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The FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993 was enacted as a law of the United States enhancing prior statutory provisions which govern international relations between
FRIENDSHIP_Act_of_1993
Cold War territorial conflict
each other. This "treaty of friendship and neutrality" was extended in 1935 for a ten-year term, with optional renewal intervals of two years scheduled after
Turkish_Straits_crisis
WWII program to provide U.S. allies with free armaments
Lend-Lease, formally the Lend-Lease Act and introduced as An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States (Pub. L. 77–11, H.R. 1776, 55 Stat. 31, enacted
Lend-Lease
American anti-communist organization
the FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993 which authorized such construction. The act was signed into law by Democratic President Bill Clinton on December 17, 1993. It
Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation
Victims_of_Communism_Memorial_Foundation
Soviet trade representation
Bessmertny (1972-1977) Yuriy A. Kislenko (1978-1983) Yuri Mashkin (1989-1993) Grace Lumpkin Esther Shemitz Hede Massing (Soviet spy) Valentin Markin (Soviet
Amtorg_Trading_Corporation
FBI investigation concerning Russian espionage
information Conspiracy to act in the United States as an agent of a foreign government without notification to the Secretary of State. Häyhänen testified
Hollow_Nickel_Case
Soviet strategic bomber aircraft, copy of B-29
Soviet Air Force from the late 1940s to the mid-1960s. The aircraft was a copy of the American Boeing B-29 Superfortress, having been reverse-engineered from
Tupolev_Tu-4
Golf II-class ballistic missile submarine
recovering only a small amount of insignificant parts of the submarine. The CIA argued in a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit, however, that the project
Soviet_submarine_K-129_(1960)
1959 exhibition in Moscow
(2017-03-01). "The National Council of American-Soviet Friendship and Art in the Shadow of the Cold War". Archives of American Art Journal. 56 (1): 42–65
American_National_Exhibition
The National Council of American–Soviet Friendship (NCASF) was the successor organisation to the National Council on Soviet Relations (NCSR). The 1930s
National Council of American–Soviet Friendship
National_Council_of_American–Soviet_Friendship
Incident which nearly precipitated nuclear warfare
Study of Intelligence. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2013. Andrew, Christopher; Gordievsky, Oleg, eds. (1993). Comrade
1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident
1983_Soviet_nuclear_false_alarm_incident
Cold War embargo of Eastern Bloc states
Export Control Act of 1949, the Export Administration Act of 1969, the Export Administration Act of 1979, the Arms Export Control Act (AECA), the Trading
Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls
Coordinating_Committee_for_Multilateral_Export_Controls
1959 series of exchanges between Nikita Khrushchev and Richard Nixon
Debate (Russian: Кухонные дебаты, romanized: Kukhonnye debaty) was a series of impromptu exchanges through interpreters between U.S. vice president (later
Kitchen_Debate
Meeting of advancing Soviet and American troops on 25 April 1945 near Torgau, Germany
During the Cold War the meeting of the two armies was often recalled as a symbol of peace and friendship between the people of the two antagonistic superpowers
Elbe_Day
WWII Soviet nuclear-research spies in the West
the Official Secrets Act. Fuchs escaped the charge of espionage due to a lack of independent evidence and because, at the time of his activities, the Soviet
Atomic_spies
U.S. statute supporting war reparations for Finland
Education Act, 1958 Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961 FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993 Early twentieth century & political state of Finland February Revolution of 1917 October
Finnish Educational Exchange Act of 1949
Finnish_Educational_Exchange_Act_of_1949
1991 speech by U.S. president George H. W. Bush
Ukrainians should not do "something stupid", and that if their "leaders hadn't acted smartly, there would have been a crackdown" from Moscow. In 2005, Condoleezza
Chicken_Kiev_speech
1970s–90s CIA program to fund Afghan militants
Republic of Afghanistan (DRA)—which was divided between Taraki's hardline Khalq faction and the more moderate Parcham—signed a treaty of friendship with the
Operation_Cyclone
Nickname for a clear variant of Coca-Cola from the 1940s
August 1993). "Viewpoints; A Brief History of Coca-Colonization". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 September 2012. Standage, Tom (2006). A History of the
White_Coke
1950 Lacy-Zarubin Agreement of 1958 National Defense Education Act, 1958 Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961 FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993 "Title 50, Appendix - War and
Fulbright_Act_of_1946
1945 WWII allied discussion of postwar reorganization
ISBN 978-0-7867-4458-9. OCLC 646810103. Stephen C. Schlesinger, Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations (Boulder: Westview Press, 2003). ISBN 0-8133-3324-5
Yalta_Conference
SS guard at a concentration camp and war criminal
1949 and was granted permanent residency status under the Displaced Persons Act. He initially resided in Philadelphia but later settled in Waterbury, Connecticut
Feodor_Fedorenko
U.S. military defense program (1984–1993)
the observation portions, of the program re-emerged with President Trump's signing of the National Defense Authorization Act. The program is managed by
Strategic_Defense_Initiative
a group of Alaska officials, academics, business leaders, entrepreneurs, artists, Native elders, students, and others organized a “friendship flight”
Friendship Flight (Alaska Airlines)
Friendship_Flight_(Alaska_Airlines)
US/UK intelligence-gathering operation
which acted as a disguise and had an US Army ELINT (radar) station above it. The warehouse, in the Neukölln/Rudow district of the US sector of Berlin
Operation_Gold
American counterintelligence program during World War II and Cold War
as a principal, still acted as an accessory who took part in Julius's espionage activity and played a role in the recruitment of her brother for atomic
Venona_project
1945 Allied meeting on the postwar world
org. Retrieved 2 January 2023. "Document Resume – The Last Act: The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II" (PDF). Education Resources Information Center
Potsdam_Conference
Phase of the Cold War
Chinese Communist Party led by Mao Zedong. The USSR had signed a Treaty of Friendship with the Kuomintang in 1945 and disavowed support for the Chinese Communists
Cold_War_(1948–1953)
Fixed-wing overflights, 1946–1960
operator seeing the bombers would have no way of knowing that the mission was an act of espionage and not of war.[failed verification] On 4 July 1956 the
United States aerial reconnaissance of the Soviet Union
United_States_aerial_reconnaissance_of_the_Soviet_Union
Any of several events in which widespread fear of communism or leftism develops
ideological dissidents". President Wilson used the Sedition Act of 1918 to limit the exercise of free speech by criminalizing language deemed disloyal to
Red_Scare
First international crewed spaceflight mission
war. Thus, both sides recognized ASTP as a political act of peace. In October 1970, Soviet Academy of Sciences president Mstislav Keldysh responded to NASA
Apollo–Soyuz
Anti-Soviet U.S. Cold War foreign policy
Brands, H. W. Into the Labyrinth: The United States and the Middle East, 1945–1993 (1994) excerpt. Archived 2023-06-30 at the Wayback Machine pp. 12–17. Bullock
Truman_Doctrine
1943 meeting of the Allied leaders
the Allies' side before the year was out. In order to encourage Turkey to act as soon as possible, they agreed to make "the offer to take Crete and the
Tehran_Conference
Covert mission
As of 1999[update], the recording device captured by the Soviets was on public display at the Great Patriotic War museum in Moscow. Espionage Act of 1917
Operation_Ivy_Bells
Magazine about Russian culture
condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine, calling it an "illegal, unjustified, unprovoked act that is in direct violation of international law". "Our History"
Russian_Life
Allied Powers' meeting for post-war plans in Asia
was unwilling to withdraw from Iran, citing the Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship and claiming their presence was legal to protect Baku. As a counter
Moscow_Conference_(1945)
NATO command post exercise in 1983
form the basis of conflict in the second act of the 2025 revival of the musical Chess, with a heavily revised book. Previous versions of the musical did
Able_Archer_83
Relaxation of strained international relations by verbal communication
started to notice the consciousness with which US politicians started to act. Nixon and Brezhnev signed an ABM treaty in Moscow on 26 May 1972 as well
Détente
Supply route in World War II
were transferred to the Soviet Union during World War II. Of the 17.5 million long tons of US Lend-Lease aid provided to the Soviet Union, 7.9 million
Persian_Corridor
1947 anti-communist article by American diplomat George F. Kennan
M., ed. (1993). Origins of the Cold War: The Novikov, Kennan, and Roberts "Long Telegrams" of 1946. Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press
X_Article
USSR blockade of Berlin (1948–1949)
only of Communists. This arbitrary act had no legal effect in West Berlin, but the Soviet occupants prevented the elected city government for all of Berlin
Berlin_Blockade
US foreign policy law
National Defense Education Act, 1958 FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993 "Bill signing - H.R. 8666 Public Law 87-256, Fulbright-Hays Act, 5:15PM". John F. Kennedy Presidential
Fulbright–Hays_Act_of_1961
1924 film by Lev Kuleshov
ISBN 978-3-031-32381-2. Gillespie 2000, p. 28. Christensen 1993, p. 6–12. Matzner-Gore, Greta (2013). "A Copy of a Copy (of a Copy): The Search for Authenticity in "Mess-Mend"
The Extraordinary Adventures of Mr. West in the Land of the Bolsheviks
The_Extraordinary_Adventures_of_Mr._West_in_the_Land_of_the_Bolsheviks
Cold War event in Armenian SSR
authorities. In 1993, after the fall of the Soviet Union, a US excavation team working in newly-independent Armenia found hundreds of skeletal fragments;
1958_C-130_shootdown_incident
Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation before openly entering the conflict in December 1971. In the ensuing Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, India defeated
Cold_War_in_Asia
1990 German reunification agreement
advance of a NATO foreign ministers conference in Brussels, Belgium. After the subsequent 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Founding Act has been
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany
1945 agreement between the major 3 Allies regarding the end of World War II
Revenge by Professor Alfred Maurice de Zayas, Palgrave-Macmillan, New York, 1993/4, reprint 2006, ISBN 978-1-4039-7308-5 Weeds Like Us by Gunter Nitsch, Author
Potsdam_Agreement
Soviet Union's refusal to withdraw from Iran
Middle East, 1945–1993. New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-007188-8. Clark, James (2004). "Oil, the Cold War, and the Crisis in Azerbaijan of March 1946". Oriente
Iran_crisis_of_1946
1974 CIA project to recover the sunken Soviet submarine K-129
to stop publication of information about Project Azorian, Harriet Ann Phillippi, a journalist, filed a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request with
Project_Azorian
Meteorite found in Azerbaijan
meteorite is kept in the Institute of Geology of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences. According to the director of Şamaxı Astrophysical Observatory
Yardymly_(meteorite)
American spy for Soviet Union
that North Korea acted alone and the incident actually harmed North Korea's relations with most of the Eastern Bloc. In the spring of 1968 John Walker's
John_Anthony_Walker
Mansion in New York, United States
cryptanalysts of the 8th Main Directorate of the KGB. Engaged in radio intelligence against foreign states, the KGB had a good opportunity to act directly
Killenworth
Soviet nuclear reactor for use in space
addition, the Department of Energy was slow to grant the necessary approval and in 1993 budget restrictions forced the cancellation of the program. Six TOPAZ-II
TOPAZ_nuclear_reactor
1945–1991 military governing body
"This act of military surrender is without prejudice to and will be superseded by any general instrument of surrender imposed by, or on behalf of the United
Allied_Control_Council
Cold War aircraft shootdown
Union. He believed that if one of these pilots were to be shot down or captured, the flight could be seen as an act of aggression that might spark open
1960_U-2_incident
Land warfare branch of the Soviet Armed Forces (1946–1992)
Forces. The last vestiges of the old Soviet command structure were finally dissolved in June 1993, when the paper Commonwealth of Independent States Military
Soviet_Army
Friendship Flight '89 was an around-the-world journey arranged with hopes to improve Soviet-American relations. On June 5, 1989, 11-year-old Anthony Aliengena
Friendship_Flight_'89
Cold War incident in divided Berlin
brinkmanship seen from inside." Cold War History 3.2 (2003): 53–82. McAdams, James (1993), Germany Divided: From Wall to Reunification, Princeton UP, ISBN 0-691-07892-0
Berlin_Crisis_of_1961
US–Soviet Union ice hockey game
other hockey country. In a 1993 Halloween episode, The Simpsons depicted the team as demons in Hell, serving on the "Jury of the Damned". Canada Cup CSKA
1976 Philadelphia Flyers–Red Army game
1976_Philadelphia_Flyers–Red_Army_game
friendship movement arose during the late 1920s and early 1930s among American leftist intellectuals whose goals were to promote the establishment of
American–Soviet friendship movement
American–Soviet_friendship_movement
striking distance of Moscow. July 11: North Korea and China sign a defensive treaty, the Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty. July
Timeline_of_the_Cold_War
Period within the Cold War
Origins of the Second World War, 1933–41, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-33262-1 LaFeber, Walter. America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945–1992 7th ed. (1993) Lewkowicz
Cold_War_(1947–1948)
Disputed match between the US and USSR
the end of the game, Righetto refused to sign the official scoring sheet in an act of protest. Herb Mols, serving as the resident manager of the U.S.
1972 Olympic men's basketball final
1972_Olympic_men's_basketball_final
Farthest advance into German territory at the end of WWII
archived from the original on February 22, 2012 MacDonald, Charles B. (1993), The Last Offensive (PDF), Washington, D.C.: Center for Military History
Line_of_Contact
Diplomatic mission
The Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the United Nations in New York (Постоянное представительство Российской Федерации при ООН в г. Нью-Йорк)
Permanent Mission of Russia to the United Nations
Permanent_Mission_of_Russia_to_the_United_Nations
1918–1922 military operation against Soviet Russia
Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force. General-Lieutenant G.F.KRIVOSHEYEV (1993). "SOVIET ARMED FORCES LOSSES IN WARS, COMBAT OPERATIONS MILITARY CONFLICTS"
Siberian_intervention
1984 joke by Ronald Reagan
address began with the president announcing his signature on the Equal Access Act: "My fellow Americans: I'm pleased to tell you that today I signed legislation
We begin bombing in five minutes
We_begin_bombing_in_five_minutes
Two conferences between the United States and Soviet Union involving arms control
Treaties, which consisted of START I, a 1991 completed agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union, and START II, a 1993 agreement between the
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks
International sports competition (1986–2001)
Summer Olympics in Moscow, an act reciprocated when the Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc countries (with the exception of Romania) boycotted the 1984
Goodwill_Games
1989 meeting between the heads of state of the US and Soviet Union
The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War, Little Brown (London) 1993, pp. 128-9 and 160. OCLC 26809965 James Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution
Malta_Summit
Cultural-exchange program with the U.S.
Trust Fund Act of 1950 Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961 FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993 "Foreign Economic Assistance Act of 1950 - P.L. 81-535" (PDF). 64 Stat. 198, Chapter
China Educational Exchange of 1950
China_Educational_Exchange_of_1950
Soviet photo agency in America
United States on the Administration of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 as Amended June 1951, for the Calendar Year 1955, notes that ‘Propaganda
Sovfoto
1974 trade provision in US federal law
The Jackson–Vanik amendment to the Trade Act of 1974 is a 1974 provision in United States federal law intended to affect U.S. trade relations with countries
Jackson–Vanik_amendment
1941 United States Supreme Court case
(1941), was a United States Supreme Court case. It involved the Espionage Act of 1917 and its use against Mihail Gorin, an intelligence agent from the Soviet
Gorin_v._United_States
Foreign policy strategy
the base) to change behaviour of another state (the 'target')". The signing of the 2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship represented a diplomatic effort
Triangular_diplomacy
US–Soviet chemical weapons destruction treaty
Washington D.C. The bilateral agreement required the destruction to begin before 1993 and to reduce Chemical weapon (CW) stockpiles to no more than 5,000 agent
1990_Chemical_Weapons_Accord
US-funded international media outlet
United States Department of Justice requesting RT to register as a foreign agent under the Foreign Agents Registration Act, Russia's Justice Ministry
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty
1990 treaty to limit the size of conventional militaries in Europe
concluding document: the Helsinki Final Act. Negotiations for MBFR were stalled by the USSR in 1979 because of NATO's decision to deploy new intermediate-range
Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
Treaty_on_Conventional_Armed_Forces_in_Europe
Television special broadcast in 1988
Family Home Entertainment, 1993 VHS, Free to Be... a Family Marlo Thomas. Free to be a Family: A book about all kinds of belonging, Bantam, October 1987
Free_to_Be..._a_Family
Cold War-era meeting in Geneva, Switzerland
mission of the 1955 summit was to reduce international tensions. The Geneva Summit was seen as an extremely important building block to better friendships and
Geneva_Summit_(1955)
Partition of Germany into three occupied zones, each controlled by one power. Creation of the Allied Control Council (ACC) The ACC could only act in consensus
European_Advisory_Commission
Meeting between George H. W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev in Helsinki on 9 September 1990
Treaties, 1991 and 1993” U.S. Department of State Archive https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/pcw/104210.htm “Soviet Transcript of the Malta Summit
Helsinki_Summit_(1990)
Plans for a conflict with the Soviet Union
Committee (JSPC), which had replaced the JSP with the enactment of the National Security Act of 1947, instructed the Joint Strategic Plans Group (JSPG) to
United States war plans (1945–1950)
United_States_war_plans_(1945–1950)
1990 Soviet film
nominations since 1958. In 1993, the director used footage from Stalingrad for the frame story of his last film, Angels of Death, about a sniper duel
Stalingrad_(1990_film)
Part of the post-WWII era and the Cold War
passed the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, which prohibited multi-national cooperation on nuclear projects. The Atomic Energy Act fueled resentment from British
Nuclear_arms_race
exhibited mutual friendship, with both Russian and American athletes congratulating Brumel on his feat and both nations' athletes completing a lap of honour at
USA–USSR Track and Field Dual Meet Series
USA–USSR_Track_and_Field_Dual_Meet_Series
United States reaction to the 1957 launch of the Soviet satellite
Aeronautics and Space Act, the creation of NASA. Less than a year after the Sputnik launch, Congress passed the National Defense Education Act (NDEA). It was
Sputnik_crisis
United States law
Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991, 22 U.S.C. § 2551, was chartered to amend the Arms Export Control Act enacting the transfer of Soviet military armaments
Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991
Soviet_Nuclear_Threat_Reduction_Act_of_1991
Person-to-Person Soviet Peace Walk. Los Angeles Times, p. 1. Peace Walkers Fit Fun, Friendships Into Tight Schedule. Los Angeles Times, p. 1. Peace Marchers Capture
American-Soviet_Peace_Walks
boycotting countries organized alternative sporting events called the Friendship Games which were held in various Eastern Bloc countries from July to September
1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott
American involvement in the revolution
criticized for a lack of definitive action. However, once he believed the country to be in danger of a revolution, Palmer acted decisively. After meeting
United States and the Russian Revolution
United_States_and_the_Russian_Revolution
Phase of the Cold War during 1979–1985
Africa, by the end of the decade the United States Congress would pass (over President Reagan's veto) the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act, which combined
Cold_War_(1979–1985)
1972 arms control treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union
Clinton administration began negotiations with the Russian Government in 1993 to make amendments to the treaty. After much discussion, the American president
Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty
1970 hijacking in the Soviet Union
Retrieved 27 December 2014. Ginsburgs, George and Rubinstein, Alvin Z (1993), Russia and America: from rivalry to reconciliation, p. 171. M.E. Sharpe
Aeroflot_Flight_244
1969 secret U.S. nuclear alert operation
"show of force" alert. These operations acted as a prequel to Nixon's eventual Operation Duck Hook, which was declassified in 2005. The primary goal of these
Operation_Giant_Lance
House in Moscow, Russia
roubles per year, which by 2001 was the equivalent of about $3, which the U.S. had failed to pay in 1993. In 2004, the two sides concluded a new 49-year
Spaso_House
Final phase of the Cold War
Story of the End of the Cold War (1993) Braithwaite, Rodric et al. "Could the Soviet Union Have Survived? We ask four historians whether the demise of one
Cold_War_(1985–1991)
American ships' use of innocent passage
2014. Retrieved September 6, 2014. Aceves, William J. (1993). "Diplomacy at Sea: U.S. Freedom of Navigation Operations in the Black Sea". Naval War College
1986_Black_Sea_incident
US Cold War foreign policy against communist spread
Security Act of 1947, the CIA conducted espionage in foreign lands, some of it visible, more of it secret. Truman approved a classified statement of containment
Containment
Cold War-era American policy
established relationship. After efforts of mediation from the Soviet Union failed, Somalia cut all ties and its friendship treaty with the USSR in 1977. The
Linkage_(policy)
travel, tourism, insurance
FRIENDSHIP ACT-OF-1993
FRIENDSHIP ACT-OF-1993
FRIENDSHIP ACT-OF-1993
FRIENDSHIP ACT-OF-1993
FRIENDSHIP ACT-OF-1993
FRIENDSHIP ACT-OF-1993
FRIENDSHIP ACT-OF-1993
FRIENDSHIP ACT-OF-1993
FRIENDSHIP ACT-OF-1993
travel, tourism, insurance