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Surface of a fluid that is subject to zero parallel shear stress
In physics, a free surface is the surface of a fluid that is subject to zero parallel shear stress, such as the interface between two homogeneous fluids
Free_surface
Effect of liquids in slack tanks
The free surface effect is a mechanism which can cause a watercraft to become unstable and capsize. It refers to the tendency of liquids — and of unbound
Free_surface_effect
Tendency of a liquid surface to shrink to reduce surface area
Surface tension is the energy per unit area due to having a surface in a liquid. It has the dimension of force per unit length, or energy per unit area
Surface_tension
Numerical modeling technique in fluid dynamics
In computational fluid dynamics, free-surface modelling (FSM) refers to the numerical modelling of a free surface—a freely moving interface between immiscible
Free-surface_modelling
Outermost layer of a physical object
gas (the surface of the sea in air) or the idealized boundary of a solid (the surface of a ball). In fluid dynamics, the shape of a free surface may be
Surface
Fluid flow revolving around an axis of rotation
negative. The free surface (if present) dips sharply near the axis line, with depth inversely proportional to r2. The shape formed by the free surface is called
Vortex
Type of liquid flow within a conduit
open-channel flow is a type of liquid flow within a conduit with a free surface, known as a channel. The other type of flow within a conduit is pipe
Open-channel_flow
Measurement of the initial static stability of a floating body
the list, further extending the heeling force. This is known as the free surface effect. In tanks or spaces that are partially filled with a fluid or
Metacentric_height
Equations for calculations of the Darcy friction factor
turbulent flow in smooth conduits Fully turbulent flow in rough conduits Free surface flow. Transition (neither fully laminar nor fully turbulent) flow occurs
Darcy friction factor formulae
Darcy_friction_factor_formulae
Wave where gravity is the main restoring force
of surface vessels. The period of wind-generated gravity waves on the free surface of the Earth's ponds, lakes, seas and oceans are predominantly between
Gravity_wave
Excess energy at the surface of a material relative to its interior
In surface science, surface energy (also interfacial free energy or surface free energy) quantifies the disruption of intermolecular bonds that occurs
Surface_energy
In physics, a free surface flow is the surface of a fluid flowing that is subjected to both zero perpendicular normal stress and parallel shear stress
Computational methods for free surface flow
Computational_methods_for_free_surface_flow
General condition of the free surface on a large body of water
In oceanography, sea state is the general condition of the free surface on a large body of water—with respect to wind waves and swell—at a certain location
Sea_state
Estimate of velocity in open channel flows
variables in case of flow in partially full conduits, as they also possess a free surface like that of open channel flow. All flow in so-called open channels is
Manning_formula
Fluid dynamics theory on gravity waves
periodic waves. Underneath the surface, there is a fluid motion associated with the free surface motion. While the surface elevation shows a propagating
Airy_wave_theory
Method of hydrodynamics simulation
suited to simulate problems dominated by complex boundary dynamics, like free surface flows, or large boundary displacement. The lack of a mesh significantly
Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics
Smoothed-particle_hydrodynamics
Ferry sunk at Zeebrugge, Belgium in 1987
water began to enter the car deck in large quantities. The resulting free surface effect destroyed her stability. In a matter of seconds, the ship began
MS_Herald_of_Free_Enterprise
Eigenvalue equation
method is given for the case of free-surface flow, that is, when the upper lid of the channel is replaced by a free surface. Note first of all that it is
Orr–Sommerfeld_equation
Applied engineering involving liquids
science and most engineering modules. Free surface hydraulics is the branch of hydraulics dealing with free surface flow, such as occurring in rivers, canals
Hydraulics
Boundary between a snow-covered and snow-free surface
The climatic snow line is the boundary between a snow-covered and snow-free surface. The actual snow line may adjust seasonally, and be either significantly
Snow_line
Branch of fluid mechanics that studies fluids at rest
free surfaces at which they interface with gases, or with a vacuum. In general, the lack of the ability to sustain a shear stress entails that free surfaces
Hydrostatics
Free-surface modelling technique
method is a family of free-surface modelling techniques, i.e. numerical techniques for tracking and locating the free surface (or fluid–fluid interface)
Volume_of_fluid_method
Set of partial differential equations on fluid flow
considered) that describe the flow below a pressure surface in a fluid (sometimes, but not necessarily, a free surface). The shallow-water equations in unidirectional
Shallow_water_equations
Motor vehicle designed to carry liquefied loads, dry bulk cargo or gases on roads
their high center of gravity and, when they are partially filled, to the free surface effect of liquid sloshing in the tank. Prior to tank distribution, oil
Tank_truck
Solution of Euler equations
periodic surface gravity waves. It describes a progressive wave of permanent form on the surface of an incompressible fluid of infinite depth. The free surface
Trochoidal_wave
Linear crystallographic defect or irregularity
that breaks free from the source. The surface of a crystal can produce dislocations in the crystal. Due to the small steps on the surface of most crystals
Dislocation
Part of a ship
to reduce the roll period of the hull by acting in opposition to the free surface effect. They can be broadly classified into active and passive antiroll
Antiroll_tanks
Nonlinear and periodic surface wave on an inviscid fluid layer of constant mean depth
and offshore structures, in order to determine the wave kinematics (free surface elevation and flow velocities). The wave kinematics are subsequently
Stokes_wave
Term in fluid dynamics
by density differences of the fluids above and below the free surface and gravity (or surface tension). The wake is the region of disturbed flow (often
Wake_(physics)
Height of the free surface of a water body
level, also known as gauge height or stage, is the elevation of the free surface of a sea, stream, lake or reservoir relative to a specified vertical
Water_level
Event causing a ship to wreck
due to poor design, improperly stowed cargo, shifting cargo, or the free surface effect Navigation errors and other human errors, leading to collisions
Shipwrecking
Series of personal computers, tablets and interactive whiteboards by Microsoft
models (Surface RT and Surface 2) ran on ARM32, and a select handful of models starting with the Surface Pro X in 2019 run on ARM64. The Surface line has
Microsoft_Surface
Differential equation describing the thickness of a liquid film over time
solid surfaces, hence the liquid forms a lubricating layer. The thin-film equation holds when there is a single free surface. With two free surfaces, the
Thin-film_equation
Dimensionless number in fluid mechanics
free surface boundary condition. For a fluid of constant density ρ {\displaystyle \rho } and dynamic viscosity μ {\displaystyle \mu } , at the free surface
Weber_number
Average velocity of a fluid parcel in a gravity wave
travels with the fluid flow. For instance, a particle floating at the free surface of water waves, experiences a net Stokes drift velocity in the direction
Stokes_drift
Fragments broken off a larger solid body of material
plate impact, in which two waves of compression are reflected on the free-surfaces of the plates and then interact to generate a region of high tensile
Spall
Movement of liquid inside another moving object
also undergoing motion). Strictly speaking, the liquid must have a free surface to constitute a slosh dynamics problem, where the dynamics of the liquid
Slosh_dynamics
Ocean shape without winds and tides
geoid. Being an equigeopotential means the geoid corresponds to the free surface of water at rest (if only the Earth's gravity and rotational acceleration
Geoid
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up surface in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A surface, as the term is most generally used, is the outermost or uppermost layer of a physical object
Surface_(disambiguation)
Flow of fluids within extremely thin regions
a lubricant. Free film lubrication theory is concerned with the case in which one of the surfaces containing the fluid is a free surface. In that case
Lubrication_theory
Capillary flow effect
a droplet with the free surface of the droplet is important in creating a coffee ring. "When the drop evaporates, the free surface collapses and traps
Coffee_ring_effect
Diving in water-filled caves
generally considered to be a type of technical diving due to the lack of a free surface during large parts of the dive, and often involves planned decompression
Cave_diving
Type of liquid flow within a closed conduit
ways, but differ in one important aspect. Pipe flow does not have a free surface which is found in open-channel flow. Pipe flow, being confined within
Pipe_flow
Abrasive process for creating smooth finished surfaces
reflective surface, or prevent corrosion in pipes. In metallography and metallurgy, polishing is used to create a flat, defect-free surface for examination
Polishing_(metalworking)
Third planet from the Sun
being an ocean world, the only one in the Solar System sustaining liquid surface water. Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its ocean, which covers
Earth
Dimensionless number; ratio of a fluid's flow inertia to the external field
gravitational acceleration g, times cross-sectional area A, divided by free-surface width B: c = g A B , {\displaystyle c={\sqrt {g{\frac {A}{B}}}},} so
Froude_number
Enrichment of atoms, ions, and molecules
themselves to the interface or surface in accordance with the statistics of thermodynamics in order to minimize the overall free energy of the system. This
Segregation (materials science)
Segregation_(materials_science)
Surface in 3D space defined by an implicit function of three variables
implicit surface is a surface in Euclidean space defined by an equation F ( x , y , z ) = 0. {\displaystyle F(x,y,z)=0.} An implicit surface is the set
Implicit_surface
Websites and pages easily accessible to user agents
Look up Surface Web in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The surface web (also called the visible web, indexed web, or indexable web) is the portion of
Surface_web
Force distributed over an area
Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. Gauge pressure
Pressure
Liquid, gas, or other continuously deforming and flowing material
have free surfaces, which cost some amount of free energy to form. In the case of solids, the amount of free energy to form a given unit of surface area
Fluid
occurs where two fluids or a fluid in a vacuum form a free surface with surface energy. If more surface area is present than the minimum required to contain
Fluid_thread_breakup
simulation of incompressible free surface flows. It is a macroscopic, deterministic particle method (Lagrangian mesh-free method) developed by Koshizuka
Moving particle semi-implicit method
Moving_particle_semi-implicit_method
Ship response to disturbance from an upright condition
higher side. It is intended to have an effect counter to that of the free surface effect. They have been designed and constructed in passive and active
Ship_stability
Change of surface energy with strain
term called "surface free energy", the excess free energy per unit area needed to create a new surface, is sometimes confused with "surface stress". Although
Surface_stress
Egyptian Ro/Ro passenger ferry
where minor flooding of the deck can gain rapid momentum due to the free surface effect. When the captain asked permission to return to port, the ship's
MS_al-Salam_Boccaccio_98
Algebraic variety of dimension two
cubic surfaces, Veronese surface, del Pezzo surfaces, ruled surfaces κ = 0 : K3 surfaces, abelian surfaces, Enriques surfaces, hyperelliptic surfaces κ =
Algebraic_surface
Energy transfer between scales of motion
below the free surface of a liquid can drive fluctuating displacements of the liquid surface, which at small wavelengths are modulated by surface tension
Energy_cascade
Ratio of inertial to viscous forces acting on a liquid
to a limiting aspect ratio. For calculating the flow of liquid with a free surface, the hydraulic radius must be determined. This is the cross-sectional
Reynolds_number
Dispersion of waves on a water surface
propagating on the water surface, with gravity and surface tension as the restoring forces. As a result, water with a free surface is generally considered
Dispersion_(water_waves)
Raw ore processed to concentrate the metal component
conditions, to liquefy, which may affect the stability of the ship due to the free surface effect potentially causing a ship to capsize. Special measures are required
Ore_concentrate
Deformation mechanism in crystallines
Thus, – in the free surface – cut and open (elimination) of dislocation loops at the surface cause the irreversible/persistent surface step associated
Slip_bands_in_metals
Mathematics of surface waves on a fluid
Lagrangian variational description of the motion of surface waves on a fluid with a free surface, under the action of gravity. This principle is named
Luke's_variational_principle
Angle between a liquid–vapor interface and a solid surface
the free surface of the liquid, and the nature of the liquid and solid in contact. It is independent of the inclination of solid to the liquid surface. It
Contact_angle
Small rocket engines that help fuel settle in 0g before main engine start
expansion. In micro-gravity conditions the cryogenic liquids are without a free surface, and exist in a slushy state between solid, liquid, and gas. In this
Ullage_motor
Algebraic surface with special triviality properties
gives a K3 surface with a fixed-point-free involution T, and the quotient of this by T is an Enriques surface. Alternatively, the Enriques surface can be
Enriques_surface
Work in which threads lie on top of fabric
through the fabric; it is contrasted with canvas work. Much free embroidery is also surface embroidery, as are a few forms of counted-thread embroidery
Surface_embroidery
Alloy used as a lead-free solder
known as SAC), is a lead-free (Pb-free) alloy commonly used for electronic solder. It is the main choice for lead-free surface-mount technology (SMT) assembly
Tin-silver-copper
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software specializing in the simulation of free surface flows. The company's products are based on the volume of fluid method
Flow_Science,_Inc.
Condition experienced by unstable vessels at sea
vessel from capsizing. It is often caused by the influence of a large free surface or the loss of stability due to damaged compartments. It is different
Angle_of_loll
Topics referred to by the same term
Open water may refer to: Ice-free openings on a body of water which otherwise has a frozen surface: Lead (sea ice), a large fracture within an expanse
Open_Water
Fluid breakup of a falling stream
exponentially with time. By decomposing an arbitrary disturbance on the free surface into its constitutive harmonics/wavelengths one can derive a condition
Plateau–Rayleigh_instability
Telescope whose mirror is a reflective liquid
mirror is much less expensive to manufacture. Isaac Newton noted that the free surface of a rotating liquid forms a circular paraboloid and can therefore be
Liquid-mirror_telescope
Open source software for computational fluid dynamics
updating of the free surface is used for efficiency. The 3D mesh is developed as a series of meshed surfaces between the bed and the free surface. Flexibility
TELEMAC
Surface waves generated by wind on open water
water wave, is a surface wave that occurs on the free surface of bodies of water as a result of the wind blowing over the water's surface. The contact distance
Wind_wave
Small unit of liquid
completely or almost completely by free surfaces. A drop may form when liquid accumulates at the end of a tube or other surface boundary, producing a hanging
Drop_(liquid)
Coherent delocalized electron oscillations
Extraordinary optical transmission Free electron model Gap surface plasmon Heat-assisted magnetic recording Multi-parametric surface plasmon resonance Plasma oscillation
Surface_plasmon
Vector field describing the density of electric dipole moments in a dielectric material
that are not balanced are part of the free charge discussed below. For a given volume V enclosed by a surface S, the bound charge Q b {\displaystyle
Polarization_density
is an expression of free surface boundary conditions; n → {\displaystyle {\vec {n}}} is the unit vector normal to S. For a free body (as we assume it)
Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy
Resonant_ultrasound_spectroscopy
the surface layer of water is the study of animal locomotion in the case of small animals that live on the surface layer of water, relying on surface tension
Animal locomotion on the water surface
Animal_locomotion_on_the_water_surface
Sedimentary rock rich in aluminium
A cargo that may liquefy if excessively moist. Liquefaction and the free surface effect can cause the cargo to shift rapidly inside the hold and make
Bauxite
Pressure of the surrounding medium
a free surface is a combination of the hydrostatic pressure due to the weight of the water column and the atmospheric pressure on the free surface. This
Ambient_pressure
Unfilled space in a container, particularly with a liquid
Excessive ullage in a tank may contribute to the free surface effect. When referring to the free surface effect, the condition of a tank that is not full
Ullage
Surface with constant mean curvature
geometry, constant-mean-curvature (CMC) surfaces are surfaces with constant mean curvature. This includes minimal surfaces as a subset, but typically they are
Constant-mean-curvature surface
Constant-mean-curvature_surface
Method for solving problems in continuum mechanics
Pletcher R. (1997), "The development of free surface capturing approach for multi dimensional free surface flows in closed containers", Journal of Computational
Finite_pointset_method
Principle relating to fluid dynamics
central role in Luke's variational principle, a variational description of free-surface flows using the Lagrangian mechanics. Bernoulli developed his principle
Bernoulli's_principle
UK mathematician of Belgian origin (born 1951)
Leonard Schwartz. His Ph.D. thesis entitled Two-dimensional nonlinear free surface flows past semi-infinite bodies, was defended in 1978 and received the
Jean-Marc_Vanden-Broeck
Type of partial differential equation
evolution of the surface Γ {\displaystyle \Gamma } by giving an equation governing the velocity V {\displaystyle V} of the free surface in the direction
Free_boundary_problem
Unstable behavior of two contacting fluids of different densities
equation is the required interfacial condition. The free-surface condition: At the free surface z = η ( x , t ) {\displaystyle z=\eta \left(x,t\right)\
Rayleigh–Taylor_instability
Response of a vessel to sea conditions
Laplace's equation in the fluid domain. For a regular Airy wave, the free-surface elevation may be written η ( x , t ) = a cos ( k x − ω t ) {\displaystyle
Seakeeping
Academic journal
Society of Civil Engineers. Topics range from flows in closed conduits to free-surface flows (canals, rivers, lakes, and estuaries) to environmental fluid dynamics
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Journal_of_Hydraulic_Engineering
Sudden surface disturbance of quiet liquids
otherwise quiescent free surface of a liquid (usually water). The disturbance is typically caused by a solid object suddenly hitting the surface, although splashes
Splash_(fluid_mechanics)
Engineered wood product
(base) boards, architraves and window boards, because its smooth, knot-free surface can be machined into crisp profiles and accepts paint evenly. According
Medium-density_fibreboard
Barrier allowing liquid to be pumped out of an enclosed area
With both complete and partial cofferdams, there is usually a large free surface in the spaces being pumped. Sometimes this can be limited by dewatering
Cofferdam
Percentage of empty volume in a ship
area of the compartment, used for calculating moments of inertia of the free surface area). Calculation of permeability is given by: 0.85 + 0.1 a − c v {\displaystyle
Permeability_(nautical)
Orientable surface whose boundary is a knot or link
Seifert surface (named after German mathematician Herbert Seifert) is an orientable surface whose boundary is a given knot or link. Such surfaces can be
Seifert_surface
Spread of weight in a vehicle
vehicle balanced, and to reduce stability problems associated with the free surface effect. In the trucking industry, individual axle weight limits require
Weight_distribution
Seismological method
which seismologists use to infer properties through physical measurements. Surface-wave inversion is the method by which elastic properties, density, and
Surface-wave_inversion
Narrowest point in a fluid stream
1115/1.3242391. ISSN 0098-2202. Katopodes, Nikolaos D. (21 August 2018). Free-surface flow. Environmental fluid mechanics. Kidlington, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann
Vena_contracta
Electronic states at the surface of materials
Surface states are electronic states found at the surface of materials. They are formed due to the sharp transition from solid material that ends with
Surface_states
FREE SURFACE
FREE SURFACE
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Fry.North German : variant of Frey.Joseph Frye (1711/12–94) was a military officer from Andover, MA, where the family had long been of local prominence. In 1762, he was granted a township in ME, later named Fryeburg after him, and moved his family there. His great-great-grandson William Pierce Frye was born in Lewiston, ME, and served in Congress, first as a member of the House of Representatives and then the Senate from 1871 until his death in 1911.
Boy/Male
English American Teutonic German
Sage, wise. From the Old English Aelfraed, meaning elf counsel. Also from Ealdfrith or Alfrid,...
Boy/Male
Australian, British, English
In Liberty
Male
English
Short form of English Frederick, FRED means "peaceful ruler."
Boy/Male
Anglo, British, English
Foreign
Boy/Male
German, Swedish
Lord
Boy/Male
English Norse Scandinavian
Lord.
Girl/Female
Irish American
Hill. Also abbreviation of Brina and Breanna.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Freer 1.French (Frère) : from frère ‘brother’, used as a byname for the younger of two brothers.
Boy/Male
British, English
Generous
Boy/Male
British, English
Peace
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly southeastern)
English (mainly southeastern) : topographic name for someone who lived near a conspicuous tree, Middle English tre(w).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Middle English freil, frel(i)e ‘frail’, ‘weak’.Possibly an Americanized spelling of German Friel 2.
Female
English
English form of Irish BrÃgh, BREE means "force, strength."
Boy/Male
British, English
Seed
Female
English
Anglicized form of Danish Freya, FREA means "lady, mistress."
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly East Anglia)
English (chiefly East Anglia) : nickname or status name from Old English frēo ‘free(-born)’, i.e. not a serf.North German : topographic or habitational name from a place named Frede or Frede(n).North German : nickname from a variant of Middle Low German wrēd ‘crooked’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Old French and Middle English frere ‘friar’ (Latin frater, literally ‘brother’). This was a status name for a member a religious order, especially a mendicant order, and may also have been a nickname for a pious person or for someone employed at a monastery.Americanized spelling of French Frère (see Frere).North German and Dutch : cognate of Friedrich.
Male
Icelandic
Icelandic form of Old Norse Freyr, FREY means "lord, master."
Male
Swedish
Danish and Swedish form of Old Norse Freyr, FREJ means "lord, master."
FREE SURFACE
FREE SURFACE
Male
English
Anglicized form of Hebrew Eliyphelet, ELIFELET means "my God is deliverance." In the bible, this is the name of many characters, including King David's youngest son. Also spelled Eliphelet.
Male
Hebrew
(יְחֶזְקֵ×ל) Hebrew name YECHEZQEL means "God will strengthen." In the bible, this is the name of a prophet, the author of the Book of Ezekiel.Â
Male
English
Old English name HENGIST means "stallion." In English legend, this is the name of the brother of Horsa, and ruler of Kent. In Arthurian legend, he was killed by Uther Pendragon.Â
Female
Chinese
cleanliness.
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Beloved of God
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Skilled in War
Boy/Male
British, English
Son of Simon
Male
German
Norman Germanic equivalent of Anglo-Saxon Wulfric, ULFRIC means "wolf power."
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Chinese, English, German
Hazelnut; Evelyn; Life
Girl/Female
Tamil
Mohanakalyani | மோஹநாகலà¯à®¯à®¾à®£à¯€
Name of a Raga
FREE SURFACE
FREE SURFACE
FREE SURFACE
FREE SURFACE
FREE SURFACE
n.
One who believes in or practices free-love.
n.
One who frees, or sets free.
imp. & p. p.
of Free
superl.
Ready; eager; acting without spurring or whipping; spirited; as, a free horse.
a.
Open; frank; unreserved; liberal; generous; as, free-hearted mirth.
a.
Not perplexed; having a mind free from care.
a.
Free from charge or expense; hence, unpunished; scot-free.
v. t.
To make free.
adv.
Without charge; as, children admitted free.
superl.
Not gained by importunity or purchase; gratuitous; spontaneous; as, free admission; a free gift.
superl.
Not arbitrary or despotic; assuring liberty; defending individual rights against encroachment by any person or class; instituted by a free people; -- said of a government, institutions, etc.
a.
To make free; to set at liberty; to rid of that which confines, limits, embarrasses, oppresses, etc.; to release; to disengage; to clear; -- followed by from, and sometimes by off; as, to free a captive or a slave; to be freed of these inconveniences.
a.
Free from the power of love.
superl.
Certain or honorable; the opposite of base; as, free service; free socage.
superl.
Not united or combined with anything else; separated; dissevered; unattached; at liberty to escape; as, free carbonic acid gas; free cells.
superl.
Privileged or individual; the opposite of common; as, a free fishery; a free warren.
superl.
Exempt; clear; released; liberated; not encumbered or troubled with; as, free from pain; free from a burden; -- followed by from, or, rarely, by of.
v. t.
To place upon a tree; to fit with a tree; to stretch upon a tree; as, to tree a boot. See Tree, n., 3.
superl.
Not close or parsimonious; liberal; open-handed; lavish; as, free with his money.