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Consonant sound change
movements down and to the right in the above table. In other cases, sounds are lenited and normalized at the same time; examples would be direct changes [b] →
Lenition
Phonetic changes in the Old Irish language
continuant (/w̃/; perhaps [w̃] or [β̃]). *l *n *r remained, but the non-lenited variants were strengthened to /L N R/ (see Old Irish phonology). Extensive
Phonological history of Old Irish
Phonological_history_of_Old_Irish
Word initial consonantal sound changes in Irish
end of the Middle Irish period lenited *m largely lost its nasal quality, lenited *t debuccalised to [h], and lenited *d lost its coronal articulation
Irish_initial_mutations
Earliest attested form of the Korean language
argues via internal reconstruction that intervocalic *k in earlier Korean lenited to Middle Korean /h/. In some pre-Unified Silla transcriptions of Korean
Old_Korean
Seventh letter of the Latin alphabet
e, i, oi, y Icelandic /c/ soft /k/ hard /ɣ/ hard, lenited; see Icelandic phonology /j/ soft, lenited Irish /ɡ/ Except after i or before e, i /ɟ/ After
G
Romance language of Western Europe
Latin a was preserved (Lat. mare > Oc. mar, Fr. mer). Intervocalic -t- was lenited to /d/ rather than lost (Lat. vitam > Oc. vida, Fr. vie). Examples of pan-Occitan
Occitan_language
Language
Akuna Gadsup is similar to Ontena Gadsup, except voiceless plosives don't lenite initially, but they do medially. /ɐ/ can also be heard as [ʌ̈]. Gadsup at
Gadsup_language
Celtic language indigenous to the island of Ireland
tsiopa "in the shop", compared to the Standard sa siopa (the Standard lenites only feminine nouns in the dative in these cases). Eclipsis of ⟨f⟩ after
Irish_language
Ethnic group native to the island of Ireland
the second part of the surname begins with the letter C or G, it is not lenited after Nic.[citation needed] Thus the daughter of a man named Ó Maolagáin
Irish_people
Accent and dialect of English in the Liverpool City Region
voiced plosives /b, d, ɡ/ are also fricatised, with /d/ particularly being lenited to the same extent as /t/, although the fricative allophone is frequently
Scouse
Linguistic term
climb Floating tones derive historically from morphemes which assimilate or lenite to the point that only their tone remains. Clark, Mary M. 1993. "Representation
Floating_tone
Ceremonial knife
- An Gobhar Dubh (4 August 2023). "The homo-organic rule or When not to lenite". Gaelic Resources on the web. Retrieved 4 August 2024. "Skene dhu". Miriam
Sgian_dubh
Gaelic drinking toast
toast include sláinte mhaith "good health" in Irish (mhaith being the lenited form of maith "good"). In Irish, the response to sláinte is sláinte agatsa
Sláinte
Romance language
and central Portugal, the voiced stops (/b/, /d/, and /ɡ/) are usually lenited to fricatives [β], [ð], and [ɣ], respectively, except at the beginning
Portuguese_language
Spelling and punctuation of the Irish language
to decorative or self-consciously traditional contexts. The dot above a lenited letter in Gaelic type is usually replaced by a following ⟨h⟩ in Roman type
Irish_orthography
Northwest Semitic language
cross-linguistically rare. However, Blau argues that it is possible that lenited /k/ and /χ/ could coexist even if pronounced identically, since one would
Hebrew_language
Finnic language
suffixes. The (dictionary form) infinitive bears the suffix -ta/-tä (often lenited to -(d)a/-(d)ä due to consonant gradation). There is a so-called "passive
Finnish_language
Romance language
final-obstruent devoicing: /b/ > [p], /d/ > [t], /ɡ/ > [k]. Voiced stops become lenited to approximants in syllable onsets, after continuants: /b/ > [β], /d/ >
Catalan_language
Dialect of the Portuguese language
the Northern and Central dialects, word-medial /b/, /d/ and /g/ usually lenite to their respective fricative counterparts: [β], [ð] and [ɣ] (except after
European_Portuguese
Cushitic language of the Horn of Africa
unclear. Somali has 22 consonant phonemes. ^† The consonants /b d̪ ɡ/ often lenite to [β̞ ð ɣ] intervocalically. The retroflex plosive /ɖ/ may have an implosive
Somali_language
men and women. However, when used in the female form the first letter is lenited (if possible). Gaelic first names chiefly hail from 5 linguistic layers
Scottish_Gaelic_name
Aspect of the Irish language
⟨t⟩ in the singular, and ⟨s⟩ is lenited to ⟨ts⟩ (pronounced [t̪ˠ, tʲ]) rather than the usual ⟨sh⟩. ⟨s⟩ furthermore lenites in both dative (i) and (ii) in
Irish_declension
Uto-Aztecan language branch of US
*j, and *w could be geminated. Between vowels, short consonants were lenited. The major difference between Proto-Central Numic and Proto-Numic was the
Numic_languages
Celtic language family branch
such as the two i-affections, a-affection, raisings, and contact with lenited consonants like *g > /ɣ/ and *s > *h. The default outcomes of stressed
Brittonic_languages
Oldest widely attested Gaelic language
the five long vowels, shown by an acute accent (´): á, é, í, ó, ú, the lenited consonants denoted with a superdot (◌̇): ḟ, ṡ, and the eclipsis consonants
Old_Irish
Language of Papua, Indonesia, of uncertain affiliation
as [ŋɡ]. The light voiced stops /b d/ lenite to [β r] between vowels within a word. The heavy stops do not lenite. When a nasal is followed by a heavy
Warembori_language
Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨d⟩ in IPA
dialects dar [ˈd̪aɾ] 'to give' Laminal denti-alveolar. May palatalize or lenite in certain environments, depending on dialect. See Portuguese phonology
Voiced dental and alveolar plosives
Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_plosives
Celtic language spoken in France
[ɾ] in Gwenedeg. ^ In Gwenedeg an unstressed ⟨e⟩ often represents [ə]. ^ Lenited varieties of ⟨r, l, n⟩ may appear word-initially in case of soft mutation
Breton_language
Language of the Valencian Community
"affricates and fricatives"). Plosives /b/ and /p/ are bilabial. /b/ is lenited to the approximant (or fricative) [β̞] (or [β]) in betacist dialects, after
Valencian_language
Legendary sword of King Arthur
lost Old Welsh text in which bwlch (Old Welsh bulc[h]) had not yet been lenited to fwlch (Middle Welsh vwlch or uwlch). Geoffrey Gaimar, in his Old French
Excalibur
Subgroup of the Iranian languages
lenition of the voiced stops *b, *d, *g. Between vowels, these have been lenited also in most Western Iranian languages, but in Eastern Iranian, spirantization
Eastern_Iranian_languages
Irish surname
Ó Tormaigh Ó Tormaigh in a Gaelic type, note the lenited g in the name (gh) once appeared in Irish orthography with a dot above it, as pictured. Gender
Ó_Tormaigh
Goidelic Celtic language of the Isle of Man
introduces the allophones [β ð z ʒ]. The voiced fricative [ʒ] may be further lenited to [j], and [ɣ] may disappear altogether. Examples include: Voiceless plosive
Manx_language
Given name or surname
alveolar lateral fricative and generally used l for the initial ll and its lenited version, single l except that occasionally attempts were made to show that
Lloyd_(name)
Extinct language in Egypt
erôou⟩ Sahidic and Bohairic preserve */ˈe/ before /ʔ/ (etymological or from lenited /t r j/ or tonic-syllable coda /w/),: Sahidic and Bohairic ⟨ne⟩ /neʔ/ 'to
Egyptian_language
Celtic language native to Cornwall
given below: Lenition or "soft" mutation: Feminine singular nouns are lenited after an 'the': kath 'cat' > an gath 'the cat' Spirantization or "aspirate"
Cornish_language
Ancestor of the Celtic languages
and *xt respectively already in PC. PIE *sp- became Old Irish s (f- when lenited, exactly as for PIE *sw-) and Brythonic f; while Schrijver 1995, p. 348
Proto-Celtic_language
Goidelic language
indicate the fricatives /v/, /ɣ/, and /ṽ/ (lenited versions of /b/, /g/, and /m) by analogy with the lenited ch, th, ph. Lenition of these respective stops
Middle_Irish
Grammatical syntax of the Welsh language
adjectives following a feminine noun are lenited. Thus: dogfen 'a document' y ddogfen 'the document' (dogfen is lenited because it is feminine) hen ddogfen
Welsh_syntax
Japanese diacritic signs
it in the Rakuyōshū, to accurately transcribe the consonant /p/ and its lenited form /f/, which had not been distinguished in domestic writing. Tsu (kana)
Dakuten_and_handakuten
Hill in the Clwydian Range, Wales
Wales. The meaning of the Fama is somewhat uncertain, but it is probably a lenited form of a personal name, 'Mama'. The alternative form Moel Famau is a result
Moel_Famau
Name list
Godredus). Gofraid can be Anglicised as Godfrey, Geoffrey or Caffrey. The lenited variant spelling Gofraidh (or Gofraiḋ, with a diacritic in the older Irish
Gofraid
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨w⟩ in IPA
[hɑw] 'ocean' Allophone of [v] Dutch Colloquial kouwe [ˈkʌu̯wə] 'cold' Lenited allophone of /d/ after /ʌu̯/. Corresponds to /d/ in the standard language
Voiced labial–velar approximant
Voiced_labial–velar_approximant
Latin-script digraph
/ˈxaɾˠə/ "friend" (lenited), loch /ɫ̪ɔx/ "lake, loch", boichte /bˠɔxtʲə/ "poorer"; slender in Chéadaoin /ˈçeːd̪ˠiːnʲ/ "Wednesday" (lenited), deich /dʲɛç/
Ch_(digraph)
Consonant followed by a strong burst of air
Medieval Greek periods, the aspirated and voiced stops /tʰ d/ of Attic Greek lenited to voiceless and voiced fricatives, yielding /θ ð/ in Medieval and Modern
Aspirated_consonant
Phonetic phenomenon in Uralic languages
obstruent-sonorant combinations like kl and tr. The voiced stops *b *d *g generally lenited to fricatives /β ð ɣ/ unless they were preceded by a nasal. This change
Consonant_gradation
Feature in the morphology or syntax of some languages
" (The word na is used to mean than.) Adjectives that begin with f are lenited. and as use different syntax constructions. For example: Tha mi nas àirde
Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs
Degrees_of_comparison_of_adjectives_and_adverbs
Grammatical case for noun addressed
well as the singular genitive and plural nominative). Adjectives are also lenited. In many cases this means that (in the singular) masculine vocatives resemble
Vocative_case
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨h⟩ in IPA
See Hungarian phonology Irish shroich [hɾˠɪç] 'reached' Appears as the lenited form of 'f', 's' and 't', as well as grammatical pre-aspiration of vowels
Voiceless_glottal_fricative
Aspect of verbs in the Irish language
all other particles. The ⟨d⟩- in this verb's independent forms is not lenited, and the dependent forms are slightly archaic. If a noun phrase is in the
Irish_conjugation
Divergent northern Korean dialect
Correspondences with lenited consonants English Middle Korean Seoul Korean Yukjin to inform 알외 alGwoy- /alɣoj/ 아뢰 alwoy- /alwe/ 알귀 alkwuy- /aɾkwi/ autumn
Yukjin_Korean
g. the Irish phrase cá fhad /kaː ˈad̪ˠ/ "how long", where fhad is the lenited form of fad /fˠad̪ˠ/ "long". However, in three Scottish Gaelic words, fhèin
List_of_Latin-script_digraphs
Constructed science-fiction language
lines of what English does, certain of them trigger lenition. One of the leniting prepositions is mì "in", as in mì sokx "in the body". This may cause some
Naʼvi_language
Breed of cat
encountered as cayt, and depending on the exact construction, it may be lenited as chayt or gayt. The diminutive word is pishin or pishyn, 'kitten' (with
Manx_cat
Alemannic German dialect spoken in Alsace
beginning of a word or morpheme. Alsatian, like some German dialects, has lenited all obstruents but [k]. Its lenes are, however, voiceless as in all Southern
Alsatian_dialect
Alternative form of the name Joshua (Yəhōšūaʿ)
guttural phonemes /ʔ/, /ħ/, and /ʕ/, as well as approximants /j/ and /w/) lenited significantly. Thus Hebrew pronunciations became less stable when two successive
Yeshua
Surname list
Sweaney, Sween, Sweeney, Sweenie, Sweeny, Sweney, Swiney, Swinney, A lenited variant form of Mac Suibhne is Mac Shuibhne. Anglicised forms of the latter
Mac_Suibhne
Ancient Indo-European language
after consonant stems and part of the stems ending in a vowel, -daλ when lenited after other stems ending in a vowel or glide). About a dozen conjugations
Lydian_language
Paleosiberian language family
with the citation form of these verbs containing an underlying stop, lenited due to the presence of a former i- prefix (which still survives in the
Nivkh_languages
Alphabet of the Hebrew language
regularly used in Hebrew. In Masoretic Texts and some other older texts, lenited consonants and sometimes matres lectionis are indicated by a small line
Hebrew_alphabet
Variety of Spanish language
coda, which includes occasionally merging the consonants /l/ and /r/ and leniting or even eliding most syllable-final consonants. A number of these features
Andalusian_Spanish
Town in Powys, Wales
Saxon and Norman times for an enclosure in a forest. The Welsh word celli (lenited to Gelli) has a range of meanings, including wooded areas of various extents
Hay-on-Wye
French variety spoken in Louisiana, United States
clipping from Thibodaux ^1[ɲ] is rarely used in practice, and is typically lenited to [j̃] with the preceding vowel nasalized, thus, "Espagne" [ɛspãj̃] 'Spain'
Louisiana_French
Pronunciation of "G" in Latin-based orthographies
before ⟨ei⟩ Icelandic orthography is a bit more complicated by having lenited pronunciations of ⟨g⟩.[citation needed] In German, the g is mostly a hard
Hard_and_soft_G
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨x⟩ in IPA
the Ancient Greek voiceless aspirated stop /kʰ/ in a sound change that lenited all Greek aspirated stops to fricatives. Guttural Index of phonetics articles
Voiceless_velar_fricative
Developmental stage of Low German
unit with the following word. Also, as can already be seen in Old Saxon, lenited /b/ is devoiced to [f] before syllabic nasals or liquids, e.g. gaffel (fork)
Middle_Low_German
Subgroup of the Austronesian language family
respectively (similar to Karo Batak). Meanwhile, in BLK and Busang, both are lenited into -v and -r. However, in Bahau, Ngorek, and Merap, the outcomes of final
Kayan–Murik_languages
Sound system of the Galician language
tend to be pronounced as hiatus. Voiced plosives (/ɡ/, /d/ and /b/) are lenited (weakened) to approximants or fricatives in all instances, except after
Galician_phonology
Description of producing a sound
approximants with the lowering diacritic, [ʁ̞, ʕ̞, ʢ̞]. In Spanish, the lenited allophones of the voiced stops are generally transcribed as fricatives
Relative_articulation
Grammatical structure
man who is very hairy" There is also a defective verb "piau" (usually lenited to "biau"), corresponding to "who own(s)": y the dyn man piau DIR-REL +
Relative_clause
optionally drops out entirely before a consonant, including plosives. The lenited consonants have special pronunciations. ^† Lenition of initial l n r is
Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography
Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography
from use by the 1460s or by the mid 16th-century. In most situations, it lenited (was replaced with a softer sound) and merged with the semivowel /w/. As
Obsolete_Hangul_jamo
Braille system for Irish
modern print. A shortcut may be used even when the final consonant is lenited with h; comh, for example, is written ⠤⠓ com-h. The only word-sign is the
Irish_Braille
Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines
Ilocano, Kapampangan uses /h/ only in words of foreign origin. /k/ tends to lenite to [x] between vowels. [d] and [ɾ] are allophones in Kapampangan, and sometimes
Kapampangan_language
Branch of the Afroasiatic languages
cross-linguistically rare. However, Blau argues that it is possible that lenited /k/ and /χ/ could coexist even if pronounced identically, since one would
Semitic_languages
Language family
the genitive of bacach. The igh the result of affection; the ⟨bh⟩ is the lenited form of ⟨b⟩. leat is the second person singular inflected form of the preposition
Celtic_languages
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɡ⟩ in IPA
'together' Yi ꈨ / gge [ɡɤ˧] 'hear' Zapotec Tilquiapan gan [ɡaŋ] 'will be able' Depending on speaker and carefulness of speech, [ɡ] may be lenited to [ɣ]
Voiced_velar_plosive
Subdivision of the Uralic languages
in Hungarian. PU *ś depalatalized to *s. PU medial *x, *k, *w generally lenited to *ɣ. It has however been pointed out that these changes are applicable
Ugric_languages
Name list
Ragnall Raghnall in a Gaelic type, note the lenited g in the name (gh) once appeared in Irish orthography with a dot above it, as pictured. Gender Masculine
Ragnall_(name)
Irish language dialect
fact, the initial c- tends to be lenited even when it is not preceded by any particle (this is because there was a leniting particle in Classical Irish: do-chluin
Ulster_Irish
Gallo-Romance dialect continuum
uem, from Lat homō. Intervocalic /d/ from both Latin /t/ and /d/ was lenited to [ð] in the early period (cf. contemporary Spanish: amado [aˈmaðo]).
Old_French
Village in Wrexham County Borough, Wales
606 as of 2011 UK census. The name is derived from the Welsh bron (here lenited to fron), here meaning a hill breast, along with the name Cysyllte, one
Froncysyllte
Athabaskan language group spoken in Canada
varieties. Hare lacks aspirated affricates (on red background), which have lenited into fricatives, whereas Mountain lacks /w/ (on blue). In addition, for
Slavey_language
Type of consonant used in many spoken languages
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes Spanish seguir [se̞ˈɣ̞᫈iɾ] 'to follow' Lenited allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels; typically transcribed in IPA with
Voiced_palatal_approximant
Female given name of Irish language origin
it derives from the Irish words lasair meaning "flame" and fhíona, the lenited genitive form of fíon meaning "wine". The "fh" combination is silent in
Lasairfhíona_(Irish_name)
Overview of the history of the French language
vowel): c followed by e or i developed into Vulgar Latin */tsʲ/, which was lenited to */dzʲ/ between vowels (later -is-). The pronunciation /ts/ was still
History_of_French
Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨ɾ⟩ in IPA
Punjabi phonology. Shahmukhi لارا Scottish Gaelic mòr [moːɾ] 'big' Both the lenited and non-initial broad form of r. Often transcribed simply as /r/. The initial
Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps
Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps
Phonological system of the Japanese language
and are shorter than voiceless geminates; geminated voiced stops do not lenite into fricatives. Vance (2008:108) claims /Qz/ is always realized as an affricate
Japanese_phonology
Romance language of the West Iberian group
ḥ which are pronounced as /t͡s~ʈ͡ʂ~ɖ͡ʐ~ɖ/ and /x~h/ /b, d, ɡ/ may be lenited or sonorised as [β, ð, ɣ] in certain environments, or word-initially. /n/
Asturian_language
Koreanic language of Jeju Island, South Korea
preserved in so-called regular verbs, but in irregular verbs, -d and -p are lenited to [ɾ] and [u~w] respectively while -s and -k are lost when followed by
Jeju_language
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨v⟩ in IPA
volosy [ˈvʷo̞ɫ̪əs̪ɨ̞] 'hair' Contrasts with palatalized form. May be a lenited fricative [v̞] or an approximant [ʋ] instead. See Russian phonology Scottish
Voiced_labiodental_fricative
Archipelago in Outer Hebrides, Scotland, United Kingdom
Scottish Studies in the 1960s show individual speakers using t-initial forms, leniting to /h/, e.g. ann an Tirte ([ˈan̪ˠən̪ˠ ˈtʰʲirˠʃt̪ʲə]) and gu Hirte ([kə
St_Kilda,_Scotland
Micronesian language
Usually voiced intervocalically but also sometimes word-initially. /t/ is lenited and assibilated to [s] before /i/. The labiovelar fricative /βˠ/ may be
Gilbertese_language
Earliest stage of the German language
fricative /ʝ/ ) High German consonant shift: Inherited voiceless plosives are lenited into fricatives and affricates, and voiced fricatives are hardened into
Old_High_German
Frequency and point values in the board game
absent from both Scrabble3D sets because it is almost exclusively used in lenited consonants. Slovak-language sets use these 100 tiles: 2 blank tiles (scoring
Scrabble_letter_distributions
Sound change converting an alveolar consonant to a rhotic consonant
forlorn (PGmc. *lusą vs *fraluzanaz) Intervocalic /t/ and /d/ are commonly lenited to [ɾ] in most accents of North American and Australian English and some
Rhotacism
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɥ⟩ in IPA
Norwegian phonology Spanish ayuda [äˈʝʷuð̞ä] 'help' Approximant consonant; lenited allophone of /ɟ͡ʝ/ before and between rounded vowels. May be a fricative
Voiced labial–palatal approximant
Voiced_labial–palatal_approximant
Hausa-language sound law
universal to all dialects of the language. The affected consonants were lenited in syllable-final position when followed by a syllable-initial consonant
Klingenheben's_law
Overview of the grammar of the Malay language
Initial consonant Examples (with consonants kept) Examples (with consonants lenited) mêng- (vowels) g h k gulung → mênggulung hantar → mênghantar ajar → mêngajar
Malay_grammar
adverbs, prepositions, and other function words). In this article, the leniting effect of such words is indicated, where relevant, by the superscript "+L"
Scottish_Gaelic_grammar
LENITE
LENITE
Surname or Lastname
English, of Welsh origin
English, of Welsh origin : variant of Voyle, a nickname for a bald man or a topographic name for someone who lived by a treeless hill, from a lenited form of Welsh moel ‘bald’ or ‘treeless hill’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Yarwood Heath in Cheshire, earlier Yarwode, from Old English earn ‘eagle’ + wudu ‘wood’.Welsh : Anglicized form of the Welsh personal name Iorwerth, composed of the elements iÅr ‘lord’ + a lenited form of berth ‘handsome’.
Surname or Lastname
English (of Norman origin) and North German
English (of Norman origin) and North German : from a Germanic personal name composed of the elements war(in) ‘guard’ + heri, hari ‘army’. The name was introduced into England by the Normans in the form Warnier.English (of Norman origin) : reduced form of Warrener (see Warren 2).Irish (Cork) : Anglicization of Gaelic Ó Murnáin (see Murnane), found in medieval records as Iwarrynane, from a genitive or plural form of the name, in which m is lenited.The name Warner was brought from England to MA independently by several different bearers in the first half of the 17th century and subsequently. Andrew Warner came from England to Cambridge, MA, in or before 1632; William Warner was in Ipswich, MA, by 1637; and John Warner was one of the settlers in Hartford, CT, in 1635.
LENITE
LENITE
Boy/Male
Arabic
Delicate; Slender
Boy/Male
Hindu
Male
Scottish
Scottish Gaelic form of German Wilhelm, UILLEAM means "will-helmet."
Female
Finnish
Pet form of Finnish Siikriiti, SIIRI means "beautiful victory."
Girl/Female
Biblical
Eye or fountain of protection or of gardens.
Boy/Male
English
like Jason and Jacob.
Male
French
Variant spelling of French Tristan, probably TRYSTAN means "riot, tumult."
Girl/Female
Australian, Danish, Dutch, German, Netherlands, Swedish, Teutonic
Ruler of the Home; Home Ruler; Female Version of Henry; Battle
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Beautiful Sound to Listen; Voice of Anklet; Duet; Music
Boy/Male
Tamil
Chithraayudha | சிதà¯à®°à®¯à¯à®¤à¯à®¤
One of the kauravas
LENITE
LENITE
LENITE
LENITE
LENITE