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complexity theory, a gap reduction is a reduction to a particular type of decision problem, known as a c-gap problem. Such reductions provide information
Gap_reduction
Algorithm for transforming one optimization problem into another
type of reduction that, while useful in proving some inapproximability results, does not resemble the other reductions shown here. Gap reductions deal with
Approximation-preserving reduction
Approximation-preserving_reduction
Breakdown in empathy
An empathy gap, sometimes referred to as an empathy bias, is a breakdown or reduction in empathy (the ability to recognize, understand, and share another's
Empathy_gap
Difference in quantities of cations and anions in blood or urine
the HCO− 3 concentration, and result in a corresponding mild reduction in the anion gap. In many situations, alterations in renal function (even if mild
Anion_gap
its optical and electrical properties. The apparent effects are: band gap reduction, valence band splitting, and optical anisotropy. For instance, in CuPt
Cu-Pt type ordering in III-V semiconductor
Cu-Pt_type_ordering_in_III-V_semiconductor
School excellence award in the United States
schools and schools that were making great strides in closing any achievement gaps between students. The program was supported through ongoing collaboration
National Blue Ribbon Schools Program
National_Blue_Ribbon_Schools_Program
Theory of a quantum origin of consciousness
Orchestrated objective reduction (Orch OR) is a controversial theory postulating that consciousness originates at the quantum level inside neurons (rather
Orchestrated objective reduction
Orchestrated_objective_reduction
End of NASA Space Shuttle program in 2011
Chris (February 12, 2009). "Extra NASA funds: An initial step towards gap reduction options/Extension". Retrieved November 27, 2022. "Review of U.S. Human
Space_Shuttle_retirement
Learner centric pedagogy
Scripted Inquiry: Better Overall Science Concept Learning and Equity Gap Reduction, Mehalik, Doppelt, Schunn. Journal of Engineering Education, January
Design-based_learning
Free Senior High Education In Ghana
necessitate tertiary education, could now be further encouraged. A gap reduction has formed in university graduates who acquire degrees without the achievement
Free_Senior_High_School
Passages between the northern Atlantic Ocean and the Norwegian Sea
The GIUK gap (sometimes written G-I-UK) is an area in the northern Atlantic Ocean that forms a naval choke point. Its name is an initialism for Greenland
GIUK_gap
semiconductors have been successfully employed for CO2 photo reduction including p-GaP, p-CdTe, p-Si, p-GaAs, p-InP, and p-SiC. Kinetically, however
Photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide
Photoelectrochemical_reduction_of_carbon_dioxide
1974, the United States Federal Government has had funding gaps on 27 occasions. Funding gaps did not lead to government shutdowns prior to 1980, when President
List of United States federal funding gaps
List_of_United_States_federal_funding_gaps
Algorithm in computational number theory
The Lenstra–Lenstra–Lovász (LLL) lattice basis reduction algorithm is a polynomial time lattice reduction algorithm invented by Arjen Lenstra, Hendrik Lenstra
Lenstra–Lenstra–Lovász lattice basis reduction algorithm
Lenstra–Lenstra–Lovász_lattice_basis_reduction_algorithm
Gap in the fossil record
The cat gap is a period in the fossil record of approximately 25 million to 18.5 million years ago in which there are few fossils of cats or cat-like
Cat_gap
Measures to reduce poverty permanently
Natasha Grist and Cheikh Sourang (2009) "Closing the gap between climate adaptation and poverty reduction frameworks" Archived 4 April 2012 at the Wayback
Poverty_reduction
Set of processes for obtaining iron from iron ore
In the iron and steel industry, direct reduction is a set of processes for obtaining iron from iron ore, by reducing iron oxides without melting the metal
Direct_reduction
Public health policies which lessen negative aspects of problematic activities
Harm reduction, or harm minimization, refers to a range of intentional practices and public health policies designed to lessen the negative social and/or
Harm_reduction
Average difference in remuneration amounts between men and women
The gender pay gap or gender wage gap is the average difference between the remuneration for men and women who are employed. In most countries, women are
Gender_pay_gap
Inability to describe conscious experiences in solely physical or structural terms
In the philosophy of mind, the explanatory gap is the difficulty that physicalist philosophies have in explaining how physical properties give rise to
Explanatory_gap
Wedge in golf
set, but this is nowhere near the amount of loft reduction seen in the numbered irons. This leaves a "gap" in loft angle between the pitching and sand wedges
Gap_wedge
Cold War term used in the United States
In the United States, during the Cold War, the missile gap was the perceived superiority of the number and power of the USSR's missiles in comparison
Missile_gap
American budget reconciliation law
The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA), Pub. L. 117–169 (text) (PDF), is a United States federal law which aimed to reduce the federal government budget
Inflation_Reduction_Act
Postpositivist communication theory developed in 1975
The uncertainty reduction theory (URT), also known as initial interaction theory, developed in 1975 by Charles Berger and Richard Calabrese, is a communication
Uncertainty_reduction_theory
Indication of topological symmetry groups to topological condensed matter
to topological insulators and topological superconductors with an energy gap, when particle-particle interactions are excluded. The table is no longer
Periodic table of topological insulators and topological superconductors
Periodic_table_of_topological_insulators_and_topological_superconductors
Prefecture and commune in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France
Gap (French pronunciation: [ɡap], Occitan: [ˈɡap]) is the prefecture of the department of Hautes-Alpes, in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, southern
Gap,_Hautes-Alpes
Shortage of forage for honey bees in the UK and Ireland
The June gap occurs in Ireland and Great Britain when there is a shortage of forage available for honey bee, typically occurring in June. Subsequent to
June_gap
Economic measurement
"fiscal gap" accounting method can be used to calculate the percentage of necessary tax increases or spending reductions needed to close the fiscal gap in
Fiscal_gap
2021 Chinese educational policy
The Double Reduction Policy (Chinese: 双减政策; pinyin: shuāng jiǎn zhèng cè) is a Chinese education policy intended to reduce homework and after-school tutoring
Double_Reduction_Policy
Aim to increase student-teacher interactions
(2014) summarized the benefits of class size reduction and its efficacy in narrowing the achievement gap in a report for the National Education Policy
Class-size_reduction
Mechanical transmission using multiple gears
advantage of the gear set. A planetary gear train provides high gear reduction in a compact package. It is possible to design gear teeth for gears that
Gear_train
Cold War intimidation tactic used by the Soviet Union's military
The bomber gap was the Cold War belief that the Soviet Union's Long Range Aviation department had gained an advantage in deploying jet-powered strategic
Bomber_gap
Cognitive bias about one's own skill
South Asia United States Arab–Israeli conflict Ukraine Vietnam War Bias reduction Cognitive bias mitigation Debiasing Heuristics in judgment and decision-making
Dunning–Kruger_effect
Difference between actual and potential GDP
research and development. Such reductions are likely to impair an economy's long-run potential. Third, a persistent, large output gap can have deleterious effects
Output_gap
School district in California, United States
maintains two schools, one in Alta, California and one in Emigrant Gap, California. Emigrant Gap Elementary School District was consolidated with Alta-Dutch
Alta Dutch Flat Elementary School District
Alta_Dutch_Flat_Elementary_School_District
Binary operation in graph theory
can be measured by its spectral gap, with an important property of the zigzag product the preservation of the spectral gap. That is, if H {\displaystyle
Zig-zag_product
Mental phenomenon of holding contradictory beliefs
"religion gap" refers to this phenomena where Conservatives are deemed religious and Liberals deemed non-religious. However, the basis of this gap was found
Cognitive_dissonance
Computer architecture where code and data share a common bus
and von Neumann, of course, also made substantial contributions to the "reduction to practice" of these concepts but I would not regard these as comparable
Von_Neumann_architecture
Gender biases in digital technology
mobile gender gaps in the world where over 74 million women are not connected. The gender gap in mobile ownership was 13 percent, a reduction from 14 percent
Gender_digital_divide
American reconnaissance aircraft
the growing demand for accurate intelligence regarding the alleged "bomber gap" between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, in June 1956 Eisenhower approved
Lockheed_U-2
non-aboriginal men. There are several reasons in which contribute to the gap in educational levels. For rural aboriginals in Canada, poverty can affect
Rural_poverty_in_Canada
Teachers' organization in Singapore
teachers, who were not holding on to middle management positions, will see a reduction of about 18 per cent of their salaries upon re-employment. The move to
Singapore_Teachers'_Union
Type of jet engine air intake
from entering the engine, inlets typically incorporate a splitter plate/gap to separate and bypass the layer, or a bleed system to remove it by suction
Diverterless_supersonic_inlet
Cell-cell junction composed of innexins or connexins
Skipper, Betty E. (March 1979). "Development of the aging cell surface. Reduction of gap junction-mediated metabolic cooperation with progressive subcultivation
Gap_junction
Differences in pay between men and women
The gender pay gap in the United States tech industry is the divergence in pay between men and women who work in areas such as software engineering. In
Gender pay gap in the United States tech industry
Gender_pay_gap_in_the_United_States_tech_industry
Distribution of income or wealth between different groups
inequality is the defining challenge of our time. In advanced economies, the gap between the rich and poor is at its highest level in decades. Inequality
Economic_inequality
Device that generates sparks in internal combustion engines
be noticeable directly, but will show up as a reduction in the engine's power and fuel efficiency. Gap adjustment is not recommended for iridium and platinum
Spark_plug
Most populous city in the United States
2024. Honan, Katie (September 11, 2019). "New York City's Income-Inequality Gap Hasn't Changed, Report Says". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved
New_York_City
IRR—an 11% gap. Male administrative law judges earn, on average, 1,619,999,400 IRR, compared to 1,452,001,600 IRR for females—showing a 12% gap. Male economists
Salaries_in_Iran
Type of electric motor construction
An axial flux motor (axial gap motor, or pancake motor) is a geometry of electric motor construction where the gap between the rotor and stator, and therefore
Axial_flux_motor
Semiconductor light source
photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor. White light is obtained by using multiple semiconductors
Light-emitting_diode
Crystalline structure of phosphorus
phosphorene is a competitor to graphene because it has a nonzero fundamental band gap that can be modulated by strain and the number of layers in a stack. Phosphorene
Phosphorene
Zain Africa, as well as Margareta Wahlström, UN Assistant Secretary-General for Disaster Risk Reduction. Climate gap Global Humanitarian Forum website
Weather Info for All Initiative
Weather_Info_for_All_Initiative
Preventing and reducing disaster risk factors
Disaster risk reduction aims to make disasters less likely to happen. The approach, also called DRR or disaster risk management, also aims to make disasters
Disaster_risk_reduction
channel. Calcium intake reduction of the channels is associated with reducing Cortical Spreading Depression (CSD) as it inhibits gap-junction communication
Gap_junction_modulator
Light rail line in Portland, Oregon
transportation funding measure called "Get Moving 2020". In light of a budget gap of $462 million, planners proposed reducing lanes on Barbur Boulevard and
MAX_Green_Line
Sovereign wealth fund of the Russian Federation
tons of the metal on 1 January 2024 to 187.7 tons on 31 December 2024, a reduction of 48% over the year. In the second half of 2019, the effect of an OPEC+
Russian_National_Wealth_Fund
Optimal data structure for priority queues
apply active root reduction and root degree reduction, by lemmas 2 and 4. However, active root reduction and root degree reduction have already been exhaustively
Strict_Fibonacci_heap
Energy difference between ground state and lightest excited state(s)
In quantum field theory, the mass gap is the difference in energy between the lowest energy state, the vacuum, and the next lowest energy state. The energy
Mass_gap
American politician (born 1963)
2011. Jaffe, Matthew (March 17, 2011). "Kickin' the Can: Senate Passes Stop-Gap Spending Plan, Buys Lawmakers Three More Weeks To Solve Funding Mess". ABC
Rand_Paul
cells are the gap junctions, which are made of connexins which serve important functions in distribution and connection between cells; the gap junctions enable
Hensen's_cell
Object reducing thermal resistance
least resistance for heat transfer. Thermal bridges result in an overall reduction in thermal resistance of the object. The term is frequently discussed
Thermal_bridge
Human-caused changes to climate on Earth
emissions reduction seven-fold over current policies, deliver $200 billion per year for clean-energy and social programs and even close the gap between
Climate_change
Nonparametric spectral estimation method
series, the SSA gap filling procedure utilizes temporal correlations to fill in the missing points. For a multivariate data set, gap filling by M-SSA
Singular_spectrum_analysis
Increased gap between right and left rectus abdominis muscles
Diastasis recti, or rectus abdominis diastasis, is an increased gap between the right and left rectus abdominis muscles. The increased distance between
Diastasis_recti
American software company
capitalization tables led to a series of equity gap studies called Table Stakes. The reports highlight the equity gaps between employees and founders based on
Carta_(software_company)
Archipelagic country in Southeast Asia
Resource Book. London: Zed Books. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-84277-093-1. Min, Pyong Gap; Kim, Jung Ha, eds. (2001). Religions in Asian America: Building Faith Communities
Philippines
1991 Soviet Union–United States arms control treaty
START I (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) was a bilateral treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union on the reduction and the limitation of strategic
START_I
In Russia the wage gap exists (after 1991, but also before) and statistical analysis shows that most of it cannot be explained by lower qualifications
Gender_pay_gap_in_Russia
Subunit of a computational problem
high side of the gap. The reductions used in these proofs, and the gadgets used in the reductions, must preserve the existence of this gap, and the strength
Gadget_(computer_science)
Optimization problem in computer science
algorithms most notably includes lattice enumeration and random sampling reduction, while the latter includes lattice sieving, computing the Voronoi cell
Lattice_problem
Large gap in cirrocumulus or altocumulus clouds
cloud, punch hole cloud, skypunch, cloud canal, or cloud hole – is a large gap, usually circular or elliptical, that can appear in cirrocumulus or altocumulus
Fallstreak_hole
Space Shuttle heat shielding system
improved strength, durability, resistance to coating cracking and weight reduction. Some HRSI tiles were replaced by this type. Flexible Insulation Blankets
Space Shuttle thermal protection system
Space_Shuttle_thermal_protection_system
Belief in sexual relationships
orgasm. The term has also been linked to the concept of phallocentrism—the reduction of the male body to the penis—by minimizing other sensitive and pleasurable
Coital_imperative
include, Detectors and Instrumentation, Observational Astrophysics, Wideband Gap Materials, Nanostructures, and Silicon Photonics. A primary objective of
Center_for_Detectors
growth resulted in significant improvements in real living standards and reduction in poverty rates. The World Bank estimates that more than 60% of the population
Economic_inequality_in_China
Economic relationship between unemployment and production losses
after Arthur Melvin Okun, who first proposed the relationship in 1962. The "gap version" states that for every 1% increase in the unemployment rate, a country's
Okun's_law
"productivity-compensation gap", an issue which has garnered much attention from academics and policymakers. BLS reported this gap occurs across most industries:
Causes of income inequality in the United States
Causes_of_income_inequality_in_the_United_States
Partnership between a government and private company
political representatives could lead to projects being diminished or reduction of the allocated budget. This is common within PPPs as different political
Public–private_partnership
Ecological feature
A treefall gap is a distinguishable hole in the canopy of a forest with vertical sides extending through all levels down to an average height of 2 m (6
Treefall_gap
2024 film by Halina Reijn
normalizing age gaps in relationships, particularly when women are the older partners, stating, "It should completely be normalized that the age gaps switch and
Babygirl
Complex of natural and human-made wetlands lying east of Kolkata
since 2006, the East Kolkata Wetlands have experienced severe physical reduction: their total area declined from approximately 65 sq km to 41 sq km within
East_Calcutta_Wetlands
Series of dark fantasy books by Glen Cook
and internecine conflicts among allies; and surviving several dramatic reductions in their membership rolls. The Black Company: May 1984 Shadows Linger:
The_Black_Company
Series of V8 engines built by Chrysler
with 5.7 HEMI became NGK LZFR5C-11. Besides different seats, the spark plug gap grew from .039" (1.0 mm) to .043" (1.1 mm). Engines mated to the six-speed
Chrysler_Hemi_engine
Nicotine product
purchase age of 18 years, and positions nicotine pouches as part of a harm-reduction strategy intended to support smokers seeking alternatives to cigarettes
Nicotine_pouch
Period of consumer payment for prescription medication costs
The Medicare Part D coverage gap (informally known as the Medicare donut hole) was a period of consumer payments for prescription medication costs that
Medicare_Part_D_coverage_gap
American political campaign
Investment and Jobs Act, the Chips and Science Act, and the Inflation Reduction Act's landmark investment to combat climate change. Biden made strengthening
Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign
Joe_Biden_2024_presidential_campaign
Electric pickup truck
model released only offered a range of 340 miles (550 km). To bridge the gap, Tesla announced a future optional "range extender": a 50 kWh battery pack
Tesla_Cybertruck
US public-service advertising campaign
to appear in 60% of the subway's cars. There was an additional two-year gap before the 1999 episode appeared. The delay was partly because work was being
Julio_and_Marisol
discrimination. Current programming includes: KELY's workshops employ a harm reduction approach on alcohol and other drug-related topics. These workshops provide
Kely_Support_Group
Revenue service of the U.S. federal government
gap. The gross tax gap is the amount of true tax liability that is not paid voluntarily and timely. For years 2008–2010, the estimated gross tax gap was
Internal_Revenue_Service
Earth's most severe extinction event
diversity losses were more superficial than those of marine animals. Even the reduction observed in species diversity (of 50%) may be mostly due to taphonomic
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Permian–Triassic_extinction_event
Khrushchev's USSR or even Kim Il Sung's North Korea, under Mao, poverty reduction was not given attention to, and the government instead engaged in "campaigns
Poverty_in_China
(March 18, 2025). "Steve Kornacki: White men, white women, and the gap within the gender gap". NBC News. Retrieved August 2, 2026. "Occupations that Need More
2024 United States presidential election
2024_United_States_presidential_election
Country in South Asia
2025 was 4.5%. Pakistan ranks near the bottom globally on the Global Gender Gap Index's economic participation and opportunity sub-index for women, reflecting
Pakistan
Basic deployable unit of maneuver in the U.S. Army
announced the reduction of 2 additional BCTs as part of ongoing reductions to an end strength of 450,000. In addition to the reduction, one active Stryker
Brigade_Combat_Team
35mm compact camera
handle situations like focusing properly when photographing two people with a gap between them. Other cameras would focus on the center (infinity), and the
Olympus_Stylus_Epic
Cohort born from 1997 to 2012
the right since the early 2020s. Moreover, there is a significant gender gap in political views among the young around the world. Polling on immigration
Generation_Z
Soviet carbine
muzzle velocity to 735 m/s (2,411 ft/s) resulted in a 100 m (109 yd) reduction in effective range to 400 m (437 yd) (the effective hitting distance for
AKS-74U
One of the largest refugee-hosting nations in the world
under the Uganda Country Refugee Response Plan secured, leaving a funding gap of around 65%. In 2024, Rising food and fuel prices, influenced in part by
Refugees_in_Uganda
GAP REDUCTION
GAP REDUCTION
Female
English
English name derived from the vocabulary word, GAY means "happy." Compare with masculine Gay.
Male
Native American
Native American Navajo name GAD means "juniper tree."
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : nickname for a lighthearted or cheerful person, from Middle English, Old French gai. In Middle English the term could also mean ‘wanton’, ‘lascivious’ and this sense may lie behind the surname in some instances.English (of Norman origin) : habitational name from places in Normandy called Gaye, from an early proprietor bearing a Germanic personal name cognate with Wade.probably from the Catalan personal name Gai (Latin Gaius), or in some cases a nickname from Catalan gay ‘cheerful’.Variant of German Gau.North German : from a Frisian personal name Gay.A Congregational clergyman and one of the forerunners of the Unitarian movement in New England, Ebenezer Gay (1696–1787) was born in Dedham, MA, which had been founded by his grandfather, John Gay, who came to America from Wiltshire, England, about 1630 and settled in Watertown, MA. Ebenezer’s great-grandson Howard was editor of the American Anti-Slavery Standard.
Male
Greek
(Γάδ) Greek form of Hebrew Gad, GAD means "troop." In the bible, this is the name of a tribe descended from Gad, mentioned in the New Testament in Rev vii. 5. Compare with other forms of Gad.
Male
Hebrew
(גָּד) Hebrew name GAD means "troop." In the bible, this is the name of a prophet and the seventh son of Jacob by Zilpah. Compare with other forms of Gad.
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Gay, GAE means "happy."
Girl/Female
Tamil
Anvita | அநà¯à®µà®¿à®¤à®¾
Who bridges the gap
Anvita | அநà¯à®µà®¿à®¤à®¾
Female
French
Possibly a contracted form of French Gwenaëlle, GAËLLE means "holy and generous."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English gappe, Old Norse gap ‘chasm’, ‘breach’, hence a topographic name for someone who lived near a gap in a wall, hedge, or (in Norfolk and Suffolk) cliffs.German : from the personal name Gabo, a short form of Gebolf (see Gebhardt).
Male
French
French form of Roman Latin Caietanus, GAËTAN means "from Caieta (Gaeta, Italy)."
Male
Slovene
Slovene form of Portuguese/Spanish Gaspar, GAÅ PER means "treasure bearer."Â
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Gadd.Danish : from a medieval nickname Gad meaning ‘sting’, ‘point’, or from the Biblical male personal name Gad.Muslim : from a personal name based on Arabic jÄd ‘serious’, ‘earnest’.
Girl/Female
Indian
Who bridges the gap
Girl/Female
Indian
Who bridges the gap
Female
Hebrew
(גַּל) Hebrew unisex name GAL means "mound, wave."
Male
English
 Short form of English names beginning with Gay-, such as Gabriel "man of God" or "warrior of God," and Gaylord, GAY means "dandy." Compare with feminine Gay.
Female
French
Feminine form of French Gaëtan, GAËTANE means "from Caieta (Gaeta, Italy)."
Girl/Female
Tamil
Anvitha | அநà¯à®µà®¿à®¤à®¾
Who bridges the gap
Anvitha | அநà¯à®µà®¿à®¤à®¾
Male
French
Masculine form of French Gaëlle, GAËL means "holy and generous."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a clever or cunning person, from Middle English yap ‘devious’, ‘deceitful’, ‘bent’; ‘shrewd’.Americanized spelling of North German Japp.Chinese : variant of Ye.Filipino : unexplained.
GAP REDUCTION
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