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Concepts for launch into space
Non-rocket spacelaunch refers to theoretical concepts for launch into space where much of the speed and altitude needed to achieve orbit is provided by
Non-rocket_spacelaunch
Earliest phase of a flight that reaches space
landing. Also, a rocket may be used to soften a hard parachute landing immediately before touchdown (see retrorocket). Non-rocket spacelaunch refers to theoretical
Space_launch
Method of launching an object into outer space via a large gun or cannon
structure. Space guns could thus potentially provide a method of non-rocket spacelaunch. It has been conjectured that space guns could place satellites
Space_gun
Proposed method for launching space vehicles
as the main character explores the titular city. Rocket sled Laser propulsion Non-rocket spacelaunch Silbervogel Spaceplane StarTram Inductrack Railgun
Rocket_sled_launch
Facility from which rockets are launched
vehicle – Rocket used to carry a spacecraft into space List of rocket launch sites Missile launch facility Non-rocket spacelaunch Pad abort test Rocket launch
Launch_pad
NASA super heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle used in the Artemis Program
System (HLS) in lunar orbit or low Earth orbit, separately launched on a non-SLS rocket; SpaceX's Starship HLS and Blue Origin's Blue Moon are under development
Space_Launch_System
Type of spacecraft propulsion system
The nuclear electric rocket terminology is slightly inconsistent, as technically the "rocket" part of the propulsion system is non-nuclear and could also
Nuclear_electric_rocket
Projectile launcher that uses magnetic levitation on megastructures
and with the help of computer-controlled control tethers. Non-rocket spacelaunch Rocket sled launch Vactrain High altitude platform station as a space
StarTram
Vehicle propelled by ejection of gases
expense over many payloads, or reducing rocket performance requirements by constructing a non-rocket spacelaunch system for part of the velocity to orbit
Rocket
Proposed system for launching objects into orbit
each end, which support it. Launch loops are intended to achieve non-rocket spacelaunch of vehicles weighing 5 metric tons by electromagnetically accelerating
Launch_loop
Rocket engine that uses both liquid / gaseous and solid fuel
A hybrid-propellant rocket is a rocket with a rocket motor that uses rocket propellants in two different phases: one solid and the other either gas or
Hybrid-propellant_rocket
Type of spacecraft propulsion using electrical energy to accelerate propellant
aviation History of rockets History of spaceflight New Millennium Program – NASA projects to test new space technologies Non-rocket spacelaunch – Concepts for
Spacecraft electric propulsion
Spacecraft_electric_propulsion
Proposed spacelaunch method
mass driver or electromagnetic catapult is a proposed method of non-rocket spacelaunch which would use a linear motor to accelerate and catapult payloads
Mass_driver
Satellite that covertly collects data for intelligence or military applications
tweeting a classified image of the aftermath of a failed test of Iran's Safir rocket in 2019. On 16 March 1955, the United States Air Force officially ordered
Reconnaissance_satellite
Vehicle propelled fully or mostly by electricity
spacecraft have been propelled by electricity since the 1960s, non-rocket spacelaunch from Earth remains science fiction. Technological progress in electric
Electric_vehicle
Electromagnetic projectile launcher
projectiles impacted the desert floor. Ram accelerator Project Babylon Non-rocket spacelaunch Electrothermal-chemical technology Plasma railgun Coilgun Kinetic
Railgun
Partially reusable launch system and space plane
three clustered Rocketdyne RS-25 main engines, a pair of recoverable solid rocket boosters (SRBs), and the expendable external tank (ET) containing liquid
Space_Shuttle
Method used to accelerate spacecraft
of substantially reducing the cost of getting to orbit. Proposed non-rocket spacelaunch launch-assist mechanisms include: Skyhook (requires reusable suborbital
Spacecraft_propulsion
1986 novel by Donald Kingsbury
which uses inverted aerobraking to match speed with the station. Non-rocket spacelaunch Roger Arnold and Donald Kingsbury, "The Spaceport, Part I," Analog
The_Moon_Goddess_and_the_Son
U.S. government research project
such object. Quicklaunch, proposed by SHARP scientist John Hunter. Non-rocket spacelaunch Project HARP Verneshot Operation Plumbbob Wade, Mark. "SHARP at
Super High Altitude Research Project
Super_High_Altitude_Research_Project
Liquid form of rocket propellants
The highest specific impulse chemical rockets use liquid propellants (liquid-propellant rockets). They can consist of a single chemical (a monopropellant)
Liquid_rocket_propellant
Artificial satellite that relays radio signals
The launch of Sputnik 1 was a major step in the exploration of space and rocket development, and marks the beginning of the Space Age. There are two major
Communications_satellite
Comparison of all orbital launch systems
List of orbital launch systems Lists of rockets List of sounding rockets List of upper stages Non-rocket spacelaunch There are many different methods. Each
Comparison of orbital launch systems
Comparison_of_orbital_launch_systems
Modular space station in low Earth orbit
rocket stages, defunct satellites, explosion fragments (including materials from anti-satellite weapon tests), paint flakes, slag from solid rocket motors
International_Space_Station
Objects intentionally placed into orbit
intelligence and, potentially, weapon delivery. Other satellites include the final rocket stages that place satellites in orbit and formerly useful satellites that
Satellite
Void between celestial bodies
for addressing this issue include, fully reusable launch systems, non-rocket spacelaunch, momentum exchange tethers, and space elevators. Interstellar travel
Outer_space
Rocket engine that uses liquid fuels and oxidizers
A liquid-propellant rocket or liquid rocket uses a rocket engine burning liquid propellants. (Alternate approaches use gaseous or solid propellants.)
Liquid-propellant_rocket
Jet engine where combustion takes place in supersonic airflow
need to lift more load than a rocket of equal takeoff weight to be equally as cost efficient (if the scramjet is a non-reusable vehicle).[citation needed]
Scramjet
American spaceflight technology company
inspected and found to be in good order. Launch service provider Non-rocket spacelaunch Outline of space technology Reusable launch system Space gun High
SpinLaunch
Nuclear spacecraft propulsion technology
rocket (NTR) is a type of thermal rocket where the heat from a nuclear reaction replaces the chemical energy of the propellants in a chemical rocket.
Nuclear_thermal_rocket
Proposed type of space transportation system
launched from the fast-moving tip into orbit. Other concepts for non-rocket spacelaunch related to a space elevator (or parts of a space elevator) include
Space_elevator
Projectile launcher that uses supersonic fuel-air combustion outside of an engine
scramjet combustion processes. It is thought to be possible to achieve non-rocket spacelaunch with this technology. It consists of a long tube (barrel) filled
Ram_accelerator
return (planned for 1975). The missions were to be launched on the failed N1 rocket. Mars 5M (Mars-79) – double-launching Soviet sample return mission planned
List_of_missions_to_Mars
Vehicles that can go to space and return
outer space. Rocket stages are the most common launch vehicle parts aimed for reuse. Smaller parts such as fairings, boosters or rocket engines can also
Reusable_launch_vehicle
1961–1972 American crewed lunar exploration program
as a "lifeboat" on the return journey. Apollo used the Saturn family of rockets as launch vehicles, which were also used for an Apollo Applications Program
Apollo_program
Crewed or uncrewed travel between stars or planets
body. Other developments are designed to improve rocket launching and propulsion, as well as the use of non-traditional sources of energy. Using extraterrestrial
Interplanetary_spaceflight
Vehicle or machine designed to fly in space
cannot get into space on their own, and require a launch vehicle (carrier rocket). On a sub-orbital spaceflight, a space vehicle enters space and then returns
Spacecraft
sites, suborbital launch technology, orbital launch systems, cryogenic rocket technologies and reusable hardware technologies. This group of agencies
List of government space agencies
List_of_government_space_agencies
survive Soyuz rocket emergency landing Archived 2021-01-20 at the Wayback Machine CNN, 11 October 2018. "Astronauts pinpoint source of 'non-standard' air
List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents
List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents
Spacecraft capable of aerodynamic flight in atmosphere
participate in the Ariane rocket, Columbus space station and Hermes spaceplane of ESA, Spacelab of ESA-NASA and Deutschland missions (non-U.S. funded Space Shuttle
Spaceplane
Mechanism where confined high-speed particles confer energy to a vehicle
have also been proposed. Rockets are momentum machines; they use mass ejected from the rocket to provide momentum to the rocket. Momentum is the product
Beam-powered_propulsion
US–USSR spaceflight capability rivalry
rocket, which was a research-only rocket. This meant that von Braun's team was not allowed to put a satellite into orbit with their Jupiter-C rocket,
Space_Race
Artillery using coils to electromagnetically propel a projectile
low inductance coil to propel the projectile forward. Some designs have non-ferromagnetic projectiles, of materials such as aluminium or copper, with
Coilgun
Rocket with a motor that uses solid propellants
solid-propellant rocket or solid rocket is a rocket with a rocket engine that uses solid propellants (fuel/oxidizer). The earliest rockets were solid-fuel rockets powered
Solid-propellant_rocket
Spaceflight not by a government
into hydrogen peroxide, all of which could be used as rocket fuels." In June 2012, private Dutch non-profit, Mars One, announced a private one-way (no return)
Private_spaceflight
Proposed momentum exchange tether
then be reboosted to its original altitude by electromagnetic propulsion, rocket propulsion, or by deorbiting another object with the same kinetic energy
Skyhook_(structure)
Location used to launch and receive spacecraft
spacecraft into Earth's orbit or on interplanetary trajectories. However, rocket launch sites for sub-orbital spaceflights are also sometimes called spaceports
Spaceport
Possible future technology
Nanoship Non-rocket spacelaunch Nuclear electric rocket Nuclear lightbulb Nuclear photonic rocket Nuclear pulse propulsion Nuclear salt-water rocket Nuclear
List of hypothetical technologies
List_of_hypothetical_technologies
Hypothetical travel between galaxies
possible, in theory, from the point of view of the traveler. For example, a rocket that accelerated at standard acceleration due to gravity toward the Andromeda
Intergalactic_travel
Load bearing cable connecting objects in space
Science portal Science fiction portal STARS-II Spacecraft propulsion Non-rocket spacelaunch Orbital ring – theoretical artificial ring placed in Earth orbit
Space_tether
Rocket that burns 3 propellants at once or 2 fuels with an oxidizer, sequentially
tripropellant rocket is a rocket that uses three propellants, as opposed to the more common bipropellant rocket or monopropellant rocket designs, which
Tripropellant_rocket
1865 novel by Jules Verne
remarkably accurate. However, his version of a space gun for a non-rocket spacelaunch turned out to be impractical for safe human space travel since a
From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon
Type of rocket engine which uses liquid fuel stored at very low temperatures
A cryogenic rocket engine is a rocket engine that uses a cryogenic fuel and oxidizer; that is, both its fuel and oxidizer are gases which have been liquefied
Cryogenic_rocket_engine
Human space travel for recreation
The capsule is attached to the top portion of an 18-meter (59-foot) rocket. The rocket successfully launched with four passengers on July 20, 2021, and reached
Space_tourism
Rocket driven by nuclear fusion power
A fusion rocket is a theoretical design for a rocket driven by fusion propulsion, which could provide efficient and sustained acceleration in space without
Fusion_rocket
Space program of Japan
the Pencil Rocket, the larger Baby Rocket was developed, which reached an altitude of 6 km (3.7 mi). After the Baby Rocket, two further rocket projects
Japanese_space_program
Rocket engine operation method
is one of the most commonly used engine cycles in bipropellant liquid rocket engines. Propellant is burned in a gas generator (analogous to, but distinct
Gas-generator_cycle
Conceptual artificial ring around the Earth
pieces to be connected together once in orbit. Megascale engineering Non-rocket spacelaunch Niven Ring (in the novel Ringworld): orbital ring around a star
Orbital_ring
Concept in celestial mechanics
and solar wind. A rocket under continuous or intermittent thrust (or an object climbing a space elevator) can attain escape at any non-zero speed, but the
Escape_velocity
Renewed 21st-century competition in space exploration
active vehicle worldwide, its in-development Starship is the most powerful rocket flown, Starlink comprises 75% of active maneuverable satellites in orbit
New_Space_Race
Initial American crewed spaceflight program (1958–1963)
Redstone and Atlas D missiles. The capsule was fitted with a launch escape rocket to carry it safely away from the launch vehicle in case of a failure. The
Project_Mercury
Hypothetical travel between stars or planetary systems
nuclear pulse propulsion, fission-fragment rocket, fusion rocket, beamed solar sail, and antimatter rocket. The benefits of interstellar travel include
Interstellar_travel
Conceptual rocket engine
Direct Fusion Drive (DFD) is a conceptual, low radioactivity, nuclear-fusion rocket engine, designed to produce both thrust and electric power, suitable for
Direct_Fusion_Drive
Rocket used to carry a spacecraft into space
A launch vehicle is typically a rocket-powered vehicle designed to carry a payload (a crewed spacecraft or satellites) from Earth's surface or lower atmosphere
Launch_vehicle
board. Spaceflight portal Comparison of orbital launch systems Non-rocket spacelaunch List of orbital launch systems List of private spaceflight companies#Crew
List of canceled launch vehicle designs
List_of_canceled_launch_vehicle_designs
Rocket engine that uses photons to propel a spacecraft
In a traditional nuclear photonic rocket, an onboard nuclear reactor would generate such high temperatures that the blackbody radiation from the reactor
Nuclear_photonic_rocket
successful or not) and suborbital flights (e.g. ballistic missiles, sounding rockets, experimental spacecraft). 100 200 300 400 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985
Timeline_of_spaceflight
Propulsion concepts and technologies
aviation History of rockets History of spaceflight New Millennium Program – NASA projects to test new space technologies Non-rocket spacelaunch – Concepts for
Field_propulsion
Proposed rocket propulsion mechanism
The nuclear salt-water rocket (NSWR) is a theoretical type of nuclear thermal rocket designed by Robert Zubrin. In place of traditional chemical propellant
Nuclear_salt-water_rocket
American projectile researcher (born 1955)
developing a light-gas gun concept Spaceflight portal Gerald Bull Non-rocket spacelaunch "How We Get To Next - How We Get To Next". 8 February 2018. "Home
John_Hunter_(scientist)
Type of rocket engine
a type of rocket engine which uses the expansion of a (typically inert) pressurized gas to generate thrust. As opposed to traditional rocket engines, a
Cold_gas_thruster
Type of rocket engine fuel
hypergolic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A hypergolic propellant is a rocket propellant whose components spontaneously ignite upon contact with one another
Hypergolic_propellant
Spacecraft crew member
Soviet Union or the United States to fly to space in 1978 on a Soyuz-U rocket. On 23 July 1980, Pham Tuan of Vietnam became the first Asian in space when
Astronaut
Investigation of outer space
recorded history, it was the development of large and relatively efficient rockets during the mid-twentieth century that allowed physical space exploration
Space_exploration
Form of beam-powered propulsion
reaction mass. This form of propulsion differs from a conventional chemical rocket where both energy and reaction mass come from the solid or liquid propellants
Laser_propulsion
Type of nuclear propulsion method with an ultra high specific-inpulse
The fission-fragment rocket is a rocket engine design that directly harnesses hot nuclear fission products for thrust, as opposed to using a separate fluid
Fission-fragment_rocket
Spaceflight with a crew or passengers
On 12 April 1961, Gagarin was launched aboard Vostok 1 on a Vostok 3KA rocket and completed a single orbit. On 5 May 1961, the US launched its first astronaut
Human_spaceflight
Extremely tall tower meant to launch spacecraft via pellets in vacuum tubes
000 mi) long structure. Launch loop Mass driver Megascale engineering Non-rocket spacelaunch Orbital ring Space elevator Space gun Lucas, Paul (14 July 2003)
Space_fountain
Form of electric spacecraft propulsion
spacecraft must rely on other methods such as conventional chemical rockets or non-rocket launch technologies to reach their initial orbit. Robert H. Goddard
Ion_thruster
Equilibrium points near two orbiting bodies
Escape velocity Expendable and reusable launch systems Launch pad Non-rocket spacelaunch Spaceport Ground segment Flight controller Ground station Pass Mission
Lagrange_point
Orbit keeping the satellite at a fixed longitude above the equator
expanded the concept in a 1945 paper entitled Extra-Terrestrial Relays – Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?, published in Wireless World magazine
Geosynchronous_orbit
American aerospace company
that is also developing a space light-gas gun. Spaceflight portal Non-rocket spacelaunch Super High Altitude Research Project Green Launch "Quicklaunch Inc
Quicklaunch
Sounding rocket carried by balloon to the upper atmosphere
Da Vinci Project JP Aerospace Low-Density Supersonic Decelerator Non-rocket spacelaunch Zero2infinity's Bloostar Deimos-One's Vulcan Okninski, Adam; Raurell
Rockoon
1961–1966 US human spaceflight program
launch escape system did not use an escape tower powered by a solid-fuel rocket, but instead used aircraft-style ejection seats. The tower was heavy and
Project_Gemini
A radioisotope rocket or radioisotope thermal rocket is a type of thermal rocket engine that uses the heat generated by the decay of radioactive elements
Radioisotope_rocket
American industrial company
this source, which is in the public domain. "Lunar Module Descent Stage Rocket Engine Thrust Chamber". Apollo Artifacts. Retrieved 3 July 2025. "Oerlikon
TRW_Inc.
Branch of astronomy
Escape velocity Expendable and reusable launch systems Launch pad Non-rocket spacelaunch Spaceport Ground segment Flight controller Ground station Pass Mission
Deep_space_exploration
Military branch for space warfare
However, it lost its independence twice, first absorbed into the Strategic Rocket Forces between 1997 and 2001 and between 2001 and 2011. Then it merged into
Space_force
Conspiracy theory about Soviet cosmonauts
Alexei Ledovsky was mentioned as being launched inside a converted R-5A rocket. Three more names of alleged cosmonauts claimed to have perished under similar
Lost_Cosmonauts
Use of satellite signals for navigation or geo-spatial positioning
Launch pad Expendable and reusable launch vehicles Escape velocity Non-rocket spacelaunch Spaceflight types Sub-orbital Orbital Interplanetary Interstellar
Satellite_navigation
Rocket engine operation method
The pressure-fed engine is a class of rocket engine designs. A separate gas supply, usually helium, pressurizes the propellant tanks to force fuel and
Pressure-fed_engine
made public in 1987, included the development and launch of an observation rocket by 1991, the introduction of a small satellite for scientific research into
South_Korean_space_program
Type of electric propulsion
were converted to thrust. Ad Astra Rocket Company is developing the Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMR). Canadian company Nautel is
Plasma_propulsion_engine
Concept of permanent human habitation outside of Earth
space colonies in his book Auf zwei Planeten (Two Planets). The Russian rocket science pioneer Konstantin Tsiolkovsky foresaw elements of the space community
Space_colonization
Historical period started in 1957
June 1944, a German V-2 rocket became the first manmade object to enter space, albeit only briefly. In March 1926 American rocket pioneer Robert H. Goddard
Space_Age
v t e Non-rocket spacelaunch Spaceflight Static structures Compressive Space tower Pneumatic freestanding tower Tensile Orbiting skyhooks Skyhook Momentum
List_of_spaceplanes
Condition caused by weightlessness
compared to terrestrial motion sickness, the two conditions have opposite non-medicinal remedies. The idea of sensory conflict implies that the most direct
Space_adaptation_syndrome
Launch system that uses a single use launch vehicle
impact with Earth, or discarded in space. ELVs typically consist of several rocket stages that are discarded sequentially as their fuel is exhausted and the
Expendable_launch_system
Space navigation technique
from gravity assist alone, a rocket burn near the periapsis (closest planetary approach) uses the least fuel. A given rocket burn always provides the same
Gravity_assist
Unusable radioactive materials
reliability of modern rocket launch systems for space disposal has been one of the motives for interest in non-rocket spacelaunch systems such as mass
Radioactive_waste
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