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Process that kills nerve cells
concentration, acidification and other mechanisms may contribute to excitotoxicity. Excitotoxicity may be involved in cancers, spinal cord injury, stroke, traumatic
Excitotoxicity
Neuron membrane protein
cascade of excitotoxic cell death and further increased extracellular glutamate concentrations. Glutamate receptors' significance in excitotoxicity also links
Glutamate_receptor
Relative preservation of neurons
oxidative stress and excitotoxicity—both of which are highly associated with CNS disorders. Not only can oxidative stress and excitotoxicity trigger neuron
Neuroprotection
Glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells
NMDA receptors, causing excessive influx of Ca2+, can lead to excitotoxicity. Excitotoxicity is implied to be involved in some neurodegenerative disorders
NMDA_receptor
Class of anesthetics
implicated in excitotoxicity, NMDA receptor antagonists have held much promise for the treatment of conditions that involve excitotoxicity, including benzodiazepine
NMDA_receptor_antagonist
Sort of synapse
Histamine Receptors". "Excitotoxicity and Cell Damage". 2010. M. Aarts; M. Tymianski (2003-09-15). "Novel treatment of excitotoxicity: targeted disruption
Excitatory_synapse
Chemical compound
LD50 is also unknown. ODAP activates AMPA receptors which can induce excitotoxicity, or overstimulation of glutamate receptors. The release of too much
Oxalyldiaminopropionic_acid
Chemical compound
kainate receptors. In experiments, it is used to counter glutamate excitotoxicity. NBQX was found to have anticonvulsant activity in rodent seizure models
NBQX
Transmembrane protein family
activation of GluA2-containing AMPARs is proposed to guard against excitotoxicity. The subunit composition of the AMPAR is also important for the way
AMPA_receptor
Rare neurodegenerative disease
gene-editing, and human post-mortem spinal cord tissue examination. Excitotoxicity, or nerve cell death caused by high levels of intracellular calcium
ALS
Medical condition
neurotransmitter sensitization, central nervous system hyperexcitability, and excitotoxicity. Binge drinking is believed to increase impulsivity due to altered functioning
Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal)
Kindling_(sedative–hypnotic_withdrawal)
Anion of glutamic acid in its role as a neurotransmitter
leading to neuronal damage and eventual cell death, and is called excitotoxicity. The mechanisms of cell death include Ca2+-concentration regulates different
Glutamate_(neurotransmitter)
Toxin harmful to nervous tissue
synapse. Local pathology of neurotoxin exposure often includes neuron excitotoxicity or apoptosis but can also include glial cell damage. Macroscopic manifestations
Neurotoxin
Medical condition
secondary injury. Imbalances in some neurotransmitters can lead to excitotoxicity, damage to brain cells that results from overactivation of biochemical
Primary and secondary brain injury
Primary_and_secondary_brain_injury
Effect of alcohol consumption on the brain
withdrawal symptoms and amplify brain damage through hyperexcitability and excitotoxicity, leading to more severe cognitive and emotional dysfunction over time
Long-term impact of alcohol on the brain
Long-term_impact_of_alcohol_on_the_brain
Chemical compound
results to excitotoxicity, which kills the cell. Since methionine sulfoximine inhibits glutamate production in the brain, it prevents excitotoxicity. Thus
Methionine_sulfoximine
Cellular response to brain injury involving glial cells
Astrocytes are responsible for the uptake of glutamate, which restricts excitotoxicity to neurons and other cell types, as well as the elimination of free
Gliosis
Class of depressant drugs derived from barbituric acid
Attempting to quit "cold turkey" may result in neurological damage due to excitotoxicity, severe physical injuries received during convulsions, and even death
Barbiturate
Chemical compound
It is one of the most potent AMPA receptor agonists known. It causes excitotoxicity and is used in neuroscience to selectively destroy neurons in the brain
Quisqualic_acid
Progressive and uncontrollable depolarization of neurons in the brain
cationic influx is glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter that triggers excitotoxicity during anoxic depolarization. A number of ionotropic receptors have
Anoxic depolarization in the brain
Anoxic_depolarization_in_the_brain
Chemical compound
and consequent excitotoxicity. By blocking extrasynaptic NMDA receptors, nitromemantine is able to largely prevent this excitotoxicity while minimising
Nitromemantine
Progressive neurodegenerative disease
inflammation, oxidative/nitrative stress, DNA damage, epigenetic changes, excitotoxicity, endosomal/lysosomal failure, dysproteostasis, autophagy failure, lipid
Alzheimer's_disease
(TRPM4) . The NMDAR/TRPM4 complex is considered central to glutamate excitotoxicity. NMDAR/TRPM4 interaction interface inhibitors (also known as 'TwinF
Extrasynaptic_NMDA_receptor
Medical condition
possible reasons for this neuronal death are both glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity in the postsynaptic terminal, and presynaptic ribbon damage which occurs
Synaptopathy
Central nervous system stimulant
lab animals and is associated with dopaminergic toxicity in humans. Excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, metabolic compromise, UPS dysfunction, protein nitration
Methamphetamine
American neurosurgeon and conspiracy theorist
food additives such as aspartame and monosodium glutamate (MSG) are excitotoxic in normal doses. Blaylock completed his general surgical internship and
Russell_Blaylock
Group of voltage-gated ion channels permeable to Ca2+
of patients. Excessive activation of VGCCs is a major component of excitotoxicity, as severely elevated levels of intracellular calcium activates enzymes
Voltage-gated_calcium_channel
Rapid onset of confusion caused by alcohol withdrawal
haloperidol may also be used in order to combat the overactivity and possible excitotoxicity caused by the withdrawal from a GABA-ergic substance. Antipsychotics
Delirium_tremens
British experimental band
label Red Wharf and distributed by Cargo. The third collaboration, ExcitoToxicity, was released July 2014, and the fourth, Mutation released in March
Nurse_with_Wound
Inherited neurodegenerative disorder
stress and release of reactive oxygen species. Glutamine is known to be excitotoxic when present in large amounts, that can cause damage to numerous cellular
Huntington's_disease
Species of plant
kind of glutamate receptor in the brain. The chemical is linked to excitotoxicity (cell death). The seeds have been used for treating roundworm and pinworm
Combretum_indicum
Medication
reduces this glutamate surge. The drug also protects cultured cells from excitotoxicity induced by alcohol withdrawal and from glutamate exposure combined with
Acamprosate
Drug that blocks hallucinogen effects
could reverse the effects of NMDA receptor antagonists, can produce excitotoxic neurotoxicity and convulsions, which restricts their potential medical
Trip_killer
Psychoactive component of cannabis
against oxidative stress, such as that produced by glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. THC targets receptors in a manner far less selective than endocannabinoid
Tetrahydrocannabinol
Medication used to treat Alzheimer's disease
dysfunction of glutamatergic neurotransmission, manifested as neuronal excitotoxicity, is hypothesized to be involved in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease
Memantine
Chemical compound
acute brain slice preparation to study the physiological effect of excitotoxicity and assess the neuroprotective capabilities of potential therapeutics
Kainic_acid
Medical treatment for newborns
were developing at the same time: delayed post-ischaemic cell death; excitotoxicity; and apoptosis. The first paradigm shift that affected neonatal researchers
Hypothermia therapy for neonatal encephalopathy
Hypothermia_therapy_for_neonatal_encephalopathy
Chemical substance that enables neurotransmission
overstimulate the brain and lead to excitotoxicity causing cell death resulting in seizures or strokes. Excitotoxicity has been implicated in certain chronic
Neurotransmitter
Episodes of uncontrollable crying or laughing
1177/088307389701200802. PMID 9430311. S2CID 1258390. Mattson MP (2003). "Excitotoxic and excitoprotective mechanism: abundant targets for the prevention and
Pseudobulbar_affect
Chemical compound
also note it is only the extrasynaptic NMDA receptors responsible for excitotoxicity. Citicoline is water-soluble, with more than 90% oral bioavailability
Citicoline
Class of insecticides
for malaria outbreaks, through indoor applications. Pyrethroids are excitotoxic to axons. They act by preventing the closure of the voltage-gated sodium
Pyrethroid
Class of CNS depressant drugs
over-rapid withdrawal. Abrupt withdrawal can be dangerous and lead to excitotoxicity, causing damage and even death to nerve cells as a result of excessive
Benzodiazepine
Feeling of pain from stimuli which do not normally elicit pain
S2CID 22331115. Yezierski RP, Liu S, Ruenes GL, Kajander KJ, Brewer KL (1998). "Excitotoxic spinal cord injury: behavioral and morphological characteristics of a
Allodynia
Protein in Homo sapiens
of SYNGAP1, which inhibited Ras/ERK signalling, resulting in reduced excitotoxic brain damage. It was found that in the absence of tau, SYNGAP1 more readily
SYNGAP1
Neurotoxicity caused by some NMDA receptor antagonists
potentiate NAT. In the late 1980s, John Olney, a researcher specializing in excitotoxicity, the phenomenon where persistently high neurotransmitter concentrations
Olney's_lesions
Injury of the brain from an external source
radical overload, excessive release of the neurotransmitter glutamate (excitotoxicity), influx of calcium and sodium ions into neurons, and dysfunction of
Traumatic_brain_injury
American medical doctor and neuropathologist (1931–2015)
Medicine. He is known for his work on brain damage. He coined the term excitotoxicity in his 1969 paper published in Science. Olney's lesions are named after
John_Olney
Chemical element with atomic number 30 (Zn)
dehydrogenase), the dysregulation of calcium homeostasis, glutamatergic neuronal excitotoxicity, and interference with intraneuronal signal transduction. L- and D-histidine
Zinc
Form of excessive alcohol intake
released and overstimulate the brain as a binge finishes. This results in excitotoxicity, a process which damages or kills neurons (brain cells). Each binge
Binge_drinking
Naturally occurring glutamate receptor agonist neurotoxin
selectivity and long-term stability in saline solution. It induces excitotoxicity in rodents by overactivating NMDA and metabotropic glutamate receptors
Ibotenic_acid
Opioid analgesic
CYP450 via N-demethylation to produce normeperidine. Normeperidine is excitotoxic and can cause myoclonus when too much pethidine is administered. The
Pethidine
Rare type of stroke
cell membrane damage, and production of reactive oxygen species. Such excitotoxicity is closely associated with the eventual neuronal cell death and loss
Spinal_cord_stroke
Chemical element with atomic number 25 (Mn)
to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, and aggregation of proteins. Chemistry portal Manganese exporter, membrane
Manganese
Naturally occurring organic poison
Cangitoxin Detoxification (alternative medicine) Dose–response relationship Excitotoxicity Environment and health Exposome Insect toxin List of highly toxic gases
Toxin
Chemical compound
shown to be neuroprotective against ischemia-induced glutamatergic excitotoxicity, an effect which appears to be mediated by blockade of the 5-HT2A receptor
Adatanserin
Blood clot
blood–brain barrier and enter interstitial fluid, where it then increases excitotoxicity, potentially affecting permeability of the blood–brain barrier, and
Thrombus
Primary cell of the nervous system
synaptic transmission and postsynaptic excitability. Glutamate can cause excitotoxicity when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, resulting in brain damage
Neuron
Chemical compound
receptors and produce excitotoxic damage, leading to hair cell loss, therefore antagonizing NMDA receptors to reduce the excitotoxicity could prevent that
Dizocilpine
Chemical compound
possible treatment for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. It reduces excitotoxicity and protects striatal dopaminergic neurons in rat models. It also potentiates
PHA-543,613
Chemical compound and chemical warfare nerve agent
asphyxiation. Accumulation of acetylcholine in the brain also causes neuronal excitotoxicity, due to activation of nicotinic receptors and glutamate release. The
VX_(nerve_agent)
Gastrointestinal peptide hormone involved in glucose homeostasis
MP, Egan JM, Greig NH (September 2002). "Protection and reversal of excitotoxic neuronal damage by glucagon-like peptide-1 and exendin-4". The Journal
Glucagon-like_peptide-1
Medical condition
medical emergency that can lead to irreversible brain injury (due to excitotoxicity) if untreated. Convulsive status epilepticus, the most dangerous and
Status_epilepticus
Medical condition
outer hair cells (OHC), inner hair cells (IHC), and cause glutamate excitotoxicity of first-order afferent neurons of the spiral ganglion (cochlear synaptopathy)
Acoustic_trauma
Medical condition
increase even further during the withdrawal state, and may result in excitotoxicity. Alterations in ECG (in particular an increase in QT interval) and EEG
Alcohol_withdrawal_syndrome
Toxic effects on the nervous system
opens the ion channels, allowing calcium to enter the cell causing excitotoxicity. Glutamate results in cell death by turning on the N-methyl-D-aspartic
Neurotoxicity
Complete separation of the head from the body
irreversible brain damage occur after 3–6 minutes with no oxygen, due to excitotoxicity. Some anecdotes suggest more extended persistence of human consciousness
Decapitation
Class of plant-based pigments
blueberry and lingonberry fruits and leaves against glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 61 (32): 7769–76. Bibcode:2013JAFC
Anthocyanin
Pharmaceutical compound
mitochondrial function, and possible effects on neuronal signalling and excitotoxicity. In relation to auditory disorders and tinnitus, it has been proposed
EGb-761
Family of neurotransmitter transporter proteins
transporters, glutamate would build up and kill cells in a process called excitotoxicity, in which excessive amounts of glutamate acts as a toxin to neurons
Glutamate_transporter
Type of glutamate receptor
channel-linked receptor that is central in a neurotoxic process called excitotoxicity. Proteins called PDZ proteins frequently anchor mGluRs near enough to
Metabotropic glutamate receptor
Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor
Immune system messenger protein which induces inflammation
immune cells. Excessive TNF contributes to neuroinflammation by causing excitotoxic neuronal cell death, increasing glutamate levels, activating microglial
Tumor_necrosis_factor
Support-cells in the nervous system
neurotransmitters such as glutamate, which would otherwise lead to excitotoxicity. Furthermore, astrocytes release gliotransmitters such as glutamate
Glia
Protein found in humans
critical mediator of synaptic inhibition, cellular protection against excitotoxicity and may also act as a modulator of neuroplasticity. Potassium-chloride
Chloride potassium symporter 5
Chloride_potassium_symporter_5
Family of flowering plants
Retrieved 30 June 2010. Munir, Muhammad; Lu, Lisha; McGonigle, Paul (1995). "Excitotoxic cell death and delayed rescue in human neurons derived from NT2 cells"
Combretaceae
Branch of neuroscience
acetylation and thus improved memory consolidation (notably spatial memory). Excitotoxicity is phenomenon in which glutamate receptors are inappropriately activated
Molecular_neuroscience
Red pigment of the bile
activity may be particularly important in the brain, where it prevents excitotoxicity and neuronal death by scavenging superoxide during N-methyl-D-aspartic
Bilirubin
Seizure caused by a traumatic brain injury
to result from damage to the cerebral cortex by mechanisms such as excitotoxicity and iron from blood. Immediate seizures occurring within two seconds
Post-traumatic_seizure
Surgical ablation of brain tissue to treat neurological or psychological disorders
controlling for the damage done separate from the intended lesion. An excitotoxic lesion is the process of an excitatory amino acid being injected into
Ablative_brain_surgery
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptors (NMDAR), known as excitotoxicity, stabilizes PFKFB3 protein in neurons, resulting in a redirection of
PFKFB3
Class of antibacterial drugs, subgroup of quinolones
GABAA receptor complex within the central nervous system, leading to excitotoxic type effects and oxidative stress. Products containing multivalent cations
Quinolone_antibiotic
Class of corticosteroids
Sapolsky RM (October 1994). "Glucocorticoids, stress and exacerbation of excitotoxic neuron death". Seminars in Neuroscience. 6 (5): 323–331. doi:10.1006/smns
Glucocorticoid
Colourless non-flammable greenhouse gas
decreased NMDA-induced Ca2+ influx in neuronal cell cultures, a cause of excitotoxicity. Occupational exposure to ambient nitrous oxide has been associated
Nitrous_oxide
Central nervous system disease
NBK10847. Estrada Sánchez AM, Mejía-Toiber J, Massieu L (April 2008). "Excitotoxic neuronal death and the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease". Archives
Neurodegenerative_disease
Swiss academic and scientist
Schierle". www.ceb.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2026-03-27. "Apoptosis and excitotoxicity in the death of cultured and grafted dopaminergic neurones | WorldCat
Gabriele_Kaminski_Schierle
Chemical compound
investigation as a possible protective agent against nerve damage caused by excitotoxicity or neurodegenerative diseases. It may act by reducing oxidative stress
7-Nitroindazole
Capacity of neurons to regulate their own excitability relative to network activity
increased excitatory synaptic activity becomes too excessive and leads to excitotoxicity. Thus, the neurodegenerative disease progresses further. Other neurodegenerative
Homeostatic_plasticity
Mood-stabilizing psychiatric medication
people with bipolar disorder had lower GABA levels, which results in excitotoxicity and can cause apoptosis (cell loss). Lithium has been shown to increase
Lithium_(medication)
Progressive color vision loss
later develop. This is hypothesised to be due to receptor-mediated excitotoxicity of ganglial cells, and that parvocellular retinal ganglial cells mediating
Köllner's_rule
Amino acid derivative
NMDA is an excitotoxin. Behavioral neuroscience research utilizes NMDA excitotoxicity to induce lesions in specific regions of an animal subject's brain or
N-Methyl-D-aspartic_acid
Psychoactive substance found in plants in the family Apocynaceae
degeneration of Purkinje cells: a model of indirect, trans-synaptic excitotoxicity". The Journal of Neuroscience. 17 (22): 8828–8841. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI
Ibogaine
Portuguese neuroscientist
J, Inácio A.R, Wieloch T, Almeida R.D, Graos M, Duarte C.B (2012). Excitotoxicity downregulates TrkB. FL signaling and upregulates the neuroprotective
Patrícia_Monteiro
Chemical compound
acid has a very strong affinity for these receptors, which results in excitotoxicity initiated by an integrative action on ionotropic glutamate receptors
Domoic_acid
Vertebrate brain region
hippocampal hyperactivity at early stages of schizophrenia may contribute, by excitotoxic mechanisms, to hippocampal atrophy and volume reduction at later stages
Hippocampus
Chemical compound
actions on the TrkB receptor, and protects against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, 6-hydroxydopamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity, and oxidative
Tropoflavin
Protein involved in multiple prion diseases
indirectly overactivating the NMDA receptor via the Fyn enzyme, resulting in excitotoxicity. Soluble Aβ oligomers also bind to PrPC at the dendritic spines, forming
Major_prion_protein
the effects of alcohol, abrupt ceasing following heavy use can cause excitotoxicity leading to cellular death in multiple areas of the brain. Second, in
List of common misconceptions about science, technology, and mathematics
List_of_common_misconceptions_about_science,_technology,_and_mathematics
Use of Zinc by Organisms
dehydrogenase), the dysregulation of calcium homeostasis, glutamatergic neuronal excitotoxicity, and interference with intraneuronal signal transduction. L- and D-histidine
Zinc_in_biology
Pharmaceutical compound
(2015). "BQ-869, a novel NMDA receptor antagonist, protects against excitotoxicity and attenuates cerebral ischemic injury in stroke". International Journal
BQ-869
Protein pore formed in mitochondria under pathological conditions
variety of conditions. For example, it is key in neuronal cell death in excitotoxicity, in which overactivation of glutamate receptors causes excessive calcium
Mitochondrial permeability transition pore
Mitochondrial_permeability_transition_pore
Protein found in humans
in schizophrenia. The release of glutamate by system Xc- may lead to excitotoxicity, which is initiated by extrasynaptic NMDA receptors and can cause neuronal
Cystine/glutamate_transporter
EXCITOTOXICITY
EXCITOTOXICITY
EXCITOTOXICITY
EXCITOTOXICITY
Male
English
Anglicized form of Hebrew Elyacaph, ELIASAPH means "God increases the family." In the bible, this is the name of a leader of the tribe of Gad.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Wind
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly Yorkshire)
English (chiefly Yorkshire) : topographic name for someone who lived by a holly tree, variant of Hollen.German : habitational name from any of several places so named.
Boy/Male
Indian
God Name
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Truth
Girl/Female
Muslim
Sunlight, East
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name for someone from a place in West Yorkshire named Wetherby, from Old Norse veðr ‘wether (sheep)’ + býr ‘farmstead’.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Darkness, Long-lived
Boy/Male
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Bird
Girl/Female
Indian
Who Sees Good Things
EXCITOTOXICITY
EXCITOTOXICITY
EXCITOTOXICITY
EXCITOTOXICITY
EXCITOTOXICITY