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Proposed Canadian legislation
The Lawful Access Act, also known as Bill C-22, is a proposed piece of legislation of the 45th Parliament of Canada. The bill contains provisions regarding
Lawful_Access_Act
Proposed Canadian federal legislation
Online Crime Act. There had been several previous attempts to introduce lawful access legislation, allowing police to avoid the necessity of a warrant to
Bill C-30: Protecting Children from Internet Predators Act
Bill_C-30:_Protecting_Children_from_Internet_Predators_Act
In Canadian politics, lawful access is the ability for law enforcement and security agencies to legally obtain information and data - for example, by
Lawful_access
Strong Borders Act (Bill C-2), which also included provisions regarding "lawful access" to data from electronic service providers by law enforcement. In late-2025
Strengthening Canada's Immigration System and Borders Act
Strengthening_Canada's_Immigration_System_and_Borders_Act
Permission for law enforcement to wiretap subscribers
network (PSTN), wireless, and cable systems, lawful interception (LI) was generally performed by accessing the mechanical or digital switches supporting
Lawful_interception
Free and open-source internet circumvention tool
operations out of Canada, should the Canadian proposed piece of legislation Lawful Access Act (Bill C-22) take effect. In 2021, the monthly user base surged from
Psiphon
Ability of a state to control digital technologies
attempted to further clarify the legal basis for lawful access and to give other countries similar rights of access on the basis of mutual agreements. The case
Digital_sovereignty
Proposed Canadian federal legislation
Commons on November 15, 2005. Introduced as a part of a package of "lawful access" proposals, Modernization of Investigative Techniques Act (MITA) if
Modernization of Investigative Techniques Act
Modernization_of_Investigative_Techniques_Act
Attempts to limit access to strong cryptography
asks "responsible to whom?"". 24 November 2017. "Lawful Access". "The NSA wants 'front door' access to your encrypted data - ExtremeTech". 13 April 2015
Crypto_Wars
1998 United States copyright law
computers and protected by technological protection measures that control access to lawfully obtained works, when circumvention is accomplished solely for the
Digital Millennium Copyright Act
Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act
Digital library
health emergency, for users of HathiTrust member libraries to obtain lawful access to copyright digital materials in place of the corresponding physical
HathiTrust
Park in Palo Alto, California, United States
only residents or city employees of Palo Alto and their guests had lawful access to it, a restriction that has sparked "decades-long" controversy and
Foothills_Nature_Preserve
Act of the Parliament of Canada
Parliament, and received royal assent on December 9, 2014. Commonly known as lawful access legislation, the Act is the fifth iteration of a framework that empowers
Protecting Canadians from Online Crime Act
Protecting_Canadians_from_Online_Crime_Act
2021 book by Mark Carney
Groceries and Essentials Benefit Canadian response to the 2026 Iran war Lawful Access Act 52nd G7 summit Ministerial Advisory Council on Rights, Equality
Values: Building a Better World for All
Values:_Building_a_Better_World_for_All
Instant messaging service by Apple
21, 2020. Retrieved August 9, 2019. "January 2021 FBI Infographic re Lawful Access to Secure Messaging Apps Data". Property of the People. November 19
IMessage
Status of a person in a country
Right of Abode or Permanent Residence for EEA nationals United States: lawfully admitted for permanent residence Vanuatu Vietnam Some countries grant residency
Permanent_residency
System of enforceable rules
organizations, and non-state groups, which can make behavioral choices, whether lawful or unlawful. Rules are formal, typically written expectations that outline
Law
Canadian technology company
companies as good corporate citizens should comply with reasonable lawful access requests." BlackBerry – Discontinued line of mobile devices and services
BlackBerry_Limited
Secure communications method
Zheng, Denise E.; and Carter, William A. "The effect of encryption on lawful access to communications and data". Rowman & Littlefield. Granick, Jennifer
End-to-end_encryption
Right of public access to land or bodies of water
acres. Any person, including non-citizens, can legally access and recreate on these lands lawfully, sometimes referred to as the North American model of
Freedom_to_roam
Automotive entertainment system
distractions in cars. Domestic rules for Telecom-, data protection and lawful access can be applicable, but the legal environment is diverse and different
In-car_entertainment
United States federal data privacy and government surveillance law
The Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data Act or CLOUD Act (H.R. 4943) is a United States federal law enacted in 2018 by the passing of the Consolidated
CLOUD_Act
Tool designed to cause physical injury
would be not considered a public place because the public do not have lawful access to such areas. This is because the Prevention of Crime Act 1953 only
Offensive_weapon
Privacy-focused encrypted messaging app
extremism. In May 2026, Signal threatened to leave Canada because of the Lawful Access Act, stating that "Bill C-22 could potentially allow hackers to exploit
Signal_(software)
Topics referred to by the same term
HMS C22, a 1909 British C-class submarine Sauber C22, a 2003 racing car Lawful Access Act – Proposed Canadian legislation This disambiguation page lists articles
C22
Copyright law in the use of AI
have safeguards to protect their content, including a requirement for lawful access." Indian copyright law provides fair use exceptions for scientific research
Artificial intelligence and copyright
Artificial_intelligence_and_copyright
Proposed Canadian internet regulation
News Act Protecting Young Persons from Exposure to Pornography Act Lawful Access Act "Safe Social Media Act" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard).
Safe_Social_Media_Act
Australian legislation
a range of national security legislation, including that covering "lawful access to telecommunications… to ensure that vital investigative tools are
Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Act 2015
Telecommunications_(Interception_and_Access)_Amendment_(Data_Retention)_Act_2015
British civil servant
Judiciary Committee subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism advocating for lawful access to data to counter Serious Organised Crime through the Cloud Act. His
Paddy McGuinness (civil servant)
Paddy_McGuinness_(civil_servant)
working on militarily relevant AI applications, potentially granting it lawful access to U.S. technology and intellectual property. Chinese venture capital
Artificial intelligence industry in China
Artificial_intelligence_industry_in_China
2011). "Harper's promise: a warrantless online surveillance state- Why 'lawful access' legislation is on its way and why that should worry you". Maclean's
2011 Canadian federal election
2011_Canadian_federal_election
Lawful permanent residency in the United States
residency in the United States. Green card holders are formally known as lawful permanent residents (LPRs). As of 2024[update], there are an estimated 12
Green_card
Russian electronic surveillance program
operativno-razysknykh meropriyatiy) is the technical specification for lawful interception interfaces of telecommunications and telephone networks operating
SORM
Computer-based activities as a means of protest
2013. Jordon, Tomblin (2015-01-01). "The Rehearsal and Performance of Lawful Access". curve.carleton.ca. Archived from the original on 2016-02-03. Retrieved
Hacktivism
Legal doctrine for police searches in the United States
that: The officer is lawfully present at the place where the evidence can be plainly viewed The officer has a lawful right of access to the object The incriminating
Plain_view_doctrine
Legislation that requires individuals to surrender cryptographic keys to law enforcement
require any person at that place who appears to the member to have lawful access to the information in any such computer— (i) to give to the member any
Key_disclosure_law
Act, 1996 prohibits anyone from "preventing the lawful termination of a pregnancy" or "obstructing access to a facility for the termination of a pregnancy"
Legal protection of access to abortion
Legal_protection_of_access_to_abortion
Intricate surveillance of an entire or a substantial fraction of a population
of the users with "regulatory agencies, law enforcement, and other lawful access requests". The allegations were denied by the co-founders of ToTok,
Mass_surveillance
Crime against property
assets that have been lawfully entrusted to their care. It is a breach of trust, where the offender has legitimate, lawful access to assets, due to their
Financial_crime
U.S. law governing telecommunications
months or longer, the hackers might have held access to network infrastructure used to cooperate with lawful U.S. requests for communications data Trope
Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act
Communications_Assistance_for_Law_Enforcement_Act
Military strategy
Anti-access/area denial (or A2/AD) is a military strategy to control access to and within an operating environment. In an early definition, anti-access refers
Anti-access/area_denial
American law professor (born 1969)
Chilling Effects, a collaborative archive created by Wendy Seltzer to protect lawful online activity from legal threats. He also served as vice dean for Library
Jonathan_Zittrain
2016–17 series of protests in the United States
The Dakota Access Pipeline Protests or the Standing Rock Protests, also known by the hashtag #NoDAPL, were a series of grassroots Native American protests
Dakota Access Pipeline protests
Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests
Christian pilgrimage in Victoria, Australia
councils, landowners, churches and community groups to ensure safe and lawful access to roads, halls and camping grounds along the pilgrimage route. Key
Christus_Rex_Pilgrimage
Free legal research tools and database
investigation. No criminal charges were filed because PACER had provided lawful access, the documents copied were in the public domain, and the case was closed
Free_Law_Project
2002 statement on open access to research literature
them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself
Budapest Open Access Initiative
Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative
Computer hacking perpetrated by governments
PRISM program and Ethiopia's use of FinSpy are notable examples. The term lawful hacking has been used for law enforcement agencies who utilize hacking.
Government_hacking
Web-based email and groupware service
to provide access to lawful interception requests. However, the Swiss authorities are generally reluctant to make such requests for access, and the government
Kolab_Now
Systems security model
the concept of trust transcends human factors such as morality, ethics, lawfulness, justice, and judgement. In 2001 the first version of the OSSTMM (Open
Zero_trust_architecture
Canadian on-line civil rights organization
Internet service provider wiretapping legislation reforms known as the Lawful Access proposals, and intervention in the BMG Canada Inc. and others v. Doe
Electronic_Frontier_Canada
Canadian politician (born 1940)
security. This included proposed changes to privacy legislation known as "Lawful Access" to give police and intelligence officers the tools to conduct surveillance
Irwin_Cotler
US legal rule about allowed warrantless searches
Search incident to a lawful arrest, commonly known as search incident to arrest (SITA) or the Chimel rule (from Chimel v. California), is an American legal
Searches incident to a lawful arrest
Searches_incident_to_a_lawful_arrest
Forensic evidence from electronic sources
Executive Directorate (CTED). "The state of international cooperation for lawful access to digital evidence, Jan. 2022" (PDF). Retrieved 17 February 2022. Christakis
Electronic_evidence
United States law prohibiting large-scale streaming of copyrighted material
The Protecting Lawful Streaming Act of 2020 is a United States law that makes it a felony to engage in large-scale streaming of copyright material. The
Protecting Lawful Streaming Act
Protecting_Lawful_Streaming_Act
Investigation of FBI investigation of Trump-Russia ties
malware in the White House; a spokesman for Joffe said his client had lawful access under a contract to analyze White House DNS data for potential security
Durham special counsel investigation
Durham_special_counsel_investigation
Type of high-school debate
States federal government should require technology companies to provide lawful access to encrypted communications. January 2026 — Resolved: The People’s Republic
Public_forum_debate
Criticism of music streaming service
Spotify changed its terms and privacy policy, expanding Spotify's lawful access to media and location data stored on user devices. Initial concerns
Criticism_of_Spotify
Defunct US government agency
and were rebuked by federal judges. The White House has insisted on the lawfulness of DOGE's activities. The role Musk had with DOGE is also unclear. The
Department of Government Efficiency
Department_of_Government_Efficiency
automated copying of a temporary nature for a lawful purpose. As mere viewing by Meltwater's clients was lawful under UK and EU law, the technical creation
NLA_media_access
2011). "Harper's promise: a warrantless online surveillance state: Why 'lawful access' legislation is on its way and why that should worry you". Macleans
Conservatism_in_Canada
American cannabis delivery company
regulate medicinal cannabis. Due to the confusion associated with lawfully accessing and distributing medicinal cannabis, the company keeps lawyers on
SpeedWeed
Act of the Parliament of India
protect their personal data and the need to process such personal data for lawful purposes. This is the first Act of the Parliament of India where "she/her"
Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023
Digital_Personal_Data_Protection_Act,_2023
Criminal charge in many countries
noise and continues to do so after being asked to stop; or (3) disrupts a lawful assembly of persons; commits disorderly conduct. . . Indiana's definition
Disorderly_conduct
Lawsuit at the United States District Court for the District of Columbia Court
the DMCA does not target expression and that alternative avenues for lawful access to copyrighted works remain available. Dent, Steve (July 22, 2016).
Green v. Department of Justice
Green_v._Department_of_Justice
South African/American entrepreneur
spokesman for Joffe released a statement asserting that his client had lawful access under a contract to analyze White House DNS data for potential security
Rodney_Joffe
Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
NOT drive on or over a pavement, footpath or bridleway except to gain lawful access to property, or in the case of an emergency." The offence of driving
Highway_Act_1835
EU regulation on information privacy
principles relating to the lawfulness of processing personal data. The first of these specifies that data must be processed lawfully, fairly and in a transparent
General Data Protection Regulation
General_Data_Protection_Regulation
Network device deployed in VoIP networks
for regulatory requirements such as: emergency calls prioritization and lawful interception Media services – many of the new generation of SBCs also provide
Session_border_controller
Legal principle
Sandefur, problems with access to justice can be resolved through a departure from this framing: Resolving justice problems lawfully does not always require
Access_to_justice
British Mixed-race man shot and killed by police in 2011
January 2014 with an 8–2 majority concluding that Duggan's death was a lawful killing. Conflicting accounts of the events leading up to Duggan's death
Killing_of_Mark_Duggan
American artificial intelligence company
intervention in Venezuela. In February, the DoD demanded the use of Claude for all lawful purposes, but Anthropic refused to drop restrictions against mass domestic
Anthropic
Family code in South Yemeni law
" The law defined marriage as a legal contract granting the husband lawful access to his wife, required male guardianship for marriage contracts, and
1974_Family_Law
UK law regulating digital media
prevent infringement Steps taken by the copyright owner to facilitate lawful access to the material Any representations made by a minister of the Crown
Digital_Economy_Act_2010
Political party in Canada
May 5, 2011 the weekly broadcasts stopped. In 2011, in response to lawful access legislation that was being put forward in Parliament, the party announced
Pirate_Party_of_Canada
Restraint of a person's liberty by judicial or other detention
exercised by any use or display of force (such as placing one in handcuffs), lawfully or unlawfully, wherever displayed, even in the open street. People become
Imprisonment
strictest penalties. The Misuse of Drugs Regulations of 2001 define lawful access to controlled substances for medical and research purposes. This corresponding
Drug-related_crime
UK non-profit organisation
Additionally, CLA maintains over 40 international agreements, enabling lawful access to more than 8 million print and digital publications worldwide. CLA
Copyright_Licensing_Agency
Use of encryption technology to ensure human rights are maintained
lawful government access are significant and present a still unsolved puzzle. In particular, there has been a dramatic shift from traditional lawful government
Human_rights_and_encryption
Position in the United States Department of Justice
encryption and its impact on child exploitation cases. justice.gov/ […]" #LawfulAccess #FBI #ncmec". threadreaderapp.com. Retrieved January 30, 2022. "Federal
Associate deputy attorney general
Associate_deputy_attorney_general
2021–25 national legislative term
intimidation of a person seeking health services and obstruction of lawful access to a place at which health services are provided. Bill C-28 was adopted
44th_Canadian_Parliament
2019 United States Supreme Court case
Carolina, where the Court held that social media was a "protected space" for lawful speech under the First Amendment. Ultimately, the decision was more limited
Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck
Manhattan_Community_Access_Corp._v._Halleck
governmental agencies from tampering, interference, damage, and unauthorized access to lawfully created computer data and computer systems. It allows for civil action
California Comprehensive Computer Data Access and Fraud Act
California_Comprehensive_Computer_Data_Access_and_Fraud_Act
Director. Internet Governance Program Office (IGPO) 5G Program Office Lawful Access Office Criminal Justice Information Services Division (CJIS) Operational
FBI Science and Technology Branch
FBI_Science_and_Technology_Branch
Device to connects a two-way radio to the telephone system
customer-premises equipment. The decision is often referred to as "any lawful device", allowing later innovations like answering machines, fax machines
Carterfone
Legal guidance on right to roam in Scotland
personal consumption is not prohibited under the code. Access rights must be undertaken in lawful manner, and thus by definition criminal acts are excluded
Scottish_Outdoor_Access_Code
Term for computer intruders and computing experts
disputed because lawful and unlawful hacking may use the same techniques. General dictionaries continue to list unauthorized computer access as one of the
Hacker
ARPANET simulation
as a large shared environment where aspiring intruders could practise lawfully. Writing for Cybernews, Jesse William McGraw grouped it with simulations
Telehack
block access to legal content, applications, services, or non-harmful devices. No throttling: broadband providers may not impair or degrade lawful Internet
Internet_in_the_United_States
Former British Army soldier and terrorist
arrested at 10:41 am on suspicion of being unlawfully at large and escaping lawful custody, approximately 14 miles (23 km) from HM Prison Wandsworth. In his
Daniel_Khalife
Act of willfully disobeying one's superior
Insubordination is the act of willfully disobeying a lawful order of one's superior. It is generally a punishable offense in hierarchical organizations
Insubordination
Illinois Attorney General opinion
Illinois Public Access Opinion 16‑006 is a binding opinion of the Illinois Attorney General pursuant to that state's Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
Illinois Public Access Opinion 16-006
Illinois_Public_Access_Opinion_16-006
Weapon device for preventing occupation or traversing of a specified location
consequently are often controversial. An area denial weapon can be part of an anti-access/area denial (A2/AD) strategy. In medieval warfare, sturdy stakes were stuck
Area_denial_weapon
American military trial
Civil War. Major General Fitz John Porter was found guilty of disobeying a lawful order and misconduct in front of the enemy, and was removed from command
Court-martial of Fitz John Porter
Court-martial_of_Fitz_John_Porter
intelligence and data mining, lawful interception as well as telecommunications data retention. Key systems include the SORM lawful interception network, which
Mass_surveillance_in_Russia
British direct action group
overturned the High Court ruling and found the ban on Palestine Action to be lawful. The five judges said that the ban was a "justified and proportionate interference
Palestine_Action
Archive of Zambia
archives, printed and non-printed publications in order to facilitate lawful access to this information to all stakeholders, thereby promoting efficiency
National_Archives_of_Zambia
Third-party monitoring of electronic communications
called lawful interception. Passive wiretapping monitors or records the traffic, while active wiretapping alters or otherwise affects it. Lawful interception
Wiretapping
President of the United States (2017–2021; since 2025)
gas and other crowd control tactics to remove a largely peaceful crowd of lawful protesters from Lafayette Square, outside the White House. Trump then posed
Donald_Trump
1941 United States Supreme Court case
combination seeking to exclude outsiders from a market to which they have as lawful access as it has itself." A boycott can be justifiable only if it is in self-defense
Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
Fashion_Originators'_Guild_of_America_v._FTC
Criminal defense of following the orders of a superior
Neumann, accepting the defense that he had believed the sinking to be a lawful act. Further, the court stated "that all civilized nations recognize the
Superior_orders
travel, tourism, insurance
LAWFUL ACCESS
LAWFUL ACCESS
LAWFUL ACCESS
LAWFUL ACCESS
LAWFUL ACCESS
LAWFUL ACCESS
LAWFUL ACCESS
LAWFUL ACCESS
LAWFUL ACCESS
travel, tourism, insurance