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1990s European proposal of a robotic spaceplane
it was decided that the design of Hopper fulfilled all of the established requirements. At this point, the spacecraft was to be composed of a single-stage
Hopper_(spacecraft)
Topics referred to by the same term
treehoppers) or Aetalionidae Hopper (spacecraft), a proposed spacecraft Hopper, a prototype test vehicle for the SpaceX Starship Hopper balloon, a kind of ultralight
Hopper
Proposed robotic mission to explore carbon dioxide geysers on Mars
The Mars Geyser Hopper (MGH) was proposed in 2012 as a NASA design reference mission for a Discovery-class spacecraft concept that would investigate the
Mars_Geyser_Hopper
Soviet spaceplane project
Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar Space Shuttle Hermes (spacecraft) Saenger (spacecraft) Hope-X Kliper Hopper (spacecraft) SpaceShipOne HOTOL Sharp Edge Flight Experiment
LKS_(spacecraft)
Proposed NASA mission concept to explore Comet 46P/Wirtanen
Lockheed Martin to build the spacecraft and the NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center to manage the mission. The Comet Hopper mission was one of three Discovery
Comet_Hopper
Vehicles that can go to space and return
horizontal landing booster for the Ariane family of rockets. The Hopper spacecraft was a rocket sled-launched spaceplane. In 2004, DLR performed a series
Reusable_launch_vehicle
Proposed method for launching space vehicles
Ram accelerator CAM ship Fighter catapult ship Coilgun Mass driver Hopper (spacecraft) Index of aviation articles U.S. Air Force: "Test Sets World Land
Rocket_sled_launch
Concepts for launch into space
launch to orbit Comparison of orbital launch systems Hopper (spacecraft) Mass driver Spacecraft propulsion "No Rockets? No Problem!". Popular Mechanics
Non-rocket_spacelaunch
NASA orbiter mission to asteroid Vesta and dwarf planet Ceres (2007–2018)
orbit around Ceres. Dawn is the first spacecraft to have orbited two extraterrestrial bodies, the first spacecraft to have visited either Vesta or Ceres
Dawn_(spacecraft)
American aerospace engineer (born 1955)
robotic and human mission to Mars. These include the Mars Geyser Hopper spacecraft, a Discovery-class mission concept that would investigate the springtime
Geoffrey_A._Landis
Proposed NASA Triton lander space probe
Triton Hopper is a proposed NASA lander to Triton, the largest moon of Neptune. The idea is to harvest the abundant nitrogen ice on the surface of Triton
Triton_Hopper
Spacecraft capable of aerodynamic flight in atmosphere
atmosphere and function as a spacecraft in outer space. To do so, spaceplanes must incorporate features of both aircraft and spacecraft. Orbital spaceplanes tend
Spaceplane
Spacecraft designed for repeated use and reusability
Reusable spacecraft are spacecraft capable of repeated launch, atmospheric reentry, and landing or splashdown. This contrasts with expendable spacecraft which
Reusable_spacecraft
Chinese reusable spacecraft
reusable experimental spacecraft (Chinese: 可重复使用试验航天器; pinyin: Kěchóngfùshǐyòng shìyàn hángtiānqì, CSSHQ) is the first reusable spacecraft produced by China
Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft
Chinese_reusable_experimental_spacecraft
French crewed spaceplane concept (1975–1992)
the primary contractor for Hermes, the name that had been given to the spacecraft. French aircraft manufacturer Dassault-Breguet was awarded responsibility
Hermes_(spacecraft)
2025 lunar landing mission
spacecraft was not in the correct orientation and one of the two radio antennas was not operating. The sideways orientation prevented the spacecraft from
IM-2
Single-stage-to-orbit spaceplane
v t e Reusable launch systems and spacecraft Launch systems Active Falcon 9 (first stage) Falcon Heavy (core stages) Long March 10B (first stage) New Glenn
Skylon_(spacecraft)
NASA space probe launched in 1977
(Uranus and Neptune). The only spacecraft to have visited either of the ice giant planets, it was the third of five spacecraft to achieve Solar escape velocity
Voyager_2
US reusable automated cargo lifting-body spaceplane
time. As of April 2026, the spacecraft's propulsion system and software had not yet been certified by NASA, and the spacecraft's initial mission in late 2026
Dream_Chaser
Overview of and topical guide to vehicles
sled Draisine Electric vehicle Golf cart Ground effect vehicle Handcar Hopper Hovercraft Jet ski Kick scooter Land yacht Launch escape capsule Locomotive
Outline_of_vehicles
Reusable superheavy-lift general-purpose launch vehicle
vehicle consists of two stages: the Super Heavy booster and the Starship spacecraft, both powered by Raptor engines burning liquid methane (the main component
SpaceX_Starship
Spacecraft propulsion using steam as propellant
(WINE) is a US project developing a refuelable steam engine system for spacecraft propulsion. WINE developed a method of extracting volatiles from ice,
World Is Not Enough (spacecraft propulsion)
World_Is_Not_Enough_(spacecraft_propulsion)
Future mission to asteroid 99942 Apophis
due to an increased delta-V demand. The spacecraft's solar arrays will be provided by JAXA. The spacecraft's central tube, made of carbon fibre reinforced
Ramses_(spacecraft)
Robotic European Space Agency lander that accompanied the Rosetta spacecraft
is a robotic European Space Agency lander that accompanied the Rosetta spacecraft until it separated to land on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, ten years
Philae_(spacecraft)
American lunar lander
Sinus Medii. A total of 30,027 images were transmitted to Earth. This spacecraft is the fourth of the Surveyor series to successfully achieve a soft landing
Surveyor_6
German cancelled spaceplane project
was as a first stage of a two-stage launch platform for an envisioned spacecraft, which was known as Horus (Hypersonic Orbital Upper Stage), as well as
Saenger_(spacecraft)
Proposed Soviet air-launched reusable launch system project
v t e Reusable launch systems and spacecraft Launch systems Active Falcon 9 (first stage) Falcon Heavy (core stages) Long March 10B (first stage) New Glenn
MAKS_(spacecraft)
tables list all minor planets and comets that have been visited by robotic spacecraft. A total of 21 minor planets (asteroids, dwarf planets, and Kuiper belt
List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft
List_of_minor_planets_and_comets_visited_by_spacecraft
Proposed spacecraft
Russia’s ability to provide sufficient Soyuz 'lifeboat' spacecraft and Progress 'reboost' spacecraft also was questioned. Funding for Russia’s space program
HL-42_(spacecraft)
Concept for a crewed single-stage reusable spaceplane
v t e Reusable launch systems and spacecraft Launch systems Active Falcon 9 (first stage) Falcon Heavy (core stages) Long March 10B (first stage) New Glenn
Avatar_(spacecraft)
Cancelled American spacecraft
until it reached an apogee of approximately 200,000 feet (61 km). The spacecraft would have experienced a little over four minutes of weightlessness before
XCOR_Lynx
Proposed partly reusable crewed spacecraft concept by RSC Energia
partially-reusable (excluding orbital section and thermal protection shield) crewed spacecraft concept by RSC Energia. Due to a lack of funding from the European Space
Kliper
Soviet mars probe
1988 when a mistyped command deactivated crucial systems onboard the spacecraft. It was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome aboard a Proton-K, with its
Phobos_1
Proposed sample-return mission to a comet
Rosetta mission, which studied the comet from 2014 to 2016, allows the spacecraft to be designed to the conditions there, increasing the mission's chance
CAESAR_(spacecraft)
Soviet orbital vehicle design
The Zarya spacecraft (Russian: Заря, lit. 'Dawn') was a secret Soviet project of the late 1980s aiming to design and build a large crewed vertical-takeoff
Zarya_(space_capsule)
Human-rated re-usable spaceplane concept
and Chris Carlson, the VentureStar prototype is converted into an armed spacecraft named Defender in order to protect US space assets from China, which is
VentureStar
Soviet launch vehicle
part of the Buran program for a variety of payloads including the Buran spacecraft. Control system main developer enterprise was the Khartron NPO "Electropribor"
Energia_(rocket)
Reusable robotic spaceplane used by US military since 2010
also known as the Orbital Test Vehicle (OTV), is a reusable robotic spacecraft. It is boosted into space by a launch vehicle, re-enters Earth's atmosphere
Boeing_X-37
Satellite bus made by Rocket Lab
and split it into different spacecraft: Explorer, Lightning, Pioneer, and Photon. Explorer is a high delta-V spacecraft designed for deep space missions
Rocket_Lab_Photon
Chinese commercial medium-lift rocket
the Long March 10B is derived), which is designed to fly the Mengzhou spacecraft to the moon. In December 2025, a representative from China Rocket, the
Long_March_10B
European lunar mapping mission
Jens Frydenvang, associate professor at University of Copenhagen. The spacecraft is being built by the mission's main industrial partner, the Danish satellite
Máni_(spacecraft)
US deep space exploration programs
lander Athena heading to the moon with a drill, rover and rocket-powered "hopper" to search for ice". cbsnews.com. February 27, 2025. "NASA Receives Some
List_of_Artemis_missions
Partially reusable launch system and space plane
The Space Shuttle is a retired, partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and
Space_Shuttle
American spaceflight and AI company
9, Falcon Heavy, and Starship launch vehicles, as well as the Dragon spacecraft, and conducts more orbital launches annually than any other launch provider
SpaceX
Periodic comet
years. It was the original target for close investigation by the Rosetta spacecraft, planned by the European Space Agency, but an inability to meet the launch
46P/Wirtanen
American aerospace company
via its drill), and essential mobility services like its Micro-Nova hopper; the hopper is designed to deploy off the lander and prospect by hopping[clarification
Intuitive_Machines
2024 American film by Liz W. Garcia
film written and directed by Liz W. Garcia. It stars Emma Roberts, Tom Hopper, Poppy Liu, and Gabrielle Union. Rex, a Floridian with little more than
Space_Cadet_(2024_film)
First reused space capsule
Gemini SC-2 (Spacecraft No. 2) was the second NASA Project Gemini full-up reentry capsule built. This McDonnell Gemini capsule was the first space capsule
Gemini_SC-2
Soviet Mars moon probe (1988–1989)
mission, during which the spacecraft was to approach within 50 m of Phobos's surface and release two landers (one, a mobile hopper, the other, a stationary
Phobos_2
European technology demonstration CubeSat space mission
European Space Agency COSPAR ID 2021-073C SATCAT no. 49068 Spacecraft properties Spacecraft type 2U CubeSat Manufacturer Kuva Space Start of mission Launch
Sunstorm_(spacecraft)
Proposed European CubeSat mission to an asteroid
type Planetary defense & asteroid exploration Operator ESA Spacecraft properties Spacecraft type 12U CubeSat Start of mission Launch date 2030 (planned)
Satis_(spacecraft)
rover and Perseverance rover are currently in operation on Mars. § - Spacecraft intended for Martian moons (Phobos and Deimos), †Entry Mass, ♦ Estimated
List_of_Mars_landers
American planetary physicist
Kotala, Zenaida Gonzalez (January 10, 2019). "Steam-powered Asteroid Hoppers Developed Through UCF Collaboration". University of Central Florida (Press
Philip_T._Metzger
1962 concept for a reusable, sea-launched rocket
ballast tank attached to the first-stage engine bell. An Apollo CSM-like spacecraft is mounted on top. Function Orbital super heavy-lift launch vehicle Country
Sea_Dragon_(rocket)
that an alignment of planets in the late 1970s would enable a single spacecraft to visit all of the outer planets, including Pluto, by using gravity assists
Exploration_of_Pluto
2012 military science fiction action film by Peter Berg
Alex Hopper is arrested while attempting to impress Samantha "Sam" Shane, daughter of Admiral Terrance Shane. Alex's brother, Commander Stone Hopper, forces
Battleship_(film)
Proposed European VTOL lifting body spacecraft
Stage for Innovative Exploration (SUSIE) is a proposal for a reusable spacecraft designed by ArianeGroup. It is capable of crewed operations, carrying
Smart Upper Stage for Innovative Exploration
Smart_Upper_Stage_for_Innovative_Exploration
Calendar year
reservoir" in bats being a more likely origin. The UAE's uncrewed Hope spacecraft becomes the first Arabian mission successfully to enter orbit around Mars
2021
Former suborbital spaceplane for space tourism
parachuting; he is the only person to survive a spacecraft disintegration. The second SpaceShipTwo spacecraft, VSS Unity, was unveiled on 19 February 2016
SpaceShipTwo
v t e Reusable launch systems and spacecraft Launch systems Active Falcon 9 (first stage) Falcon Heavy (core stages) Long March 10B (first stage) New Glenn
RETALT
Reusable medium-lift launch vehicle
designed to produce over 100,000 lbf (440 kN) of thrust upon lift-off. A hopper test of Nova's reusable second stage was conducted in September 2023, with
Stoke_Space_Nova
NASA space probe proposal to study the ice giant planet Neptune and its moon Triton
mission proposed in 2002 which might have included a Triton flyby Triton Hopper, a lander concept to Triton "Proposed NASA Mission Would Visit Neptune's
Trident_(spacecraft)
Planetary surface exploration vehicle
typically land on a planet other than Earth or a moon via a lander-style spacecraft, tasked to move around and collect information about the terrain, and
Rover_(space_exploration)
American experimental spaceplane
those of the X-15 than to those of orbiting spacecraft like the Space Shuttle. Accelerating a spacecraft to orbital speed requires more than 60 times
SpaceShipOne
2025 Marvel Studios film
Harbour planned to shoot the film concurrently with his scenes as Jim Hopper for the fifth season of Stranger Things (2025), also in Atlanta; that production
Thunderbolts*
Canceled NASA rocket key to Project Constellation
and human-rated Ares I rocket for the launching of the 4–6 person Orion spacecraft. Both rockets, deemed safer than the then-current Space Shuttle, would
Ares_V
Solar system exploration program by NASA
moons, then collecting the ejecta by means of a collector spacecraft flyby. Mars Geyser Hopper, a lander that would investigate the springtime carbon dioxide
Discovery_Program
1957 American monster film directed by Nathan Juran
and featuring stop-motion animation by Ray Harryhausen. It stars William Hopper, Joan Taylor, and Frank Puglia. Set in Italy, the film centers on an alien
20_Million_Miles_to_Earth
mission – during which the spacecraft was to approach within 50 m of Phobos's surface and release two landers, one a mobile 'hopper', the other a stationary
Exploration_of_Mars
on the lunar surface, followed later that year by Luna 10, the first spacecraft to enter orbit around the Moon. In 1968, the Zond 5 mission became the
List_of_missions_to_the_Moon
Partially-reusable heavy-lift launch vehicle by Relativity Space
v t e Reusable launch systems and spacecraft Launch systems Active Falcon 9 (first stage) Falcon Heavy (core stages) Long March 10B (first stage) New Glenn
Terran_R
v t e Reusable launch systems and spacecraft Launch systems Active Falcon 9 (first stage) Falcon Heavy (core stages) Long March 10B (first stage) New Glenn
Bristol_Spaceplanes
Partly reusable Orbital launch vehicle by LandSpace of China
Andrew (4 February 2025). "China to launch 2 new space station cargo spacecraft on commercial rockets in 2025". spacenews.com. Retrieved 4 February 2025
Zhuque-3
NASA cancelled spaceplane project
lifting-body concept, which included the Northrop HL-10. A lifting-body spacecraft would have several advantages over other shapes. With higher lift characteristics
HL-20_Personnel_Launch_System
List of space missions by NASA
Triton Hopper (Rocket-powered Hopper) Mars Scout program Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey (ARES) (2000-2010 concept) TAU (spacecraft)- probe
List_of_NASA_missions
This is a list of spacecraft missions (including unsuccessful ones) to the planet Mars, such as orbiters, landers, and rovers. Mission time is often measured
List_of_missions_to_Mars
trucks and grain hopper trailers. Honeycomb panels manufactured by Showa Aircraft Industry has been used on a number of spacecraft including the Hayabusa
Showa_Aircraft_Industry
European organisation dedicated to space exploration
NASA on the Artemis programme, especially manufacturing of the Orion spacecraft's European Service Module (ESM). ESA launches and operates uncrewed missions
European_Space_Agency
Canceled NASA rocket key to the Constellation program
Launch Vehicle" (CLV). NASA planned to use Ares I to launch Orion, the spacecraft intended for NASA human spaceflight missions after the Space Shuttle was
Ares_I
German space research project
Europe Canceled ARES Bristol Ascender, Spacebus, Spacecab Falke Hermes Hopper HOTOL MUSTARD Orizont S3 SOAR Saenger Silbervogel Historical IXV In development
Falke_(spacecraft)
NASA Mars lander (2018–2022)
the spacecraft was returned to Lockheed Martin's factory in Colorado for storage, and the Atlas V launch vehicle intended to launch the spacecraft was
InSight
execution, with spacecraft hibernation employed specifically to conserve energy for the prolonged interplanetary journeys. This allows the spacecraft to endure
Exploration_of_dwarf_planets
Robotic vehicle for Mars surface exploration
robotic vehicle control. They serve a different purpose than orbital spacecraft like Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. A more recent development is the Mars
Mars_rover
1919–2001 American manufacturing conglomerate
and Augmented Reality for Interactive Display Applications", in Darrel G. Hopper (ed.) Cockpit Displays VII: Displays for Defense Applications (Proc. SPIE
Rockwell_International
American business executive (born 1963)
interviewed by Chris Anderson about the future plans of SpaceX. At the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing on September 28, 2018, Shotwell's talk
Gwynne_Shotwell
Partially-reusable medium-lift launch vehicle by SpaceX
three demonstration launches of Falcon 9 with the SpaceX Dragon cargo spacecraft. Additional milestones were added later, raising the total contract value
Falcon_9
Uncrewed re-usable spaceplane technology demonstrator for the VentureStar
demonstrate the viability of a single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) design. A spacecraft capable of reaching orbit in a single stage would not require external
Lockheed_Martin_X-33
2015 Swiss spaceplane concept based on the Hermes design
suborbital or orbital trajectory. The vehicle, derived from the Hermes spacecraft developed by the European Space Agency, was planned to be built, launched
SOAR_(spaceplane)
Uncrewed cargo launcher proposal by NASA
v t e Reusable launch systems and spacecraft Launch systems Active Falcon 9 (first stage) Falcon Heavy (core stages) Long March 10B (first stage) New Glenn
Shuttle-C
Largest moon of Neptune
proposed orbiter mission to Triton. Trident (spacecraft), a proposed flyby mission to Triton. Triton Hopper, a proposed lander to Triton. Calculated on
Triton_(moon)
Russian test flight vehicle
Europe Canceled ARES Bristol Ascender, Spacebus, Spacecab Falke Hermes Hopper HOTOL MUSTARD Orizont S3 SOAR Saenger Silbervogel Historical IXV In development
BOR-5
Planned European interplanetary space tug supporting Mars missions
LightShip is a proposed class of uncrewed interplanetary spacecraft under development by the European Space Agency (ESA) that will serve as a space tug
LightShip_(spacecraft)
Upcoming class of spaceplanes by Virgin Galactic
vehicles for ground testing and development for the successor Delta-class spacecraft. Ultimately, no example of a SpaceShip III vehicle was ever completed
SpaceShip_III
Reusable rocket demonstrator
prototype reusable rocket first stage Prometheus (rocket engine) – Methalox spacecraft propulsion system Ariane Next – Orbital recoverable launch vehicle of
CALLISTO
Lunar lander developed by Intuitive Machines
(IM) to deliver small payloads to the lunar surface. It is the first spacecraft to use methalox propulsion to navigate between the Earth and the Moon
Intuitive_Machines_Nova-C
European orbital recoverable rocket of the company PLD Space
satisfied with the first Spanish rocket: it's been secretly developing a spacecraft for a year". Xataka (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 October 2024. Erard, Gabriel
Miura_Next
Partially-reusable medium-lift launch vehicle
v t e Reusable launch systems and spacecraft Launch systems Active Falcon 9 (first stage) Falcon Heavy (core stages) Long March 10B (first stage) New Glenn
Rocket_Lab_Neutron
Experimental spaceplane/booster (2013–2020)
Agency (DARPA) selected Boeing for Phase 2/3 to build and test an XS-1 spacecraft (now called the Experimental Spaceplane program). At the time, test flights
XS-1_(spacecraft)
Launch vehicle study
v t e Reusable launch systems and spacecraft Launch systems Active Falcon 9 (first stage) Falcon Heavy (core stages) Long March 10B (first stage) New Glenn
Liquid_fly-back_booster
1972–2011 United States human spaceflight program
from the 1969 plan for the Space Transportation System (STS) of reusable spacecraft. Only the shuttle and supporting rockets were funded for development;
Space_Shuttle_program
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HOPPER SPACECRAFT
HOPPER SPACECRAFT
HOPPER SPACECRAFT
HOPPER SPACECRAFT
HOPPER SPACECRAFT
HOPPER SPACECRAFT
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HOPPER SPACECRAFT
HOPPER SPACECRAFT
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