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End of NASA Space Shuttle program in 2011
The retirement of NASA's Space Shuttle fleet took place from March to July 2011. Discovery was the first of the three active Space Shuttles to be retired
Space_Shuttle_retirement
Space Shuttle test vehicle, used for glide tests
Space Shuttle Enterprise (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-101) is the first orbiter of the Space Shuttle system. Rolled out on September 17, 1976, it was
Space_Shuttle_Enterprise
Partially reusable launch system and space plane
The Space Shuttle is a retired, partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and
Space_Shuttle
Space Shuttle orbiter (1984–2011)
Space Shuttle Discovery (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-103) is a retired American Space Shuttle orbiter. The spaceplane was one of the orbiters from
Space_Shuttle_Discovery
NASA operations facility in Texas
spaceflight since Gemini 4 (including Apollo, Skylab, Apollo–Soyuz, Space Shuttle and Artemis). It is popularly known by its radio call signs "Mission
Johnson_Space_Center
Space Shuttle orbiter (1985–2011)
Space Shuttle Atlantis (Orbiter Vehicle designation: OV‑104) is a retired Space Shuttle orbiter vehicle which belongs to NASA, the spaceflight and space
Space_Shuttle_Atlantis
Space Shuttle orbiter (1981–2003)
Space Shuttle Columbia (OV-102) was a Space Shuttle orbiter manufactured by Rockwell International and operated by NASA. Named after the first American
Space_Shuttle_Columbia
Space Shuttle heat shielding system
The Space Shuttle thermal protection system (TPS) was the barrier that protected the Space Shuttle Orbiter during the extreme 1,650 °C (3,000 °F) heat
Space Shuttle thermal protection system
Space_Shuttle_thermal_protection_system
2003 American spaceflight accident
On February 1, 2003, Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated as it re-entered the atmosphere over Texas and Louisiana, killing all seven astronauts on board
Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster
Space Shuttle orbiter (1992–2011)
Space Shuttle Endeavour (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-105) is a retired orbiter from NASA's Space Shuttle program and the fifth and final operational
Space_Shuttle_Endeavour
1972–2011 United States human spaceflight program
The Space Shuttle program was the fourth human spaceflight program carried out by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which
Space_Shuttle_program
Space Shuttle and SLS main engine
as the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME), is a liquid-fuel cryogenic rocket engine that was used on NASA's Space Shuttle and is used on the Space Launch
RS-25
Spaceplane component of the Space Shuttle
The Space Shuttle orbiter was the spaceplane component of the Space Shuttle, a partially reusable orbital spacecraft system that was part of the discontinued
Space_Shuttle_orbiter
Modified Boeing 747 airliners used to transport Space Shuttle orbiters
The Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA) are two extensively modified Boeing 747 airliners that NASA used to transport Space Shuttle orbiters. One (N905NA) is
Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft
Historic Apollo Moonport
built as the Apollo program's "Moonport" It was later modified for the Space Shuttle program, and now is used for Artemis missions. Launch Complex 39 consists
Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39
Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39
NASA launch facility in Florida
beginning of the Space Shuttle program. It was used until the Space Shuttle's retirement, and will be used in the future by the Space Launch System (SLS)
Kennedy_Space_Center
Launch vehicle built from Space Shuttle components
Shuttle-derived vehicles (SDV) are space launch vehicles and spacecraft that use components, technology, and infrastructure originally developed for the
Shuttle-derived_vehicle
Ongoing space research program
although the US operated none between the 2011 Space Shuttle retirement and 2018 first crewed launch of SpaceX Dragon 2. The station has been resupplied by
International Space Station program
International_Space_Station_program
Structure used to support large rockets
Titan III rocket, and was later adopted by NASA for the Saturn V, Space Shuttle, and Space Launch System. Similar systems have also been used by other launch
Mobile_launcher_platform
2011 American crewed spaceflight to the ISS and final mission of the Space Shuttle program
assembly flight ULF7) was the 135th and final mission of the American Space Shuttle program. It was Atlantis's 33rd and final mission. STS-135 launched
STS-135
List of space missions by NASA
innovative, affordable, and sustainable human space flight program in the years following Space Shuttle retirement. The panel worked closely with NASA and sought
List_of_NASA_missions
Modular space station in low Earth orbit
NASA Space Shuttle flight to permit heavier loads to be transferred to the station. After the retirement of the shuttle, the nominal orbit of the space station
International_Space_Station
Component of the Space Shuttle launch vehicle
The Space Shuttle external tank (ET) was the component of the Space Shuttle launch vehicle that contained the liquid hydrogen fuel and liquid oxygen oxidizer
Space_Shuttle_external_tank
Science museum at NASA Space Center, Houston, Texas
including the Mercury 9, Gemini 5, and Apollo 17 flown space capsules and the only space shuttle visitors can walk inside. This artifact gallery includes
Space_Center_Houston
Series of semi-rigid two-piece United States space suit models since 1982
International Space Station (ISS), the other being the Russian Orlan space suit. It was used by NASA's Space Shuttle astronauts prior to the end of the Shuttle program
Extravehicular_Mobility_Unit
First Indian anti-satellite weapon test
after the United States, Russia and China to have tested an ASAT weapon. Space debris generated by the test was tracked until the last piece burned upon
Mission_Shakti
United States federal law
space autonomy and parallel technological development, and argued that collaborating with non-aligned nations, such as Apollo-Soyuz and the Shuttle-Mir
Wolf_Amendment
Prototype and design concept demonstrator rocket
was developing spacecraft for U.S. human spaceflight after the Space Shuttle retirement. Ares I-X was the only test flight of a launch vehicle like the
Ares_I-X
Uncrewed re-usable spaceplane technology demonstrator for the VentureStar
Masten Space Systems McDonnell Douglas DC-X Quad (rocket) Reusable Vehicle Testing program by JAXA Skylon (spacecraft) SpaceX Space Shuttle retirement Zarya
Lockheed_Martin_X-33
How nations operate the orbital research complex
although the US operated none between the 2011 Space Shuttle retirement and 2018 first crewed launch of SpaceX Dragon 2. The station has been resupplied by
Politics of the International Space Station
Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station
Temporary, reusable laboratory aboard the Space Shuttle
laboratory developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) and used on certain spaceflights flown by the Space Shuttle. The laboratory comprised multiple components
Spacelab
Space Shuttle Challenger disaster report
written by a presidential commission charged with investigating the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster during its 10th mission, STS-51-L. The report, released
Rogers_Commission_Report
American astronaut and engineer (born 1958)
the Johnson Space Center. In 1993, Ochoa became the first Latina to go to space when she served on a nine-day mission aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery
Ellen_Ochoa
Contingency Space Shuttle rescue mission designations
Space Shuttle missions designated STS-3xx (officially called Launch On Need (LON) missions) were rescue missions which would have been mounted to rescue
STS-3xx
Robotic arm used on Space Shuttles
Canadarm1 (officially Shuttle Remote Manipulator System or SRMS, also SSRMS) is a series of robotic arms that were used on the Space Shuttle orbiters to deploy
Canadarm
Government agency
Canadarm used to inspect the Space Shuttle's thermal protection system for damage while in orbit. Before the Space Shuttle's retirement, the boom was modified
Canadian_Space_Agency
Proposed family of US super heavy-lift launch vehicles
NASA's Vision for Space Exploration that would replace the space agency's planned Ares I and Ares V rockets with a family of Shuttle-Derived Launch Vehicles
DIRECT & Jupiter Rocket Family
DIRECT_&_Jupiter_Rocket_Family
Historic launch pad operated by NASA and SpaceX
crewed space flight missions, including the historic Apollo 11 moon landing and the Space Shuttle. Since 2014 the site has been leased by SpaceX and supports
Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A
Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A
NASA astronaut propulsion unit
(MMU) is an astronaut propulsion unit that was used by NASA on three Space Shuttle missions in 1984, STS-41-B, STS-41-C, and STS-51-A. The MMU allowed
Manned_Maneuvering_Unit
NASA research facility in Alabama
the lead center for the Space Shuttle main propulsion and external tank; payloads and related crew training; International Space Station (ISS) design and
Marshall_Space_Flight_Center
NASA group established by the Obama administration to clarify US aerospace's future
innovative, affordable, and sustainable human space flight program in the years following Space Shuttle retirement". The panel was to "work closely with NASA
Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee
Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee
American space and aeronautics agency
Mercury, Project Gemini, the Apollo program, Skylab, the Space Shuttle, the International Space Station (ISS), and the ongoing multinational Artemis program
NASA
Hypergolic orbital maneuvering engines used on NASA's Space Shuttle
a system of hypergolic liquid-propellant rocket engines used on the Space Shuttle and the Orion spacecraft. Designed and manufactured in the United States
Orbital_Maneuvering_System
Water-based rocket launch noise control
release. Following the retirement of the Space Shuttle program, pad B at launch complex 39 was upgraded for launches of the Space Launch System (SLS). SLS
Sound_suppression_system
Soviet spacecraft research project, 1976–1993
between American and Soviet shuttle designs. Although the Buran orbiter was similar in appearance to NASA's Space Shuttle orbiter, and could similarly
Buran_programme
German government program
contract from the European Space Agency (ESA). The Columbus Control Centre entered full-time operation during the STS-122 Shuttle Mission, which delivered
German_space_programme
American politician, astronaut and naval officer (born 1964)
a NASA Space Shuttle pilot in 1996. His identical twin brother, Scott Kelly, also became a NASA astronaut that year. Mark flew his first space mission
Mark_Kelly
American NASA engineer (born 1954)
director and Space Shuttle program manager, Hale served as NASA's Deputy Associate Administrator for Strategic Partnerships prior to his retirement on July
Wayne_Hale
Allows US industries to exploit space resources
Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act, sometimes referred to as the Spurring Private Aerospace Competitiveness and Entrepreneurship (SPACE) Act of
Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015
Commercial_Space_Launch_Competitiveness_Act_of_2015
Political considerations of space policy
although the US operated none between the 2011 Space Shuttle retirement and 2018 first crewed launch of SpaceX Dragon 2. The station has been resupplied by
Politics_of_outer_space
U.S. rocket engine test facility in New Mexico
mission of WSTF is to support NASA's Space Station program, and previously the Space Shuttle. As the official Johnson Space Center (JSC) Propulsion Systems
White_Sands_Test_Facility
American astronaut (born 1933)
Moon, but the Apollo 13 landing was aborted en route. Haise flew five Space Shuttle Approach and Landing Tests in 1977. He retired from NASA in 1979. He
Fred_Haise
American astronaut and pilot (born 1956)
pilot, Collins was the first woman to pilot the Space Shuttle and the first to command a Space Shuttle mission. A graduate of Corning Community College
Eileen_Collins
US nonprofit spaceflight advocacy organization
National Space Society (NSS) is an American international nonprofit 501(c)(3) educational and scientific organization specializing in space advocacy.
National_Space_Society
Soviet and Russian cosmonaut (born 1958)
short-duration missions aboard NASA's Space Shuttle, and two long-duration missions to the International Space Station (ISS). On STS-60, he became the
Sergei_Krikalev
American engineer 1921–2004
until his retirement in 1981, shortly after the second Space Shuttle flight (STS-2). After his retirement, he was among the founders of Space Industries
Maxime_Faget
American astronaut and US Army colonel (born 1949)
flew in space five times on board the Space Shuttle and International Space Station. He also served as deputy of Flight Operations for the Space Station
James_S._Voss
American astronaut and lunar explorer (1930–2018)
Highlands with Charles Duke. Young also commanded STS-1 in 1981, the Space Shuttle program's first launch, and STS-9 in 1983, both of which were on Columbia
John_Young_(astronaut)
American engineer and launch director
She served as the chief of Launch and Landing through the retirement of the Space Shuttle Program (SSP). Blackwell-Thompson worked on planning efforts
Charlie_Blackwell-Thompson
Puerto Rican scientist
engineering, processing, launch, and landing support for Shuttle Transition & Retirement, International Space Stations, Launch Services, Commercial Crew and 21st
Miguel_Rodríguez_(NASA)
American public policy academic
Retrieved 7 August 2021. Mariani, John (8 July 2011). "Space shuttle retirement prompts space veterans with Syracuse ties to ask, What's next?". Syracuse
W._Henry_Lambright
US federal plans for NASA post-2010
gap after the Space Shuttle's retirement, when the US would be dependent on the Russian government for access to the International Space Station. Other
Space policy of the Obama administration
Space_policy_of_the_Obama_administration
1985 American film
American IMAX documentary film, released on June 1, 1985, about NASA's Space Shuttle program. The film was narrated by Walter Cronkite, and directed by Graeme
The_Dream_Is_Alive
Retired NASA astronaut (born 1970)
the rank of captain in the U.S. Navy. His first spaceflight was on a Space Shuttle mission in 2009. He was the Chief of the Astronaut Office at NASA from
Christopher_Cassidy
American biochemist and astronaut (born 1943)
for numerous Space Shuttle missions, including STS-135, the final mission of the Space Shuttle program. Lucid announced her retirement from NASA in 2012
Shannon_Lucid
United States spacesuit
Escape Suit (ACES), or "pumpkin suit", is a full pressure suit that Space Shuttle crews began wearing after STS-64, for the ascent and entry portions
Advanced_Crew_Escape_Suit
into outer space, operations in outer space and return from outer space to Earth free from physical or radio-frequency interference." Space traffic includes
Space_traffic_management
is an outline of 1988 in spaceflight. Space Shuttle Discovery lifted off from Launch Complex 39B, Kennedy Space Center, at 11:37:00 a.m. EDT on September
1988_in_spaceflight
Skydiving from near space
have investigated the concept in case of an emergency situation on Space Shuttle orbiters where alternative methods of reentry are not available. However
Space_diving
Rocket launch site in Florida, US
visited by Space Shuttle Endeavour during STS-49) and the failed Mars Observer in September 1992. Following the Commercial Titan III's retirement, LC-40 was
Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40
Cape_Canaveral_Space_Launch_Complex_40
NASA concept to support the International Space Station
International Space Station. It was envisaged that the OSP would operate alongside the Space Shuttle with the OSP responsible for crew flights and the shuttle handling
Orbital_Space_Plane_Program
American oceanographer and NASA astronaut (born 1971)
the Space Shuttle and International Space Station (ISS). Megan McArthur has flown one Space Shuttle mission, STS-125, and one SpaceX mission, SpaceX Crew-2
K._Megan_McArthur
Australian-American astronaut (born 1951)
assignment as a mission specialist on Space Shuttle flight crews. While awaiting space flight assignment, Thomas supported shuttle launch and landing operations
Andy_Thomas
modified: RETRO EECOM (duties split up) TELMU CONTROL After retirement of the Space Shuttle in 2011, the operational concept of flight control of a launched
List of NASA's flight control positions
List_of_NASA's_flight_control_positions
NASA super heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle used in the Artemis Program
in 2011 as a congressionally mandated replacement for the retiring Space Shuttle program and the cancelled Ares I and Ares V launch vehicles of the Constellation
Space_Launch_System
American engineer and NASA astronaut (born 1960)
has flown two shuttle flights, STS-117 and STS-119, and one Soyuz flight, TMA-12M. All of the flights were to the International Space Station. He has
Steven_Swanson
Inspection boom
System (OBSS) was a 50-foot (15.24 m) boom carried on board NASA's Space Shuttles. The boom was grappled by the Canadarm and served as an extension of
Orbiter_Boom_Sensor_System
Italian astronaut and engineer (born 1957)
astronaut and engineer of the European Space Agency (ESA). In 2007, he first traveled into space aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery as a mission specialist
Paolo_Nespoli
following Space Shuttle retirement in 2011. In an uncrewed test flight, SpaceX SpaceX Dragon 2 successfully flew on a Falcon 9 to the International Space Station
2019_in_spaceflight
2011 American crewed spaceflight to the ISS
was the penultimate mission of NASA's Space Shuttle program and the 25th and last spaceflight of Space Shuttle Endeavour. This flight delivered the Alpha
STS-134
American physician and astronaut (born 1953)
former NASA astronaut. Baker is a veteran of three shuttle flights and logged more than 686 hours in space. Baker served as Chief of the Education/Medical
Ellen_S._Baker
American astronaut (born 1963)
space aboard Space Shuttle Discovery during the STS-121 mission in July 2006, when she was responsible for operating the robotic arms of the shuttle and
Lisa_Nowak
served as NASA astronauts (the era of Soyuz astronauts after the end of Space Shuttle era is excluded). Project Mercury (1959–1963) was the first human spaceflight
List of United States Marine Corps astronauts
List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_astronauts
American aerospace engineer (1943–2024)
aerospace engineer and air and space industry professional. He was a lead engineer on NASA's Apollo and Space Shuttle Programs, and later an aerospace
Jack_Clemons
Code of conduct
Astronautics (IAA), with the support of the International Institute of Space Law. The theories of PDPs constitute a distinct area of research but draw
Post-detection_policy
American naval officer, aviator, aeronautical engineer and astronaut (born 1931)
first U.S.-Soviet joint spaceflight in 1975, and as commander of three Space Shuttle missions. Brand's flight experience includes 9,669 flying hours, which
Vance_D._Brand
Canceled NASA rocket key to Project Constellation
NASA Constellation program, which was to have replaced the Space Shuttle after its retirement in 2011. Ares V was also intended to carry supplies for a
Ares_V
American astronaut and astronomer (born 1958)
American physicist and a former NASA astronaut. He is a veteran of five Space Shuttle flights and has served as NASA Chief Scientist. His academic background
John_M._Grunsfeld
American engineer and former astronaut (born 1962)
at NASA, the space agency announced her retirement effective June 1, 2015. She is married to Christopher Stott, a Manx-born American space entrepreneur
Nicole_Stott
Spacecraft used to transfer cargo from one orbit to another
except the Space Shuttle, was never funded after cutbacks to NASA's budget during the 1970s in the wake of the Apollo program. The Shuttle program filled
Space_tug
Military unit
Apollo crewed space programs along with military Space Shuttle flights. In 2025, launching and managing such missiles is performed by Space Launch Delta
6555th_Aerospace_Test_Group
Uncrewed cargo spacecraft developed by Orbital Sciences
competitor SpaceX. The name Cygnus derives from the Greek word for swan and refers to the constellation. After the Space Shuttle retirement was announced
Cygnus_(spacecraft)
American astronaut (born 1964)
(born September 30, 1964) is an American astronaut and a veteran of two Space Shuttle missions. Raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Frick graduated from Pine-Richland
Stephen_Frick
Spaceflight not by a government
Space Agency (ESA) ATV (through 2014) and the Japanese Kounotori (through 2021) remain in operation after the 2011 retirement of the US Space Shuttle
Private_spaceflight
American astronaut (born 1949)
He is a veteran of four Space Shuttle missions. Wilcutt was NASA's Chief of Safety and Mission Assurance, until his retirement from NASA in December 2020
Terrence_W._Wilcutt
American astronaut
mission to the International Space Station performed by Space Shuttle Discovery. Dutton flew as the pilot. He launched with Shuttle Commander Alan Poindexter
James_Dutton_(astronaut)
Japanese engineer and astronaut (born 1963)
aboard the Space Shuttle, one on the Soyuz, and one on the Crew Dragon. His missions included three long-duration stays on the International Space Station
Koichi_Wakata
German astronaut and physicist (born 1941)
Merbold flew on two Space Shuttle missions and on a Russian mission to the space station Mir, spending a total of 49 days in space. Merbold's father, a Wehrmacht
Ulf_Merbold
American astronaut (born 1956)
NASA astronaut. He is a veteran of four Space Shuttle missions and an extended stay aboard the International Space Station. When he launched on STS-73 at
Ken_Bowersox
American-Canadian NASA astronaut and geophysicist
International Space Station (ISS) and was the final flight of Space Shuttle Endeavour and was the penultimate flight of the Space Shuttle program. Feustel
Andrew_J._Feustel
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