Ronald_Perelman
Decree issued by Napoleon
charging of interest as profit on loans), annulled all debts owed to Jews by married women, minors, and soldiers, voided any loan that had interest rates exceeding
Infamous_Decree
Financial activities compliant with Islamic law
interest paid on all loans of money (although some Muslims dispute whether there is a consensus that interest is equivalent to riba). Investment in businesses
Islamic_banking_and_finance
Judaic notion of 36 righteous people
Vav(niks),[a] refers to 36 righteous people, a notion rooted in the mystical dimensions of Judaism. The singular form is Tzadik Nistar (Hebrew: צַדִיק נִסתָר)
Tzadikim_Nistarim
enrollment. In 1947, veterans accounted for 49 percent of college admissions. The bill also increased access to low-interest home loans contributing
American social policy during the Second Red Scare
American_social_policy_during_the_Second_Red_Scare
Country in West Asia
meat" in Israel—is produced and consumed despite attempts to ban it; it is forbidden by both Judaism and Islam but is permitted by Christianity and mostly
Israel
Romance language historically spoken by Sephardi Jews
April 2025. Pomeroy, Hilary (2011). "The Sephardi Ballad: Past and Present". European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe. 44 (1): 107–120. doi:10.3167/ej
Judaeo-Spanish
Country primarily in North America
population of Catholics. Other notable faiths include Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, New Age, and Native American religions. Religious practice varies
United_States
movement in Brooklyn, the Breslov community in New York and Israel, among others. Kabbalah Kaplan, Dana Evan. Contemporary American Judaism: Transformation
Nine_and_a_Half_Mystics
Kabbalah dream-based divination
historian and philosopher of Jewish mysticism, has explored the concept of Se’elat Halom in his research of Kabbalah. In his work "On "She’elat Halom" in “Hasidei
Dream_question
Including seafood in an otherwise vegetarian diet
the Liberal Judaism synagogue in Manchester, England, founded The Pescetarian Society, citing pescetarianism as originally a Jewish diet, and pescetarianism
Pescetarianism
13–14th century kabbalistic text
utopian" in character. This may explain why the book was widely embraced by Kabbalists. Hebrew letters are invested with special meaning in Judaism in general
Sefer_HaTemunah
Central text of Rabbinic Judaism
Rabbinic Judaism, and a primary source of Jewish law (הֲלָכָה, Halakha) and Jewish theology. It consists of the part of the Oral Torah compiled in the Mishnah
Talmud
1573 summary of the teachings of Isaac Luria
Written in 1573, the book summarises the teachings of Isaac Luria—the Arizal (1534–1572)—a rabbi and kabbalist who led a study group on Kabbalah in the city
Etz_Chaim_(book)
President of Argentina since 2023
trended to increase. The volume of real loans towards the private sector is at an all-time high in both dollar and peso denominations. GDP has proven difficult
Javier_Milei
American actress and filmmaker (born 1974)
Conservatory Theater, and as she had taken out student loans to complete her degree, she declined the offer. She made her acting debut in the 1998 independent
Elizabeth_Banks
while side-lining balanced discussions about other religions, particularly Judaism. Another survey by the project indicates that when the United States is
Qatari involvement in US higher education
Qatari_involvement_in_US_higher_education
German rabbi and community leader (1470s–1554)
ancestors was Jacob ben Jehiel Loans, personal physician to Emperor Frederick III, ennobled for his medical achievements, and also Hebrew teacher of the well-known
Josel_of_Rosheim
Academic movement in biblical studies
publication of the 1977 book Paul and Palestinian Judaism by E. P. Sanders, an American New Testament scholar and Christian theologian. The Protestant
New_Perspective_on_Paul
Period of economic stagnation in Japan
Many borrowers turned to sarakin (loan sharks) for loans. As of 2012, the official interest rate was 0.1%; the interest rate has remained below 1% since
Lost_Decades
Biblical term for the spiritually unclean, demons, and demon-possessed individuals
New Testament usage of the words pneuma and daimonion in relation to demons follows that of later Judaism; the two words are to be distinguished from
Unclean_spirit
American businessman (born 1937)
published in the Ohio Jewish Chronicle, titled "Why I Love and Respect Judaism". He initially expressed an interest in architecture, but graduated in 1959
Les_Wexner
Religious obligation in Judaism to do what is right and just
(Tzedaka) refers to the religious obligation to do what is right and just, which Judaism emphasizes as an important part of living a spiritual life. Unlike
Tzedakah
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LOANS AND-INTEREST-IN-JUDAISM
LOANS AND-INTEREST-IN-JUDAISM
LOANS AND-INTEREST-IN-JUDAISM
LOANS AND-INTEREST-IN-JUDAISM
LOANS AND-INTEREST-IN-JUDAISM
LOANS AND-INTEREST-IN-JUDAISM
LOANS AND-INTEREST-IN-JUDAISM
LOANS AND-INTEREST-IN-JUDAISM
LOANS AND-INTEREST-IN-JUDAISM
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