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Ion or molecule bound to a metal atom
In coordination chemistry, a ligand is an ion or molecule with a functional group that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex. The
Ligand
Substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a ligand is a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose. The etymology stems from
Ligand_(biochemistry)
Measure of a ligand's binding energy per atom
Ligand efficiency is a measurement of the binding energy per atom of a ligand to its binding partner, such as a receptor or enzyme. Ligand efficiency is
Ligand_efficiency
American Pharmaceutical Company
Ligand Pharmaceuticals is an American biopharmaceutical company that focuses on acquiring and developing royalty-generating assets. As of 2024, the company's
Ligand_Pharmaceuticals
Protein found in humans
Fas ligand (FasL, also known as CD95L or Apo-1L) is a type-II transmembrane protein in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. It binds to the Fas
Fas_ligand
Class of chemical compounds
A hexadentate ligand (or sexidentate ligand) is a ligand that combines with a central metal atom with six bonds. Such ligands are desirable because they
Hexadentate_ligand
Sub-type of substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule
Smart ligands are affinity ligands selected with pre-defined equilibrium ( K d {\displaystyle K_{d}} ), kinetic ( k o f f {\displaystyle k_{off}} , k o
Smart_ligand
Ligand which connects two or more (usually metal) atoms in a coordination complex
coordination chemistry, a bridging ligand is a ligand that connects two or more atoms, usually metal ions. The ligand may be atomic or polyatomic. Virtually
Bridging_ligand
Molecular orbital theory applied to transition metal complexes
Ligand field theory (LFT) describes the bonding, orbital arrangement, and other characteristics of coordination complexes. It represents an application
Ligand_field_theory
Number of atoms in a ligand that bond to the central atom of a coordination complex
groups in a given ligand that bind to the central metal atom in a coordination complex. In many cases, only one atom in the ligand binds to the metal
Denticity
Branch of chemical kinetics
receptor(s) and ligand(s). Receptor–ligand binding kinetics also involves the on- and off-rates of binding. A main goal of receptor–ligand kinetics is to
Receptor–ligand_kinetics
Topics referred to by the same term
Ligand may refer to: Ligand, an atom, ion, or functional group that donates one or more of its electrons through a coordinate covalent bond to one or
Ligand_(disambiguation)
List of ligands in coordination compounds topic of Inorganic chemistry
list of ligands ordered by ligand "strength", and a list of metal ions based on oxidation number, group and element. For a metal ion, the ligands modify
Spectrochemical_series
Trans-spanning ligands are bidentate ligands that can span opposite sites of a complex with square-planar geometry. A wide variety of ligands that chelate
Trans-spanning_ligand
coordination chemistry, a binucleating ligand binds two metals. Much attention has been directed toward such ligands that hold metals side-by-side, such
Binucleating_ligand
Molecular orbital theory
Inverted ligand field theory (ILFT) describes a phenomenon in the bonding of coordination complexes where the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital is primarily
Inverted_ligand_field_theory
Tridentate ligand which "pinches" the central metal atom
In coordination chemistry, a scorpionate ligand is a tridentate (three-donor-site) ligand that binds to a central atom in a fac manner. The most popular
Scorpionate_ligand
Protein–ligand docking is a molecular modelling technique. The goal of protein–ligand docking is to predict the position and orientation of a ligand (a small
Protein–ligand_docking
Orthogonal ligand-protein pairs (also known as re-engineered ligand-receptor interfaces or re-engineered enzyme-substrate interactions) are a protein-ligand binding
Orthogonal ligand-protein pair
Orthogonal_ligand-protein_pair
Covalent bond classification
ligand refers to a ligand that accepts two electrons from the metal center. This is in contrast to X-type ligands, which form a bond with the ligand and
Z-Ligand
Metal-ligand cooperativity (MLC) is a mode of reactivity in which a metal and ligand of a complex are both involved in the bond breaking or bond formation
Metal-ligand_cooperativity
Type of chemical bonding with metal ions
separate dative covalent bonds between a ligand and a single metal atom, thereby forming a ring structure. The ligand is called a chelant, chelator, chelating
Chelation
In coordination chemistry, a macrocyclic ligand [citation needed]is a macrocyclic ring having at least nine atoms (including all heteroatoms) and three
Macrocyclic_ligand
Prediction method in molecular modeling
which predicts the preferred orientation of one molecule to a second when a ligand and a target are bound to each other to form a stable complex. Knowledge
Docking_(molecular)
Type of ion channel transmembrane protein
Ligand-gated ion channels (LICs, LGIC), also commonly referred to as ionotropic receptors, are a group of transmembrane ion-channel proteins which open
Ligand-gated_ion_channel
Chemical compound
The Trost ligand is a diphosphine used in the palladium-catalyzed Trost asymmetric allylic alkylation. Other C2-symmetric ligands derived from trans-1
Trost_ligand
Biochemical analysis procedure
A ligand binding assay (LBA) is an assay, or an analytic procedure, which relies on the binding of ligand molecules to receptors, antibodies or other
Ligand_binding_assay
Diagram showing the proportion of a receptor bound to a ligand
equations that reflect the binding of ligands to macromolecules, as a function of the ligand concentration. A ligand is "a substance that forms a complex
Hill_equation_(biochemistry)
Protein found in humans
CD40 ligand (CD40-L), also commonly called CD154, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD40LG gene. CD40-L is primarily expressed on activated
CD40_ligand
Ligand that does not participate in chemical reactions
spectator ligand is a ligand that does not participate in chemical reactions of the complex. Instead, spectator ligands (vs "actor ligands") occupy coordination
Spectator_ligand
The Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) is a tool used in aquatic toxicology that examines the bioavailability of metals in the aquatic environment and the affinity
Biotic_Ligand_Model
Tripodal ligands are tridentate and tetradentate ligands. They are popular in research in the areas of coordination chemistry and homogeneous catalysis
Tripodal_ligand
area of organometallic chemistry, a bulky cyclopentadienyl ligand is jargon for a ligand of the type C 5H 5−nR− n where R is a branched alkyl and n =
Bulky cyclopentadienyl ligands
Bulky_cyclopentadienyl_ligands
Class of chiral ligands
Bis(oxazoline) ligands (often abbreviated BOX ligands) are a family of organic compounds consisting of a linked pair of oxazoline rings. Chiral versions
Bisoxazoline_ligand
A protein–ligand complex is a complex of a protein bound with a ligand that is formed following molecular recognition between proteins that interact with
Protein–ligand_complex
Family of chiral diphosphine ligands used for asymmetric catalysis
A Josiphos ligand is a family of chiral diphosphine ligands that are used for asymmetric catalysis. They feature a 1,2-disubstituted ferrocene backbone
Josiphos_ligands
Ligand bond number (LBN) represents the effective total number of ligands or ligand attachment points surrounding a metal center, labeled M. More simply
Ligand_bond_number
Measure of the steric bulk of a ligand in a coordination complex
In coordination chemistry, the ligand cone angle (θ) is a measure of the steric bulk of a ligand in a transition metal coordination complex. It is defined
Ligand_cone_angle
Ligands that lack mirror symmetry but have two-fold rotational symmetry
catalysis, C2-symmetric ligands refer to ligands that lack mirror symmetry but have C2 symmetry (two-fold rotational symmetry). Such ligands are usually bidentate
C2-Symmetric_ligands
Ligand-targeted liposomes for use in medical applications
A ligand-targeted liposome (LTL) is a nanocarrier with specific ligands attached to its surface to enhance localization for targeted drug delivery. The
Ligand-targeted_liposome
usually refers to a family of coordination complexes where one or more ligands interact with the metal using the bonding electrons in a sigma bond. Transition
Sigma_complex
are organophosphorus compounds most commonly used as bidentate phosphine ligands in inorganic and organometallic chemistry. They are identified by the presence
Diphosphine_ligands
Presence of structurally isomeric ligands in a coordination complex
coordination chemistry, ligand isomerism is a type of structural isomerism in coordination complexes which arises from the presence of ligands which can adopt
Ligand_isomerism
Theory in condensed matter physics
breaking assumptions made of relative metal and ligand orbital energies, requiring the use of inverted ligand field theory (ILFT) to better describe bonding
Crystal_field_theory
System of communication
the signaling process involves three components: the first messenger (the ligand), the receptor, and the signal itself. In biology, signals are mostly chemical
Cell_signaling
Ligand with unclear oxidation state
non-innocent ligand is a ligand in a metal complex where the oxidation state is not clear. Typically, complexes containing non-innocent ligands are redox
Non-innocent_ligand
Protein molecule receiving signals for a cell
sends the signal onward, amplification increases the effect of a single ligand, and integration allows the signal to be incorporated into another biochemical
Receptor_(biochemistry)
Theory in chemistry
In chemistry, ligand close packing theory (LCP theory), sometimes called the ligand close packing model describes how ligand – ligand repulsions affect
LCP_theory
Concept in organic chemistry
(TEP) is a measure of the electron donating or withdrawing ability of a ligand. It is traditionally determined by measuring the frequency of the A1 C-O
Tolman_electronic_parameter
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL), also known as tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 (TNFSF11), TNF-related activation-induced
RANKL
Coordination of a ligand to a central atom
the coordination of a ligand to a metal center via an uninterrupted and contiguous series of atoms. The hapticity of a ligand is described with the Greek
Hapticity
Equation used in molecular biology
for a ligand. It is named after the American chemist George Scatchard. Throughout this article, [RL] denotes the concentration of a receptor-ligand complex
Scatchard_equation
Ligand which binds 5 donor atoms in a coordination complex
pentadentate ligand (or quinquidentate ligand) is a ligand that coordinates via five donor atoms. There are different possible ways for a ligand to arrange
Pentadentate_ligand
The Phage-ligand technology is a technology to detect, bind, and remove bacteria and bacterial toxins by using highly specific bacteriophage-derived proteins
Phage-ligand_technology
Acetylcholine receptors named for their selective binding of nicotine
millisecond. AChRs can spontaneously open with no ligands bound or can spontaneously close with ligands bound, and mutations in the channel can shift the
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor
Compound with a metal center bound to ligands
surrounding array of bound molecules or ions, that are in turn known as ligands or complexing agents. Many metal-containing compounds, especially those
Coordination_complex
Chemical compound
SPhos is a phosphine ligand derived from biphenyl. Its palladium complexes exhibit high activity for Suzuki coupling reactions involving aryl chlorides
SPhos
Protein
receptors often occurs in the presence of a ligand—a molecule that affects the receptor's behavior. Ligand binding to a nuclear receptor results in a conformational
Nuclear_receptor
Chemical compound
used as a bidentate diphosphine ligand and is noteworthy for having a particularly wide bite angle (108°). Such ligands are useful in the hydroformylation
Xantphos
Chemical compound
Salen refers to a tetradentate C2-symmetric ligand synthesized from salicylaldehyde (sal) and ethylenediamine (en). It may also refer to a class of compounds
Salen_ligand
Optimer ligands are short synthetic oligonucleotide molecules composed of DNA or RNA that bind to a specific target molecule. They are engineered to bind
Optimer_ligand
Sudden increase in x-ray absorption
the MXAN software. Ligand K-edge spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique used to study the electronic structures of metal-ligand complexes. This method
K-edge
Ligand with 3 acceptor atoms for a coordination complex
A tridentate ligand (or terdentate ligand) is a ligand that has three atoms that can function as donor atoms in a coordination complex. Well-known tridentate
Tridentate_ligand
Class of chemical compounds
in organic solvents. The ligands exist as meso and d,l-diastereomers, but only the meso forms function as bidentate ligands. Some metal-PR2NR'2 complexes
1,5-Diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctanes
1,5-Diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctanes
Chemical compound
pincer complex is a type of coordination complex with a pincer ligand. Pincer ligands are chelating agents that binds tightly to three adjacent coplanar
Transition metal pincer complex
Transition_metal_pincer_complex
Protein with a receptor structure but with unidentified ligand
for which no physiological relevant endogenous ligand is known. If a biologically significant ligand for an orphan receptor is later discovered, the
Orphan_receptor
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens, named for ketazocine
κ-opioid receptor or kappa opioid receptor, abbreviated KOR or KOP for its ligand ketazocine, is a G protein-coupled receptor that is encoded by the OPRK1
Κ-opioid_receptor
Chemical compound composed of a metal ion bound to water ligands
complexes are coordination compounds containing metal ions with only water as a ligand. These complexes are the predominant species in aqueous solutions of many
Metal_aquo_complex
Coordination complex of a metal and cyclopentadienyl groups
catalysts in various types of reactions. Mixed-ligand Cp complexes containing Cp ligand and one or more other ligands. They are more numerous. One widely studied
Cyclopentadienyl_complex
Form of interaction between two atoms
this type of interaction, electrons from the metal are used to bond to the ligand, which dissipates excess negative charge and stabilizes the metal. It is
Pi_backbonding
Invention of new medications based on knowledge of a biological target
therapeutics have also been developed. The phrase "drug design" is similar to ligand design (i.e., design of a molecule that will bind tightly to its target)
Drug_design
Equation used in pharmacology
caused by the receptor, or on ligand-receptor binding. Dose-response curves can be constructed to describe response or ligand-receptor complex formation
Schild_equation
Chemical notation
nature of the ligands surrounding the atom of interest. According to this method, the interactions that allow for coordination of the ligand can be classified
Covalent bond classification method
Covalent_bond_classification_method
Chemical compound
inorganic and organometallic chemistry as a ligand. It is more specifically a chelating ligand because it is a ligand that can bond to metals with two phosphorus
Bis(diphenylphosphino)methane
Destabilization of CO ligands that are cis to other ligands
labilization (or destabilization) of CO ligands that are cis to other ligands. CO is a well-known strong pi-accepting ligand in organometallic chemistry that
Cis_effect
structure is found in many ligands calling for steric bulk. NacNac ligands can be prepared from 2,6-diisopropylaniline. Terphenyl ligands featuring two diisopropylphenyl
2,6-Diisopropylphenyl_group
Coordination compound and metal cluster type
Mononuclear complexes feature terminal nitride ligands, typically with short M-N distances consistent with metal ligand multiple bonds. For example, in the anion
Metal_nitrido_complex
The tropocoronand ligand (H2TC-m,n) is a macrocyclic ligand in which two aminotroponiminate rings are connected to one another via polymethylene linker
Tropocoronand_ligand
Coordination complex
metal salen complex is a coordination compound between a metal cation and a ligand derived from N,N′-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine, commonly called salen
Metal_salen_complex
A phosphoramidite ligand is any phosphorus-based ligand with the general formula P(OR1)(OR2)(NRR'). Chiral versions of these ligands, particularly those
Phosphoramidite_ligand
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Vascular endothelial growth inhibitor (VEGI), also known as TNF-like ligand 1A (TL1A) and TNF superfamily member 15 (TNFSF15), is protein that in humans
Vascular endothelial growth inhibitor
Vascular_endothelial_growth_inhibitor
Agents that modulate or mimic monoaminergic neurotransmitters
Monoaminergic means "working on monoamine neurotransmitters", which include serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and histamine. A monoaminergic
Monoaminergic
Protein-coding gene in humans
Calcium modulating ligand (CAMLG or CAML), also known as calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand, is a signalling protein recognized by the TNF receptor
Calcium_modulating_ligand
Chemical interaction of certain ligands with metals of bond order >1
In organometallic chemistry, a metal–ligand multiple bond describes the interaction of certain ligands with a metal with a bond order greater than one
Metal–ligand_multiple_bond
Class of chemical compounds
complexes containing at least one ammonia (NH3) ligand. Ammonia binds to almost all metal ions as a ligand, but the most prevalent examples of ammine complexes
Metal_ammine_complex
Substance that binds to a receptor to change its response to stimuli
orthosteric site). Modulators and agonists can both be called receptor ligands. Allosteric modulators can be 1 of 3 types either: positive, negative or
Allosteric_modulator
Chemical property
binding site. Usually, when a ligand L binds with a macromolecule M, it can influence binding kinetics of other ligands L binding to the macromolecule
Dissociation_constant
LigandScout is computer software that allows creating three-dimensional (3D) pharmacophore models from structural data of macromolecule–ligand complexes
LigandScout
Characteristic feature of the optical spectra of many compounds
predominantly ligand in character. If the transfer occurs from the MO with ligand-like character to the metal-like one, the transition is called a ligand-to-metal
Charge-transfer_band
complexes are coordination compounds containing dithiophosphate ligands, i.e. ligands of the formula (RO)2PS− 2. The charge-neutral complexes tend to
Transition metal dithiophosphate complex
Transition_metal_dithiophosphate_complex
Chemical property
ligands which contain at least two electronically different coordinating groups, such as hard and soft donors. These hybrid or heteroditopic ligands form
Hemilability
chiral ligands used in asymmetric catalysis. Colorless solids, PHOX ligands feature a tertiary phosphine group, often diphenyl, and an oxazoline ligand in
Phosphinooxazolines
Ligand which binds 4 donor atoms in a coordination complex
In chemistry, tetradentate ligands (or quadridentate ligands) are ligands that bind four donor atoms to a central atom to form a coordination complex.
Tetradentate_ligand
Parameter in coordination chemistry
between two bonds to a bidentate ligand. This ligand–metal–ligand geometric parameter is used to classify chelating ligands, including those in organometallic
Bite_angle
complexes are coordination complexes with allyl and its derivatives as ligands. The allyl group, the connectivity CH2=CHCH2−, binds to metal predominantly
Transition metal allyl complex
Transition_metal_allyl_complex
arsine complexes are coordination complexes containing one or more arsine ligands. Almost always, the arsine is an organoarsenic compound of the type R3As
Transition metal arsine complexes
Transition_metal_arsine_complexes
Type of model used in biochemistry
conformation changes with each binding of a ligand, thus sequentially changing its affinity for the ligand at neighboring binding sites. It gives one explanation
Sequential_model
Class of organometallic complexes
which belong to the highly tunable N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand system. The ligands that are attached to the iron center can be modified to change
Cyclic iron tetra N-heterocyclic carbenes
Cyclic_iron_tetra_N-heterocyclic_carbenes
In biochemistry, the preference of ligands to bind with one receptor over another
defined with respect to the binding of ligands to a substrate forming a complex. Binding selectivity describes how a ligand may bind more preferentially to one
Binding_selectivity
tridentate ligand based on three imidazole-2-thioketone groups bonded to a borohydride center. They are examples of scorpionate ligands. Various ligands in this
Tm_ligands
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