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Cascading failure of the vascular system
The ischemic (ischaemic) cascade is a series of biochemical reactions that are initiated in the brain and other aerobic tissues after seconds to minutes
Ischemic_cascade
Restriction in blood supply to tissues
circulation Ischemia results in tissue damage in a process known as ischemic cascade. The damage is the result of the build-up of metabolic waste products
Ischemia
Death of a region of brain cells due to poor blood flow
of Disease Study. An ischemic stroke occurs because of a loss of blood supply to part of the brain, initiating the ischemic cascade. Atherosclerosis may
Stroke
Systemic risk of failure
have system-wide implications. One negative example is ischemic cascade, in which a small ischemic attack releases toxins which kill off far more cells
Cascading_failure
Condition that affects the arteries that supply the brain
hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. An ischemic cascade occurs where an energetic molecular problem arises due to lack of oxygen and nutrients. The cascade results
Cerebrovascular_disease
Stroke resulting from lack of blood flow
can decrease enough to cause the tissue to undergo the ischemic cascade. The ischemic cascade leads to energy failure that prevents neurons from sufficiently
Cerebral_infarction
Process that kills nerve cells
and glucose. The biochemical cascade resulting from ischemia and involving excitotoxicity is called the ischemic cascade. Because of the events resulting
Excitotoxicity
Hematoma usually associated with traumatic brain injury
the brain is denied adequate blood flow, a biochemical cascade known as the ischemic cascade is unleashed, and may ultimately lead to brain cell death
Subdural_hematoma
Anion of glutamic acid in its role as a neurotransmitter
excessive glutamate release and impaired uptake occurs as part of the ischemic cascade and is associated with stroke, autism, some forms of intellectual disability
Glutamate_(neurotransmitter)
Medical condition
hematomas and ischemia, which can in turn lead to a biochemical cascade called the ischemic cascade. The injury in penetrating brain trauma is mostly focal (that
Penetrating_head_injury
Injury to the main nerve bundle in the back of humans
biochemical cascades that are initiated by the original insult and cause further tissue damage. These secondary injury pathways include the ischemic cascade, inflammation
Spinal_cord_injury
Series of chemical reactions resulting in a cell response
cause or be caused by multiple events. Negative cascades include: Ischemic cascade Adhesion is an essential process to epithelial cells so that epithelium
Biochemical_cascade
American medical researcher
heart attack are secondary to ischaemic injury, a consequence of the ischemic cascade. Thus, much research has been done into the causes and treatment of
Harry_Demopoulos
Brain blood supply
In brain tissue, a biochemical cascade known as the ischemic cascade is triggered when the tissue becomes ischemic, potentially resulting in damage
Cerebral_circulation
Medical condition
person does not get enough oxygen. After stroke, an ischemic cascade, a set of biochemical cascades takes place. Since primary injury occurs at the moment
Primary and secondary brain injury
Primary_and_secondary_brain_injury
Interruption of cardiac blood supply
flow to the heart lasts long enough, it triggers a process called the ischemic cascade; the heart cells in the territory of the blocked coronary artery die
Myocardial_infarction
Chemical compound
breakdown of the cell membrane and apoptosis. This process is part of the ischemic cascade, when low blood supply (ischemia) causes a series of events leading
Kaitocephalin
Free radical toxicity
Oxidative stress also plays a role in the ischemic cascade due to oxygen reperfusion injury following hypoxia. This cascade includes both strokes and heart attacks
Oxidative_stress
Control of processes by which a self-organized system dissipates energy
different techniques for criticality control. Cascading failure in the internet switching fabric. Ischemic cascades, a series of biochemical reactions releasing
Self-organized criticality control
Self-organized_criticality_control
Protease enzyme present in mammals and other organisms
activated due to Ca2+ influx after cerebrovascular accident (during the ischemic cascade) or some types of traumatic brain injury such as diffuse axonal injury
Calpain
Experimental medical technique
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is a technique for producing resistance to the loss of blood supply, and thus oxygen, to tissues of many types. In the heart
Ischemic_preconditioning
Type of drug intended to protect the brain after stroke onset
a drug that is intended to protect the brain after the onset of acute ischemic stroke. As stroke is the second largest cause of death worldwide and a
Cerebroprotectant
Tissue damage after return of blood supply following ischemia or hypoxia
or hypoxia). The absence of oxygen and nutrients from blood during the ischemic period creates a condition in which the restoration of circulation results
Reperfusion_injury
Indian-American cardiologist
imaging. Using an animal model, they demonstrated the occurrence of the ischemic cascade in demand ischemia, and that collateral flow was the reason why wall
Sanjiv_Kaul
Process of formation of blood clots
additional coagulation factors beyond factor VII (listed below) respond in a cascade to form fibrin strands, which strengthen the platelet plug. Coagulation
Coagulation
Kidney disease
after a 24h period of ischemic injury. This is also shown in cell-based assays wherein tubule cells are monitored after ischemic-like injury. This shows
Kidney_ischemia
Experimental medical procedure
Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) is an experimental medical procedure that aims to reduce the severity of ischaemic injury to an organ such as the heart
Remote_ischemic_conditioning
Mechanisms that contribute to the preservation of the heart
creating classes of conditioning known as remote ischemic PC (RIPC), remote ischemic PostC and remote ischemic PerC. Classical (local) preconditioning has
Cardioprotection
P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases
a functional JNK3 gene - the major isoform in brain – display enhanced ischemic tolerance and stroke recovery. Although small-molecule JNK inhibitors are
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
Mitogen-activated_protein_kinase
delivery to the brains of patients that had reduced blood flow due to acute ischemic stroke, artificial CSF mixed with pre-oxygenated perfluorocarbon emulsion
Perfluorocarbon_emulsions
Medical condition
placental disease is any disease, disorder, or pathology of the placenta. Ischemic placental disease leads to the attachment of the placenta to the uterine
Placental_disease
Chemical compound
for cardiovascular disorders. It protects against oxidative damage from ischemic stroke and demonstrates neuroprotective activity against focal cerebral
Leonurine
Medical condition of lack of oxygen in the tissues
pneumonitis, and connective tissue disorders. Circulatory hypoxia, also known as ischemic hypoxia or stagnant hypoxia, is caused by abnormally low blood flow to
Hypoxia_(medicine)
Targeted temperature management system
levels between 32–34 °C (90–93 °F), is used to help reduce the risk of the ischemic injury to the brain following a period of insufficient blood flow. Periods
Arctic_Sun_medical_device
Medical diagnostic procedure
Patient must have symptomatic neuroglycopenia to trigger counter-regulatory cascade. Glucose levels below 2.2 mmol/L are insufficient absent symptoms. The
Insulin_tolerance_test
Anti-diabetic and anti-obesity medication
for semaglutide medicines be updated to include non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) as a very rare side effect, while the World Health
Semaglutide
Irregular beating of the atria of the heart
is sometimes only identified with the onset of a stroke or a transient ischemic attack (TIA). It is not uncommon for a person to first become aware of
Atrial_fibrillation
Relative preservation of neurons
excitotoxicity. Importantly, clinical trials for the drug in patients with ischemic stroke show it to be effective as well as noninvasive. Progesterone: Administration
Neuroprotection
Protein that stimulates red blood cell production
via activation of EPO receptors resulting in anti-apoptotic effects on ischemic tissues. However this proposal is controversial with numerous studies showing
Erythropoietin
Blood clot
restrict blood flow, leading to tissue damage and potentially causing ischemic events. This can in turn lead to a form of chronic ischaemia-reperfusion
Thrombus
Rare type of stroke
pressure during and after the operation. The process of diagnosing the ischemic and hemorrhagic spinal cord stroke includes applying different MRI protocols
Spinal_cord_stroke
Congenital disorder caused by maternal warfarin administration
with prosthetic heart valves, atrial fibrillation, or those who have had ischemic stroke. Warfarin blocks the action of vitamin K, causing an inhibition
Fetal_warfarin_syndrome
Vision loss due to damage to the macula of the eye
Complement factor H (CFH) is an important inhibitor of this inflammatory cascade, and a disease-associated polymorphism in the CFH gene strongly associates
Macular_degeneration
Progressive and uncontrollable depolarization of neurons in the brain
acidosis as a result of glycolysis, which causes damage to the mitochondria. Ischemic insult also causes blood-brain barrier disruption. Other consequential
Anoxic depolarization in the brain
Anoxic_depolarization_in_the_brain
Anticoagulant medication sold as Eliquis
(on behalf of the Stroke Outcomes Research Working Group) (May 2016). "Ischemic Stroke Risk in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc Score
Apixaban
Inflammatory disease of large blood vessels
the eye, the ophthalmic artery is involved, causing arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Giant cell arteritis may present with atypical or overlapping
Giant_cell_arteritis
Blood vessel formation, when new vessels emerge from existing vessels
inhibit repair or other essential functions. Several diseases, such as ischemic chronic wounds, are the result of failure or insufficient blood vessel
Angiogenesis
Class of anti-diabetic and anti-obesity medication
GLP-1 agonists appear to increase the risk of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Some people develop anti-drug antibodies, which are more
GLP-1_receptor_agonist
Inflammatory disease involving a buildup of lesions in the walls of arteries
therapy are not sufficient to control symptoms or fight imminent threats of ischemic events, a physician may resort to interventional or surgical procedures
Atherosclerosis
Medical procedure
unwanted ions during an ischemic insult. By making the cell membrane more impermeable, hypothermia helps prevent the cascade of reactions set off by oxygen
Targeted temperature management
Targeted_temperature_management
Swelling of the eye's optic disc due to high intracranial pressure
vein occlusion, cavernous sinus thrombosis Local lesion: optic neuritis, Ischemic optic neuropathy, methanol poisoning, infiltration of the disc by glioma
Papilledema
Advanced form of age-related macular degeneration
it is leading some to believe that geographic atrophy is primarily an ischemic disease (disease due to decreased blood flow).[citation needed] It was
Geographic_atrophy
Protein involved in blood vessel growth
associated with proliferative and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. In ischemic cardiomyopathy, blood flow to the muscle cells of the heart is either partially
Vascular endothelial growth factor A
Vascular_endothelial_growth_factor_A
Inflammation of the liver
be divided into the following major categories: infectious, metabolic, ischemic, autoimmune, genetic, and other. Infectious agents include viruses, bacteria
Hepatitis
Russian neuroscientist
org/content/37/6/1432.full.pdf Dambinova S.A. Biomarkers for transient ischemic attack (TIA) and ischemic stroke. Clin Lab Int. 2008; 32(7):7-10. Weissman, J.D.; Khunteev
Svetlana_Dambinova
Biological cell ceasing to carry out its functions
other words AICD is the negative regulator of activated T-lymphocytes. Ischemic cell death, or oncosis, is a form of accidental, or passive cell death
Cell_death
Nucleus in the basal ganglia of the brain
in the striatum. This has been noted in the human striatum following an ischemic stroke. Injury caused to the striatum stimulates the migration of neuroblasts
Striatum
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
expression is attenuated when the nephron is placed under inflammatory or ischemic stress, leading to EMT, which can result in fibrosis of the kidney. This
Bone_morphogenetic_protein_7
Anticoagulant drug
rivaroxaban to be more effective than warfarin in reducing the likelihood of ischemic strokes in participants with atrial fibrillation. The validity of the study
Rivaroxaban
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
subsequent autocatalysis. Activated caspase-9 stimulates the subsequent caspase cascade that commits the cell to apoptosis.[citation needed] Alternative splicing
APAF1
Dicarboxylic acid
retina, succinate accumulates in retinal ganglion cells in response to ischemic conditions. Autocrine succinate signaling promotes retinal neovascularization
Succinic_acid
Class of enzymes
synthesis sites. This reduces the energetic signal communication in the post-ischemic heart and precipitates inadequate coronary reflow following ischemia-reperfusion
Adenylate_kinase
Mammalian and avian protein
in both cardiac myostatin mRNA and protein levels within the heart. In ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy, increased levels of myostatin mRNA have been
Myostatin
Physical effects resulting from activation of the immune system
origins in inflammatory processes include cancer, atherosclerosis, and ischemic heart disease. Examples of disorders associated with inflammation include:
Inflammation
Disease typically found in young children
Beiler HA, Schmidt KG, von Herbay A, Löffler W, Daum R (April 2001). "Ischemic small bowel strictures in a case of incomplete Kawasaki disease". Journal
Kawasaki_disease
Failure of cells to respond appropriately to insulin
activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis
Insulin_resistance
Medical treatment for newborns
is nowadays a standardized treatment after moderate to severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in full-term and near to fullterm neonates. It has recently
Hypothermia therapy for neonatal encephalopathy
Hypothermia_therapy_for_neonatal_encephalopathy
Ability of the brain to continuously change
normal monkeys. Some underwent ischemic-infarction procedures and the others, ICMS procedures. The monkeys with ischemic infarctions retained more finger
Neuroplasticity
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
S2CID 45146964. Saavedra JM, Benicky J, Zhou J (2007). "Mechanisms of the Anti-Ischemic Effect of Angiotensin II AT( 1 ) Receptor Antagonists in the Brain". Cellular
Angiotensin II receptor type 1
Angiotensin_II_receptor_type_1
American author and engineer (1907–1988)
he had episodes of reversible neurologic dysfunction due to transient ischemic attacks. Over the next few months, he became more and more exhausted, and
Robert_A._Heinlein
Drug discovery
They inhibit thrombin, a serine protease which affects the coagulation cascade in many ways. DTIs have undergone rapid development since the 90's. With
Discovery and development of direct thrombin inhibitors
Discovery_and_development_of_direct_thrombin_inhibitors
Medical intervention
cardiac output, and hence heart oxygen consumption. Beta-blockers alleviate ischemic pain and have also been proven to reduce the size of infarcted heart muscle
Management of acute coronary syndrome
Management_of_acute_coronary_syndrome
increasing coronary perfusion requirements, which can lead to worsening of ischemic heart disease. Sympathetic activity may also cause potentially fatal abnormal
Pathophysiology of heart failure
Pathophysiology_of_heart_failure
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
in people who have had a heart attack, unstable angina, ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. 40 mg of aspirin a day is able to inhibit a large
Aspirin
Form of programmed cell death
electrophoresis. Tests for DNA laddering differentiate apoptosis from ischemic or toxic cell death. Before the apoptotic cell is disposed of, there is
Apoptosis
Form of diabetes mellitus
including two to four times the risk of cardiovascular disease, including ischemic heart disease and stroke; a 20-fold increase in lower limb amputations
Type_2_diabetes
anti-platelet agents. It has also been shown to help in secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease as shown with the JELIS test. C19H29CO2H, IUPAC organization
List of unsaturated fatty acids
List_of_unsaturated_fatty_acids
Gradual retinal degeneration leading to progressive sight loss
rhodopsin, a pigment that plays an essential part in the visual transduction cascade enabling vision in low-light conditions, was identified. The rhodopsin
Retinitis_pigmentosa
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
activation—as seen in ischemic preconditioning—can prime cells to better tolerate subsequent episodes of ischemia through the development of ischemic tolerance mechanisms
HIF1A
Medical condition
cause symptoms later in the summer. The ocular allergic response is a cascade of events that is coordinated by mast cells. Beta chemokines such as eotaxin
Allergic_conjunctivitis
Brain parts regulating brain blood flow
pregnancy, physical trauma, and modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, chronic hypertension, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia
Neurovascular_unit
Medical condition
extremity. The result will be that the developing toe or finger will become ischemic and fall off. Because the result is a transverse amputation that cuts off
Constriction_ring_syndrome
Class of drugs
together), whereas anticoagulants inhibit specific pathways of the coagulation cascade, which happens after the initial platelet aggregation but before the formation
Anticoagulant
Absence of the iris, usually involving both eyes
structures. This gene, named for its "PAired boX" sequence, regulates a cascade of other genetic processes involved in eye formation. Remarkably, the PAX6
Aniridia
Chronic disease of the liver, characterized by fibrosis
breaking down the fibrotic material in the extracellular matrix. As this cascade of processes continues, fibrous tissue bands (septa) separate hepatocyte
Cirrhosis
Vertebrate brain region
memory, cause episodic memory impairment, the earliest symptom of post-ischemic dementia. The hippocampus contains high levels of glucocorticoid receptors
Hippocampus
Enzyme found in humans
maturation, mitochondrial homeostasis, corticospinal circuit organization, and ischemic vascular injury. Without correct function, abnormal tissue development
Caspase-9
Group of neurological disorders causing seizures
Structural damage can also result from perinatal brain injury, such as hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, especially in low- and middle-income countries where access
Epilepsy
Excessive enlargement of the human aorta
pathophysiology of the disease is related to an initial arterial insult causing a cascade of inflammation and extracellular matrix protein breakdown by proteinases
Aortic_aneurysm
Class of proteins
Martin; Jakob, Peter (2012-11-08). "Kininogen deficiency protects from ischemic neurodegeneration in mice by reducing thrombosis, blood-brain barrier damage
Kininogen
Glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells
and diseases such as schizophrenia, and neurological disorders such as ischemic stroke and epileptic seizures. Other partial agonists of the NMDA receptor
NMDA_receptor
Transplantation of cells or tissue across species
transplanted organ's blood vessels. As a result, the kidney quickly becomes ischemic (lacking adequate blood flow) and undergoes acute damage, often resulting
Xenotransplantation
Inflammatory bowel disease that causes ulcers in the colon
syndrome. Alternative causes of colitis should be considered, such as ischemic colitis (inadequate blood flow to the colon), radiation colitis (if prior
Ulcerative_colitis
Chemical compound
orthopaedic surgery, stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation and possibly ischemic events in acute coronary syndrome. The development of darexaban was discontinued
Darexaban
Chemical stimulant produced by some plants
found that, in rare cases, nicotine replacement therapy can cause non-ischemic chest pain (i.e., chest pain that is unrelated to a heart attack) and heart
Nicotine
Life-threatening response to infection
cellular damage, manifest as a troponin leak (although not necessarily ischemic in nature) More specific definitions of end-organ dysfunction exist for
Sepsis
Family of transport proteins
to play a role in gene expression, mRNA stability, neuronal survival, ischemic-induced axonal injury, synaptic efficacy, and both activation and deactivation
L-type_calcium_channel
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
significant in that it is a central player in cardioprotection against ischemic injury and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Human PRKCE gene
PRKCE
protects against extrasynaptic NMDA receptor-induced neuronal cell death and ischemic brain damage". The Journal of Neuroscience. 31 (13): 4978–4990. doi:10
Acquired_neuroprotection
Vascular blockage by air bubbles
ischemic injury.[citation needed] The effects of hyperbaric oxygen also counteract the damage that can occur with reperfusion of previously ischemic areas;
Air_embolism
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