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Periods of currency instability
The economy of Zimbabwe has been undergoing hyperinflation since February 2007, according to Cagan's definition of hyperinflation. During the height of
Hyperinflation_in_Zimbabwe
Rapidly accelerating inflation
In economics, hyperinflation is a very high and typically accelerating inflation. It quickly erodes the real value of the local currency, as the prices
Hyperinflation
Obsolete Zimbabwean banknote
the Hungarian pengő), and symbolised the 2007–2009 period of hyperinflation in Zimbabwe. It has since gained significant interest from economists and
Zimbabwean one hundred trillion dollar note
Zimbabwean_one_hundred_trillion_dollar_note
period of hyperinflation. The Zimbabwean government stopped releasing inflation data in August 2019. The year-on-year inflation rate was 521% in December
Economy_of_Zimbabwe
Period of extreme inflation in Germany (1921–1923)
Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923, primarily in 1923. The German currency had
Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic
Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic
Currency of Zimbabwe from 1980 to 2009
period of hyperinflation. The Zimbabwean dollar was introduced in 1980 to directly replace the Rhodesian dollar (which had been introduced in 1970) at
Zimbabwean_dollar_(1980–2009)
Increasing inflation rates in Venezuela since 2017
Hyperinflation in Venezuela was the currency instability in Venezuela that began in 2016 during the country's ongoing socioeconomic and political crisis
Hyperinflation_in_Venezuela
Currency of Zimbabwe from 2019 to 2024
abandoned the old Zimbabwean dollar, which was collapsing from what was at the time the second-highest ever rate of hyperinflation in the world (after
Zimbabwean_dollar_(2019–2024)
present. Zimbabwe's path toward hyperinflation began at the beginning of its independence in the 1970s. In 2000, inflation within Zimbabwe hit its peak
Hunger_in_Zimbabwe
1940s period of hyperinflation
that hyperinflation never returned. Hyperinflation in Brazil Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic Hyperinflation in Venezuela
Hyperinflation_in_Greece
Former currency of Hungary, used 1927–1946
rendered worthless by the most extreme hyperinflation ever recorded. The Hungarian participle pengő means 'ringing' (which in turn derives from the verb peng
Hungarian_pengő
Country in Southeast Africa
decline (and in the latter years, hyperinflation), though it has since seen rapid growth after the use of currencies other than the Zimbabwean dollar was
Zimbabwe
Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe Zimbabwean dollar Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe Economy of Zimbabwe Mosi-oa-Tunya (coin) The fifth Zimbabwean dollar reused the
Banknotes_of_Zimbabwe
Period of hyperinflation from 1986–1994
Hyperinflation in Brazil occurred between the first three months of 1990. The monthly inflation rates between January and March 1990 were 71.9%, 71.7%
Hyperinflation_in_Brazil
1998–2003 war in central Africa
June 2023. "Hanke S., & Kwok, A. (2009) "On the Measurement of Zimbabwe's Hyperinflation", Cato Journal, 29 (2)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original
Second_Congo_War
12th or 18th power of ten
usage. During the height of hyperinflation in Zimbabwe in 2008, people became accustomed to speaking about their daily expenses in terms of trillions. When
Trillion
the Bardi family Compagnia dei Bardi in 1345). Hyperinflation in the Yuan Dynasty (1350s). Public confidence in the dynasty's fiat money is lost due to
List_of_economic_crises
Natural number
000,000,000,000 was used in Banknotes of Zimbabwe: 2008 banknote series circulated due to the intense hyperinflation in Zimbabwe during the 2008-2009 period
10,000,000,000,000
Global oil shortage due to geopolitics
interruptions in Middle Eastern oil exports. The crisis began to unfold as petroleum production in the United States and some other parts of the world peaked in the
1970s_energy_crisis
Zimbabwean banker
internationally due to his connection to the hyperinflation in Zimbabwe. Gideon Gono went to Daramombe High School in Chivhu, an Anglican Mission school. He
Gideon_Gono
Currency of Zimbabwe
crisis of 2008–2009, Zimbabwe has a multi-currency system. It was introduced in 2009 after the hyperinflation of the fourth Zimbabwean dollar (ZWL). For
Zimbabwe_Gold
Socioeconomic and political conjuncture in 21st century Venezuela
the Great Depression in the United States, the 1985–1994 Brazilian economic crisis, or the 2008–2009 hyperinflation in Zimbabwe. In 2019, the Institute
Crisis_in_Venezuela
Hyperinflation between March 1992 and January 1994
the second-longest period of hyperinflation in world economic history after 1920s Russia, caused by an explosive growth in the money supply of the Yugoslav
Hyperinflation in Serbia and Montenegro
Hyperinflation_in_Serbia_and_Montenegro
Balance-of-payments crisis in India
The 1991 Indian economic crisis was a balance-of-payments crisis in which India's foreign-exchange reserves fell to a level barely sufficient to pay three
1991_Indian_economic_crisis
Hungarian state from 1946 to 1949
Tara; Bedi, Tara; Mercado, Rogelio (2019). "Historic Hyperinflation Episodes". Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe: Background, Impact and Policy. Springer International
Second_Hungarian_Republic
Global stock market crash
{\textstyle } Black Monday (also known as Black Tuesday in some parts of the world due to time zone differences) was a global, severe and largely unexpected
Black_Monday_(1987)
Worldwide economic event
increases in interest rates, combined with the worst year for the bond market since 1994 with fears of a global recession due to a decline in economic
2022_stock_market_decline
Name of monetary currency
2020). "US Dollar Taking Over in Cuba as CUC Plummets". Havana Times. Wojtanik, Andrew (2005). Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. Washington, DC: National Geographic
Dollar
Finance property of an asset
In business, economics or investment, market liquidity is a market's feature whereby an individual or firm can quickly purchase or sell an asset without
Market_liquidity
1893–97 financial crisis in the United States
The Panic of 1893 was an economic depression in the United States. It began in February 1893 and officially ended eight months later. The Panic of 1896
Panic_of_1893
Since the beginning of the Bombay stock exchange, stock markets in India, particularly the Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange of India have
Stock_market_crashes_in_India
German currency from 1914 to 1923
went off the gold standard, and most specifically with the era of hyperinflation in Germany of 1922 and 1923. Formally, the same German mark was used
Papiermark
Situation of prolonged doubt in the strength of Britain's currency
The 1976 sterling crisis was a currency crisis in the United Kingdom. Inflation (at close to 25% in 1975, causing high bond yields and borrowing costs)
1976_sterling_crisis
Inflation in China from the 1930s to 1950s
The Chinese hyperinflation was the phenomenon of extreme inflation that emerged in China during the late 1930s, extended to Taiwan after the Japanese surrender
Chinese_hyperinflation
Financial and economic crisis in the Roman Empire
financial and economic crisis occurred in 33 AD in the Roman Empire, during the reign of Emperor Tiberius. After a shift in government policy and a series of
Financial_crisis_of_33
High inflation, low economic growth, and high unemployment
Chronic inflation Deflation Economic stagnation Hyperinflation Inflationism Shrinkflation Stagflation in the United States Zero interest-rate policy 1976
Stagflation
List of stock market crashes and bear markets List of largest bank failures in the United States Bond market Currency crisis Government debt War reparations
List_of_sovereign_debt_crises
Temporary spike in asset prices
[citation needed] In the early stages of a bubble, many investors do not recognise the bubble for what it is, often thinking that the increase in asset prices
Economic_bubble
used in the multi-currency system that arose in 2009, when Zimbabwe abandoned the Zimbabwean dollar in response to several cycles of hyperinflation. The
Zimbabwean_bond_coins
Ethnic group in Zimbabwe
the budget deficit caused hyperinflation. These factors created a situation in which many bright and qualified Zimbabweans (both Black and White) had
White_Zimbabweans
Sudden widespread decline of stock prices
of stock prices across a major cross-section of a stock market, resulting in a significant loss of paper wealth. Crashes are driven by panic selling and
Stock_market_crash
German company
other instruments to the government of Zimbabwe throughout the hyperinflation in Zimbabwe. In June 2008 U.S. officials announced they would not take any action
Giesecke+Devrient
1760–1840 agrarian to industrial era shift
The Industrial Revolution, sometimes called the First Industrial Revolution in contrast to the subsequent Second Industrial Revolution, was a transitional
Industrial_Revolution
Major stock market crash in the United States
Crash, was a major stock market crash in the United States which began in October 1929 with a sharp decline in prices on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
Wall_Street_crash_of_1929
Scenario in which financial shocks spread to other financial sectors
sells assets in a fire sale, thereby undermining confidence in similar banks. An example of this phenomenon is the subsequent turmoil in the financial
Financial_contagion
Shortage of gold and silver in 15th-century Europe
Great Bullion Famine was a shortage of precious metals that struck Europe in the 15th century, with the worst years of the famine being 1457 to 1464. During
Great_Bullion_Famine
Regional financial crisis that struck East and Southeast Asia in 1997–1998
of East and Southeast Asia during the late 1990s. The crisis began in Thailand in July 1997 before spreading to several other countries with a ripple
1997_Asian_financial_crisis
US financial crisis from 1986 to 1995
associations (S&Ls or thrifts) in the United States between 1986 and 1995. These thrifts were banks that historically specialized in fixed-rate mortgage lending
Savings_and_loan_crisis
Mass withdrawal of money from banks
money from a bank, because they believe the bank may fail in the near future. It may occur when, in a fractional-reserve banking system (where banks normally
Bank_run
Global financial crisis
or Great Bond Massacre, was a sudden drop in bond market prices across the developed world. It began in Japan and the United States (US), and spread
1994_bond_market_crisis
Worldwide economic crisis
A major worldwide financial crisis centered in the United States took place in 2008. The immediate cause of the crisis was the collapse of the 2000s U
2008_financial_crisis
Landlocked country in Southern Africa
Zimbabwe Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2007): 156th (one hundred and fifty sixth) Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe Communications in Zimbabwe Internet in Zimbabwe
Outline_of_Zimbabwe
Three-week financial crisis in the United States
bank runs occurred outside the US in 1907: in Egypt in April and May; in Japan in May and June; in Germany and Chile in early October. The fall season was
Panic_of_1907
Situation in which financial assets suddenly lose a large part of their nominal value
default. Reinhart and Rogoff also class debasement of currency and hyperinflation as being forms of financial crisis, broadly speaking, because they lead
Financial_crisis
Concept asserting ongoing stock market bubble
bubble growing since 2025 amid the AI boom, a period of rapid increase in investment in artificial intelligence (AI) that is affecting the broader economy
AI_bubble
1845–1852 mass starvation in Ireland
and the Irish Potato Famine, was a period of mass starvation and disease in Ireland from 1845 to 1852. It constituted a major historical social crisis
Great_Famine_(Ireland)
1982 market crash in Kuwait
Al-Manakh market was housed in an air-conditioned parking garage in the historic area of Jibla, Kuwait City. The market was specialized in highly speculative and
Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash
Souk_Al-Manakh_stock_market_crash
Profit from minting money
notes. Over half of Zimbabwe's government revenue in 2008 was reportedly seigniorage. The country has experienced hyperinflation ever since, with an annualized
Seigniorage
Mid-1998 economic crisis in Russia
(also called the ruble crisis or the Russian flu) began in Russia on 17 August 1998. It resulted in the Russian government and the Russian Central Bank devaluing
1998_Russian_financial_crisis
Tech stock speculative craze, c. 1995–2003
resulting in a dispensation of available venture capital and the rapid growth of valuations in new dot-com startups. Between 1995 and its peak in March 2000
Dot-com_bubble
Financial situation where credit/loans become less available/obtainable
credit squeeze, credit tightening or credit crisis) is a sudden reduction in the general availability of loans (or credit) or a sudden tightening of the
Credit_crunch
Economic crisis in Mexico
against the U.S. dollar in December 1994, which became one of the first international financial crises ignited by capital flight. In the months leading up
Mexican_peso_crisis
Financial crisis leading to economic depression in Europe and North America
economic depression in Europe and North America that lasted from 1873 to 1877, continuing until 1879 in the French Third Republic and in the United Kingdom
Panic_of_1873
French joint-stock company
Law's Company, founded in 1717 by Scottish economist and financier John Law, was a joint-stock company that occupies a unique place in French and European
John_Law's_Company
European selloff of American securities following the outbreak of WWI
resulting from the sell-off of about $3 billion (equivalent to $96 billion in 2025) of foreign portfolio investments, primarily by the British who needed
Financial_crisis_of_1914
2007–2009 international economic decline
The Great Recession was a period of contraction in economies around the world (particularly in the western world and associated countries) that occurred
Great_Recession
1992 UK financial crisis
both of which he explained by citing the lasting impact in Germany of the disastrous hyperinflation of the Weimar Republic. Thus, although the UK had not
Black_Wednesday
Banking crisis beginning in March 2023
took place in early 2023, with the United States federal government ultimately intervening in several ways. Over the course of five days in March 2023
2023 United States banking crisis
2023_United_States_banking_crisis
between January 1973 and December 1974. Affecting all the major stock markets in the world, particularly the United Kingdom, it was one of the worst stock
1973–1974_stock_market_crash
Long period of worldwide economic growth following World War II
growth averaging over 4% per year in the 1950s, and nearly 5% per year in the 1960s, compared with 3% in the 1970s and 2% in the 1980s. Skidelsky devotes ten
Post–World War II economic expansion
Post–World_War_II_economic_expansion
Obsolete Hungarian banknote
highest-denomination banknotes ever circulated, issued in 1946 during Hungary's extreme post-WWII hyperinflation, a period of unprecedented economic chaos where
Hungarian one-hundred-quintillion-pengő banknote
Hungarian_one-hundred-quintillion-pengő_banknote
in 2001 were followed by initial shocks causing global stock markets to drop sharply. In international and domestic markets, stocks of companies in some
Economic effects of the September 11 attacks
Economic_effects_of_the_September_11_attacks
Type of economic recession
, the credit cycle) rather than fluctuations in the business cycle. It is characterized by a change in private sector behavior towards saving (i.e.,
Balance_sheet_recession
Global stock market crash
broad increase in import tariffs to induce other countries to buy and invest in American products and industry. This heightened tensions in the already ongoing
2025_stock_market_crash
2007 mortgage crisis in the United States
2007, several major financial institutions collapsed in late 2008, with significant disruption in the flow of credit to businesses and consumers and the
Subprime_mortgage_crisis
1918–1939 period between the world wars
Weimar Republic in Germany gave way to two episodes of political and economic turmoil, the first culminated in the German hyperinflation of 1923 and the
Interwar_period
Economic crisis in Chile
The Crisis of 1982 was a major economic crisis suffered in Chile during the military government of Chile (1973–1990). Chile's GDP fell 14.3%, and unemployment
Crisis_of_1982
Slave trade between Africa and the West
particularly in the early phases. Europeans established a coastal slave trade in the 15th century, and trade to the Americas began in the 16th century
Atlantic_slave_trade
Practice of lowering the intrinsic value of coins
the practice of lowering the intrinsic value of coins, especially when used in connection with commodity money, such as gold or silver coins, while continuing
Debasement
Sudden collapse of asset values which generates a credit or business cycle
collapse of asset values which marks the end of the growth phase of a cycle in credit markets or business activity. According to the hypothesis, the rapid
Minsky_moment
Period of rapid progress in AI
An AI boom is a period of rapid growth in the field of artificial intelligence. The most recent boom happened in the 2020s before seeing increased acceleration
AI_boom
forced to borrow heavily in order to finance the war effort. The national debt increased from £650m in 1914 to £7.7 billion in 1919. During World War II
History of the British national debt
History_of_the_British_national_debt
American gold panic
On September 24, 1869, a gold panic broke out in the United States, triggering a financial crisis. The panic, which became known as Black Friday, was the
Black_Friday_(1869)
1870–1914 electrical and chemical era
ended in the middle of the 19th century, was punctuated by a slowdown in important inventions before the Second Industrial Revolution started in 1870.
Second_Industrial_Revolution
1840s northern European food crisis
potato failure was a food crisis that struck Northern and Western Europe in the mid-1840s. The time is also known as the Hungry Forties. The widespread
European_potato_failure
Economic crisis in the Republic of Cyprus
The 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis was an economic crisis in the Republic of Cyprus that involved the exposure of Cypriot banks to overleveraged local
2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis
2012–2013_Cypriot_financial_crisis
Period of accelerated inflation
In the early Soviet Union, there was a seven-year period of hyperinflation, running from the earliest days of the Bolshevik Revolution in November 1917
Hyperinflation in early Soviet Russia
Hyperinflation_in_early_Soviet_Russia
17th-century economic bubble in the Netherlands
extraordinarily high levels. The major acceleration started in 1634 and then dramatically collapsed in February 1637. It is generally considered to have been
Tulip_mania
Financial crisis in the United States
acute economic depression in the United States that was less serious than other panics of the era, precipitated by a drop in silver reserves, and market
Panic_of_1896
The economic history of Zimbabwe began with the transition to majority rule in 1980 and Britain's ceremonial granting of independence. The new government
Economic_history_of_Zimbabwe
Series of economic events in Western Europe
the Spanish Price Revolution, was a series of economic events that occurred in the second half of the 16th century, and most specifically linked to the high
Price_revolution
Worldwide increase in crude oil prices following the Iranian Revolution
(in reference to the 1973 oil crisis), refers to the drop in oil production in the aftermath of the Iranian Revolution that led to an energy crisis in
1979_oil_crisis
Concept of economics
ruble as their de facto currency. Due to hyperinflation in Zimbabwe in 2006 to 2008, the government of Zimbabwe has allowed circulation of foreign currency
De_facto_currency
Proposed time period of the United States
been proposed several times, starting in the late 20th century. Proposed start times include the junk bonds scandal in the 1980s, the dot-com bubble of the
Second_Gilded_Age
American economic crisis
The Panic of 1857 was a financial crisis in the United States caused by the declining international economy and over-expansion of the domestic economy
Panic_of_1857
Government owned company
subsidiary of Dubai Inc., it is the emirate's flag bearer in global investments and has a central role in the direction of Dubai's economy. Assets include DP
Dubai_World
Financial crisis in the United States
the first widespread and durable financial crisis in the United States; it slowed westward expansion in the Cotton Belt and was followed by a general collapse
Panic_of_1819
correction after the housing bubble that peaked in early 2006. Prices of real estate then adjusted downwards in late 2006, causing a loss of market liquidity
2000s United States housing market correction
2000s_United_States_housing_market_correction
Ability of a financial institution to meet its payment obligations when due
ability of a solvent institution to make agreed-upon payments in a timely fashion". In practice, funding liquidity refers to whether a bank or financial
Funding_liquidity
Rapid fall in security prices within a very short time period
In modern finance, a flash crash is a very rapid, deep, and volatile fall in security prices occurring within a very short time period followed by a quick
Flash_crash
travel, tourism, insurance
HYPERINFLATION IN-ZIMBABWE
HYPERINFLATION IN-ZIMBABWE
Surname or Lastname
Swedish (common in Finland)
Swedish (common in Finland) : ornamental name formed with the common surname suffix -in and an unexplained first element.German : unexplained.English : unexplained.Spanish (FarÃn) : unexplained.
Surname or Lastname
English (rare in England)
English (rare in England) : variant of Hug 1.
Surname or Lastname
English (found chiefly in the West Midlands and in Ireland)
English (found chiefly in the West Midlands and in Ireland) : habitational name from Hodnet in Shropshire, or any of various places called Hoddnant in Wales. The place names are from Welsh hawdd ‘pleasant’, ‘peaceful’ + nant ‘valley’, ‘stream’.
Female
Irish
Variant spelling of Irish Gaelic LÃadan, LÃADÃIN means "grey lady."
Surname or Lastname
English (found mainly in Wales)
English (found mainly in Wales) : variant of Glasscock 2.
Surname or Lastname
English (rare in England)
English (rare in England) : apparently a habitational name from Huccaby in Devon, possibly so named from Old English woh ‘crooked’ + byge ‘river bend’, or Uckerby in North Yorkshire, named with an unattested Old Norse personal name, Úkyrri or Útkári, + býr ‘farmstead’.
Surname or Lastname
English (also established in Ireland)
English (also established in Ireland) : from a pet form of the personal name Pell.English (also established in Ireland) : nickname from Old French pele ‘bald’.
Surname or Lastname
English (common in West Yorkshire)
English (common in West Yorkshire) : habitational name from Hainworth in West Yorkshire, named from the Old English personal name Hagena + Old English worð ‘enclosure’.English (common in West Yorkshire) : habitational name from Ainsworth in Lancashire, from the Old English personal name Ægen + worð ‘enclosure’. Names such as de Haynesworth and de Heynesworth occur in the surrounding area in the 14th century.
Surname or Lastname
Scottish (also found in Ireland)
Scottish (also found in Ireland) : reduced form of McDow. This surname is borne by a sept of the Buchanans.English : variant of Daw.Americanized spelling of Dutch Douw, an Old Frisian personal name.Americanized spelling of German Dau.Henry Dow (1634–1707), NH soldier and statesman, was born at Ormsby in Norfolkshire, England. His father migrated with his family to Watertown in the colony of Massachusetts Bay in 1637 and moved to Hampton in the province of NH in 1644. Henry became an influential and prosperous figure in Hampton. He married twice and had four sons.
Surname or Lastname
English (common in Lancashire)
English (common in Lancashire) : habitational name from Sharples Hall near Bolton, probably so called from Old English scearp ‘sharp’, i.e. ‘steep’ + lǣs ‘pasture’.
Surname or Lastname
English (frequent in eastern England)
English (frequent in eastern England) : ethnic name from Norman French aleman ‘German’ or alemayne ‘Germany’ (Late Latin Alemannus and Alemannia, from a Germanic tribal name that probably originally meant ‘all the men’). In some cases the surname may be from the region of Normandy known as Allemagne (south of Caen), probably named as a Germanic-speaking enclave in a Celtic area in Roman times. In North America, the form Allman has probably absorbed some cases of cognates from other languages, in particular Spanish Aleman and French Alleman.German (Allmann) : variant of Allemann (see Alleman) or in some cases probably an Americanized form of the same name.
Surname or Lastname
English (also established in Ireland)
English (also established in Ireland) : habitational name from for example Barcroft in Haworth, West Yorkshire, so named with Old English bere ‘barley’ + croft ‘paddock’, ‘smallholding’.This is the name of a family established in Ireland by William Barcroft (1612–96). They can be traced to the parish of Barcroft, Lancashire, in the reign of Henry III (1216–72).
Surname or Lastname
English (also found in Wales)
English (also found in Wales) : patronymic from the Middle English personal name Jenk, a back-formation from Jenkin with the removal of the supposed Anglo-Norman French diminutive suffix -in.Joseph Jenks (1602–83), the descendant of an old Welsh family, was born in England and traveled to Saugus, near Lynn, MA, in 1642 to assist in the development of America’s first iron works. His son, Joseph Jenckes (sic), followed in 1650, founded Pawtucket, RI, and raised four sons who held places of respect and distinction in RI, including one who served as governor for five years.
Surname or Lastname
English (also found in Ireland)
English (also found in Ireland) : from a pet form of Lamb 1 and 2.
Surname or Lastname
English (formerly common in Kent)
English (formerly common in Kent) : unexplained. This name seems to have died out in Britain.
Female
Irish
Irish form of French Madeline, MADAILÉIN means "of Magdala."
Boy/Male
French, German, Polish
Long
Surname or Lastname
English (common in East Anglia)
English (common in East Anglia) : occupational name for a servant or a shepherd, from Middle English grÅm(e) ‘boy’, ‘servant’ (of uncertain origin), which in some places was specialized to mean ‘shepherd’.
Surname or Lastname
English (also frequent in Wales)
English (also frequent in Wales) : patronymic from the personal name Watkin.
Male
Croatian
, goodness.
HYPERINFLATION IN-ZIMBABWE
HYPERINFLATION IN-ZIMBABWE
HYPERINFLATION IN-ZIMBABWE
HYPERINFLATION IN-ZIMBABWE
HYPERINFLATION IN-ZIMBABWE
HYPERINFLATION IN-ZIMBABWE
HYPERINFLATION IN-ZIMBABWE
travel, tourism, insurance