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Modern uses of koji fungi as a protein and food ingredient
Koji protein refers to biomass derived from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae, cultivated for use as an alternative protein source in food and
Koji_protein
Fermentation starter
Kōji (Japanese: 麹; rōmaji: kōji, also written as the kokuji 糀) is a filamentous fungus, most commonly Aspergillus oryzae, which is traditionally used
Kōji_(food)
Traditional Japanese seasoning
seasoning. It is a thick paste produced by fermenting soybeans with salt and kōji (the fungus Aspergillus oryzae), and sometimes rice, barley, seaweed, or
Miso
Filamentous fungus
Aspergillus oryzae, also known as kōji mold (Japanese: ニホンコウジカビ (日本麹黴), Hepburn: nihon kōji kabi), is a mold used in East Asia to saccharify rice, sweet
Aspergillus_oryzae
PMID 10913171. Moro, Fernando; Okamoto, Koji; Donzeau, Mariel; Neupert, Walter; Brunner, Michael (2002-03-01). "Mitochondrial protein import: molecular basis of the
TIM/TOM_complex
East Asian liquid condiment
roasted grain, brine, and Aspergillus oryzae or Aspergillus sojae molds (kōji). It is recognized for its saltiness and pronounced umami taste. Soy sauce
Soy_sauce
Japanese chemist (1925–2019)
Koji Nakanishi (中西 香爾, Nakanishi Kōji; May 11, 1925 – March 28, 2019) was a Japanese chemist who studied bioorganic chemistry and natural products. He
Koji_Nakanishi
Soy-based food used as a protein source
amounts of greenhouse gas emissions per gram of edible protein of any food (1.6 kg CO2/ 100 g protein). The English word "tofu" comes from Japanese tōfu (豆腐
Tofu
Class of protein kinase enzymes
A serine/threonine protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.-) is a kinase enzyme, in particular a protein kinase, that phosphorylates the OH group of the amino-acid
Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase
Serine/threonine-specific_protein_kinase
Alcoholic beverage of Japanese origin
addition to Aspergillus oryzae (yellow kōji), Aspergillus kawachii (white kōji) and Aspergillus luchuensis (black kōji), which are used to brew shōchū and
Sake
alternative seafood products, from a protein-rich and nutrient-dense fungi. It uses Aspergillus oryzae, or kōji mold, which has historically been used
Prime_Roots
Type of molecule
lime Khasi papeda Kinkoji unshiu Kinnow Kishu mikan Kiyomi Kobayashi mikan Koji Komikan Laraha Lemonade fruit Limón de Pica Lumia Mandelo Mandora Melanesian
Limonene
1965 Japanese film
Tsuburaya. The film stars Nick Adams, Kumi Mizuno and Tadao Takashima, with Koji Furuhata as Frankenstein and Haruo Nakajima as Baragon. An international
Frankenstein_vs._Baragon
Japanese rice wine used for cooking
preparation of moromi (the mash), where the starch and proteins in the rice are broken down by enzymes in the kōji into sugars, such as glucose and oligosaccharides
Mirin
CREB-binding protein/β-catenin inhibitor
Foscenvivint (PRI 724 or OP 724) is a CREB-binding protein/β-catenin inhibitor that is developed for the treatment of liver diseases such as primary biliary
Foscenvivint
Copper metalloprotein
Hemocyanins (also spelled haemocyanins and abbreviated Hc) are proteins that transport oxygen throughout the bodies of some invertebrate animals. These
Hemocyanin
Shoji, Mikio; McBride, Mark J.; Rhodes, Ryan G.; Nakayama, Koji (2010-01-05). "A protein secretion system linked to bacteroidete gliding motility and
Type_IX_secretion_system
Glycoproteins found in plant cell walls
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are highly glycosylated proteins (glycoproteins) found in the cell walls of plants. Each one consists of a protein with sugar
Arabinogalactan_protein
Cooking ingredient
food ingredient. Sake kasu is created during the sake brewing process. When koji, a type of fungus used for sake brewing, is added to steamed rice, it releases
Sake_kasu
Genetic abnormality in leukemia cancer cells
(9; 22) (q34; q11)] results in the fusion gene BCR::ABL1. The oncogenic protein with persistently enhanced tyrosine kinase (TK) activity transcribed by
Philadelphia_chromosome
Class of enzymes
specificity. Well-known versions include S1 found in Aspergillus oryzae (yellow koji mold) and Nuclease P1 found in Penicillium citrinum. Members of the S1/P1
Nuclease_S1
Fluid secreted from sudoriferous glands
Kameia, Tomoya; Tsudab, Takao; Kitagawab, Shinya; Naitoha, Ken; Nakashimaa, Koji; Ohhashi, Toshio (5 June 1998). "Physical stimuli and emotional stress-induced
Perspiration
Emission of light by a living organism
PMID 28374789. Kanie, Shusei; Miura, Daisuke; Jimi, Naoto; Hayashi, Taro; Nakamura, Koji; Sakata, Masahiko; Ogoh, Katsunori; Ohmiya, Yoshihiro; Mitani, Yasuo (27
Bioluminescence
Cultivated trees bearing sweet oranges
87.3% of the estimated 367 Mb genome, which has 18 chromosomes; 29,445 protein-coding genes were predicted. In 2026, the Valencia sweet orange genome
Citrus_×_sinensis
Citrus fruit from Southeast Asia
27,414 protein-coding genes were predicted in the two haplotypes, respectively. Raw pomelo flesh is 89% water, 10% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and contains
Pomelo
Edible fruit
PMC 4817420. PMID 27047315. Nakatsubo, Fumiaki; Enokita, Kenichi; Murakami, Koji; Yonemori, Keizo; Sugiura, Akira; Utsunomiya, Naoki; Subhadrabandhu, Suranant
Persimmon
Computer simulation method
Charles J. Geyer, and later developed further by Giorgio Parisi, Koji Hukushima and Koji Nemoto, and others. Y. Sugita and Y. Okamoto also formulated a
Parallel_tempering
4.45 Hondo, Deacon, Tan and Hicks travel to Tokyo to extradite fugitive Koji Kumura of the Nazawa clan to the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, but
List of S.W.A.T. (2017 TV series) episodes
List_of_S.W.A.T._(2017_TV_series)_episodes
Small citrus fruit
BUSCO completeness score of approximately 99.5%, and identified 25,162 protein-coding genes, 42,833 mRNAs, and 18,751 alternative-splicing events. The
Mandarin_orange
Citrus fruit
varieties. Raw white grapefruit is 90% water, 8% carbohydrates and 1% protein, with negligible fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 grams (3+1⁄2
Grapefruit
Species of small fruit-bearing tree
It ripens in January. A raw kumquat is 81% water, 16% carbohydrates, 2% protein, and 1% fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 grams (3+1⁄2 ounces)
Kumquat
Protein family around which DNA winds to form nucleosomes
In biology, histones are highly-basic proteins abundant in lysine and arginine residues that are found in eukaryotic cell nuclei and in most Archaeal phyla
Histone
Species of edible mushroom
Toya; Matsumiya, Kentaro; Matsumura, Yasuki; Kawahara, Hidehisa; Ogino, Koji (February 2021). "Anti-freeze effect of Enoki mushroom extract on the quality
Flammulina_filiformis
Similar DNA, RNA or protein sequences within genomes or among species
sequences are identical or similar sequences in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) or proteins across species (orthologous sequences), or within a genome (paralogous
Conserved_sequence
Citrus fruit
name in English in 1512. Orange flesh is 87% water, 12% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and contains negligible fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3
Orange_(fruit)
Serous fluid within the pericardial cavity of the heart
fluid is made up of a high concentration of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), protein and lymphocytes. In a healthy adult there is up to 50 ml of clear, straw-coloured
Pericardial_fluid
Process through which human hair grows
rope-like filaments provide structure and strength to the hair shaft. The protein keratin makes up hair and stimulates hair growth. Hair follows a specific
Human_hair_growth
Predatory hornet, largest in the world
ISSN 1420-682X. PMC 11146076. PMID 14685689. S2CID 22602158. Hirano, Koji; Tanikawa, Atsuhiro (May–August 2020). "Ocular injury caused by the sprayed
Asian_giant_hornet
Post-translational carbohydrate modification of proteins
exclusively found on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins rather than membrane proteins and secretory proteins, and (iii) O-GlcNAc is a highly dynamic modification
O-GlcNAc
Polysaccharides found in animal tissue
similar backbone structures to animal GAGs but without the typical core proteins and located only on the inner surface of cytoplasmic membranes, suggesting
Glycosaminoglycan
Species of crustacean
within a monophyletic group. Amino acid composition of the cytochrome b protein in A. bellulus was also similar to those of A.randali and A. lobidens,
Tiger_pistol_shrimp
Organ system within humans and other animals
Noriko N.; Murakami, Shinnosuke; Miyauchi, Eiji; Hino, Shingo; Atarashi, Koji; Onawa, Satoshi; Fujimura, Yumiko; Lockett, Trevor; Clarke, Julie M.; Topping
Gastrointestinal_tract
Medical condition
receptor (AR) is a protein encoded by a gene located on the proximal long arm of the X chromosome (locus Xq11-Xq12). The protein coding region consists
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Androgen_insensitivity_syndrome
Chemical compound with formula NaCl
1107/S0567739476001551. Nakamuro, Takayuki; Sakakibara, Masaya; Nada, Hiroki; Harano, Koji; Nakamura, Eiichi (2021). "Capturing the Moment of Emergence of Crystal Nucleus
Sodium_chloride
Japanese biological and chemical warfare research facility (1936–1945)
first time that Japan had engaged in biological warfare. Presiding judge Koji Iwata ruled that Unit 731, on the orders of the Imperial Japanese Army headquarters
Unit_731
Dichroism with circularly polarized light
Most notably, far-UV CD is used to investigate the secondary structure of proteins. UV/Vis CD is used to investigate charge-transfer transitions. Near-infrared
Circular_dichroism
Pokémon species
setting. Nishida was helped during the creation process by fellow developer Koji Nishino, who grew fond of Pikachu as a result and consistently encouraged
Pikachu
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
as a scaffold to recruit proteins involved in DNA replication, DNA repair, chromatin remodeling and epigenetics. Many proteins interact with PCNA via the
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen
Proliferating_cell_nuclear_antigen
British biochemist
protein molecules that control the division of cells. While studying fertilized sea urchin eggs in the early 1980s, Hunt discovered cyclin, a protein
Tim_Hunt
Orange-colored citrus fruit
contain 85% water, 13% carbohydrates, and negligible amounts of fat and protein (table). Among micronutrients, only vitamin C is in significant content
Tangerine
Nanostructures of protein-polymer conjugates
Polymer-protein hybrids are a class of nanostructure composed of protein-polymer conjugates (i.e. complexes composed of one protein attached to one or
Polymer-protein_hybrid
Anatomical process in plants to produce flowers
ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 11206529. Honma, Takashi; Goto, Koji (2001). "Complexes of MADS-box proteins are sufficient to convert leaves into floral organs"
Flower_differentiation
Yellow citrus fruit
cultivar. A raw lemon (without peel) is 89% water, 9% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and contains negligible fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3
Lemon
Winners of satirical science award
Retrieved 20 December 2025 – via YouTube. Kurihara, Kazutaka; Tsukada, Koji (2012). "SpeechJammer: A System Utilizing Artificial Speech Disturbance with
List of Ig Nobel Prize winners
List_of_Ig_Nobel_Prize_winners
Organism belonging to kingdom Fungi
are also used to produce alcoholic beverages through fermentation. Shoyu koji mold (Aspergillus oryzae) is an essential ingredient in brewing shoyu (soy
Fungus
Japanese soup flavored with miso
(12): 4103–4111. doi:10.1002/fsn3.3029. PMC 9731531. PMID 36514754. Ito, Koji (2020-08-31). "Review of the health benefits of habitual consumption of miso
Miso_soup
Ethnic group indigenous to the Ryukyu Islands
27k0050C. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.110050. PMC 11176660. PMID 38883821. Ishiya, Koji; Mizuno, Fuzuki; Gojobori, Jun; Kumagai, Masahiko (2024). "High-coverage
Ryukyuans
Chemical compound
Veterinary Science. 16: 8–15. doi:10.1016/S0737-0806(96)80059-1. Tohda, Koji; Suzuki, Koji; Kosuge, Nobutaka; Nagashima, Hitoshi; Watanabe, Kazuhiko; Inoue,
Monensin
1995 video game
the first Cho Aniki. Idaten and Benten are again the main two characters. Koji Hayama returned to score a few songs for the soundtrack, along with Don McCow
Cho_Aniki
Chemical compound
Satoshi; Maeda, Sakan; Osawa, Toshihiko; Uchida, Koji (1999). "Methylglyoxal Modification of Protein". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (26): 18492–502
Methylglyoxal
Chemical compound
Sasaki, Yo; Redpath, Philip; Migaud, Marie E.; Apte, Rajendra S.; Uchida, Koji; Yoshino, Jun; Imai, Shin-Ichiro (13 December 2016). "Long-Term Administration
Nicotinamide_mononucleotide
1998 video game
artifacts. Two characters are available for this mode: Clair Andrews and Koji Masuda. The player can switch between the two by visiting the inn. If one
Ehrgeiz
Cellular structure
membrane (OMM). This transport is regulated with chaperones and regulatory proteins which control the formation of the ER–mitochondria junction. Transfer of
Mitochondria associated membranes
Mitochondria_associated_membranes
Australian television series season
minutes; and a kaya jam ice cream sandwich with Davidson plum and salted koji waffle for dessert in two hours and fifteen minutes. The team with the most
MasterChef Australia series 15
MasterChef_Australia_series_15
Citrus fruit
Raw limes are 88% water, 10% carbohydrates, contain less than 1% fat and protein, and provide 35% of the Daily Value of vitamin C per 100 g serving. Lime
Lime_(fruit)
1958–1962 Chinese socioeconomic campaign
Archived from the original on 24 July 2024. Retrieved 25 March 2020. Hirata, Koji (2024). Making Mao's Steelworks: Industrial Manchuria and the Transnational
Great_Leap_Forward
1992 video game
faces an ever-decreasing supply of protein. He unilaterally invades neighboring star systems, in order to establish protein factories to replenish his supply
Cho_Aniki_(video_game)
Acute phase protein found in plasma
AAG) is an acute phase protein found in plasma. Orosomucoid was discovered over 70 years ago and belongs to the lipocalin protein family. There are two
Orosomucoid
Species of bacterium
This is mediated by a protein produced by the bacterium, Pepd. Takada, Toshihiko; Kurakawa, Takashi; Tsuji, Hirokazu; Nomoto, Koji (October 2013). "Fusicatenibacter
Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans
Fusicatenibacter_saccharivorans
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
LOC101059915 is a protein, which in humans is encoded by the LOC101059915 gene. It is located on the X chromosome and has restricted expression in the
LOC101059915
Chinese fermented tofu with a strong odor
Changsha stinky tofu is made from brine composed of winter bamboo shoots, koji, and shiitake mushrooms. After the surface grows white hair-like filaments
Stinky_tofu
Species of archaeon
Eiji; Hiraki, Aiko T.; Shimizu, Ai; Kato, Yumiko; Nishiko, Rika; Mori, Koji; Fujita, Nobuyuki; Imachi, Hiroyuki; Takai, Ken (2011). "Genome Sequence
Methanocella_paludicola
Autoimmune disease affecting the peripheral nervous system
Shin-ichiro; Nagamatsu, Masaaki; Yasuda, Takeshi; Kumazawa, Kazuhiko; Yamamoto, Koji; Sobue, Gen (1998). "Clinicopathological features of chronic inflammatory
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
Chronic_inflammatory_demyelinating_polyneuropathy
Cell cycle regulation pathway
Maoz, Asaf; Casabar, Jennifer K.; Machida, Hiroko; Mabuchi, Seiji; Matsuo, Koji (July 2016). "Clinical outcome of treatment with serine-threonine kinase
PI3K/AKT/mTOR_pathway
Protein complex that regulates the separation of sister chromatids during cell division
Cohesin is a protein complex that mediates sister chromatid cohesion, homologous recombination, and DNA looping. Cohesin is formed of SMC3, SMC1, SCC1
Cohesin
Annual chemistry award
The Nakanishi Prize, named after Japanese chemist Koji Nakanishi, is an award in chemistry given alternately by the Chemical Society of Japan and the American
Nakanishi_Prize
Chocolate-covered wafer bar
with a mini book featuring six short stories, one of which was written by Koji Suzuki, author of the Ring cycle series. In Japan, Kit Kats are also available
KitKat
American guitarist (born 1962)
he collaborated with Man with a Mission's Jean-Ken Johnny, KenKen, and Kōji Fujimoto for the song "The Perfect World", which was used as main theme for
Marty_Friedman
1995 video game
survive in this city of power and technology, inhabitants must ingest protein in whatever food they can find. The secret organization Bath is a force
Gourmet_Warriors
by legal definition, strictly just four ingredients: special rice, water, koji, and special yeast. As of 2014, Japan had some 1500 registered breweries
Japanese_cuisine
Protein-coding gene in humans
Alpha-S1-casein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CSN1S1 gene. CSN1S1 has been shown to interact with SAP130. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89:
CSN1S1
Marine phylum of animals often with radial symmetries
on 9 October 2022. Escriva, Hector; Reich, Adrian; Dunn, Casey; Akasaka, Koji; Wessel, Gary (2015). "Phylogenomic Analyses of Echinodermata Support the
Echinoderm
Species of amoeba
Keiko; Wada, Hirofumi; McBride, Mark J.; Nakayama, Koji (2013-07-02). "Helical flow of surface protein required for bacterial gliding motility". Proceedings
Subulatomonas
Chemical compound
showed significant protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitory activities. Morita, Hiroshi; Tsuchiya, Tomoe; Kishibe, Koji; Noya, Sayaka; Shiro
Lobaric_acid
Method to determine atomic positions in solids using an electron microscope
949M. doi:10.1038/nature01748. PMID 12827192. S2CID 205209809. Yonekura, Koji; Maki-Yonekura, Saori; Namba, Keiichi (August 2003). "Complete atomic model
Electron_crystallography
Hybrid citrus fruit
lime Khasi papeda Kinkoji unshiu Kinnow Kishu mikan Kiyomi Kobayashi mikan Koji Komikan Laraha Lemonade fruit Limón de Pica Lumia Mandelo Mandora Melanesian
Clementine
Chemical compound
digestive proteases or "salivary proteins", thereby stopping them from acquiring the needed nitrogen in the protein for their own growth. JA also activates
Jasmonic_acid
Paired cells that control the stomatal aperture
Sakamoto, Koji; Shigenaga, Ayako; Doi, Michio; Shimazaki, Ken-ichiro (2003-12-01). "Blue-Light- and Phosphorylation-Dependent Binding of a 14-3-3 Protein to
Guard_cell
2022. Guan, Wen; Perdue, Gabriel; Pesah, Arthur; Schuld, Maria; Terashi, Koji; Vallecorsa, Sofia; Vlimant, Jean-Roch (March 2021). "Quantum machine learning
Applications of artificial intelligence
Applications_of_artificial_intelligence
at least one feedback loop with at least three genes, each expressing a protein that represses the next gene in the loop. In biological research, repressilators
Repressilator
Human gut microbe
The bacterium has a circular genome 2,428,218bp long containing 2079 protein-encoding sequences. The bacterium is the most common actinobacterium in
Collinsella_aerofaciens
Live bacteria, yeasts, or moulds used in food production
K. (2008). "Genomics of Aspergillus oryzae: Learning from the History of Koji Mold and Exploration of Its Future". DNA Research. 15 (4): 173–83. doi:10
Microbial_food_cultures
American cryptographer (born 1947)
Together with Adi Shamir and Len Adleman, he has been awarded the 2000 IEEE Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award and the Secure Computing Lifetime
Ron_Rivest
Induction of a plant's flowering process
Eshoo, Tifani W; Tamada, Yosuke; Johnson, Lianna; Nakahigashi, Kenji; Goto, Koji; Jacobsen, Steve E; Amasino, Richard M (2006). "Epigenetic maintenance of
Vernalization
Preserve made from citrus fruits
Orange marmalade is 33% water and 66% carbohydrates, with negligible protein and fat content (table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), orange
Marmalade
Country in Southeast Asia
Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013. Igawa, Koji (2008), "English Language and its Education in Cambodia, a Country in Transition"
Cambodia
– produces vegetarian and vegan meat substitutes. Prime Roots – American koji-based meat-substitute-producing company headquartered in California. Quorn
List of vegetarian and vegan companies
List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_companies
Spring produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater
Yoshizaki, Motoko; Nakamura, Hitomi; Kurokawa, Ken; Nishiyama, Eri; Yoshino, Koji; Hongoh, Yuichi; Kawachi, Kenichi; Omori, Soichi; Yamada, Keita; Yoshida
Hot_spring
Japanese food and biotechnology company
AJI-NO-MOTOPLUS AJI-PLUS AJI-SHIO Chuka-Aji Hapima (India) Hi-Me HON-DASHI KOJI-AJI RosDee (Thailand) RosDee Krua Krob Ros (Thailand) Takumi-Aji (Thailand)
Ajinomoto
Chemical compound
some commonly used protein kinase inhibitors". doi:10.3410/f.13361028.14731161. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help) Yamada, Koji; Ishii, Akio (1989)
KT5720
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KOJI PROTEIN
KOJI PROTEIN
Boy/Male
Christian, Indian, Tamil
Rich Man; A Form of Cody
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Old Norse personal name Kollungr, a derivative of Koli, or from an Old English cognate, Colling, a derivative of Cola (see Cole 2).English : from a pet form of Coll 1.Altered spelling of German Kölling (see Kolling).
Male
Norse
Old Norse byname for a dark-complexioned person, derived from the element kol, KOLI means "black, coal."
Male
African
born on Friday.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Name of a river starts in Bihar
Male
Hawaiian
Hawaiian name KOI means "implore; urge."
Boy/Male
Hawaiian
Urge; implore. Also the Hawaiian equivalent of Troy.
Male
English
Variant spelling of English Korey, possibly KORI means "deep hollow, ravine."
Girl/Female
Tamil
Name of a river starts in Bihar
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Falcon
Male
African
born on Monday.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit, Telugu
Extreme Corner; Edge
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Sikh
Love
Male
Japanese
(å…‰å¸) Japanese name KOJI means "light/shining second (child)."
Female
Greek
Variant spelling of Greek Kore, KORI means "maiden."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from places in Norfolk and Cumbria named Colby, from the Old Norse personal name Koli (a byname for a swarthy person, from kol ‘(char)coal’) + Old Norse býr ‘settlement’.Variant spelling of Norwegian Kolby, a habitational name in Akershus, with the same etymology as 1.
Girl/Female
Indian
Blessing of God
Boy/Male
Buddhist, Indian
Universal Principle
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Marathi
A River in North India
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Old Norse personal name Kori, which is of uncertain meaning.Northern Irish : variant of Curry.
KOJI PROTEIN
KOJI PROTEIN
KOJI PROTEIN
KOJI PROTEIN
KOJI PROTEIN
KOJI PROTEIN
KOJI PROTEIN
a.
Of or related to protein; albuminous; proteid.
n.
One of the microscopic particles resembling crystals, consisting of protein matter, which occur in certain plant cells; -- called also protein crystal.
n.
An albuminoid substance which occurs in minute grains ("protein granules") in maturing seeds and tubers; -- supposed to be a modification of protoplasm.
a.
Proteinaceuos.
n.
A piece of DNA, usually circular, functioning as part of the genetic material of a cell, not integrated with the chromosome and replicating independently of the chromosome, but transferred, like the chromosome, to subsequent generations. In bacteria, plasmids often carry the genes for antibiotic resistance; they are exploited in genetic engineering as the vehicles for introduction of extraneous DNA into cells, to alter the genetic makeup of the cell. The cells thus altered may produce desirable proteins which are extracted and used; in the case of genetically altered plant cells, the altered cells may grow into complete plants with changed properties, as for example, increased resistance to disease.
n.
A body now known as alkali albumin, but originally considered to be the basis of all albuminous substances, whence its name.
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