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2025 novel by Chris Hadfield
Final Orbit is a 2025 alternate history, thriller novel by Canadian retired astronaut and writer Chris Hadfield. It was first published in October 2025
Final_Orbit
Transfer orbit used to reach geosynchronous or geostationary orbit
transfer orbit (GTO) or geosynchronous transfer orbit is a highly elliptical type of geocentric orbit, usually with a perigee as low as low Earth orbit (LEO)
Geostationary_transfer_orbit
Transfer manoeuvre between two orbits
astronautics, the Hohmann transfer orbit (/ˈhoʊmən/) is an orbital maneuver used to transfer a spacecraft between two orbits of different altitudes around
Hohmann_transfer_orbit
Periodic, three-dimensional orbit
Halo orbit A halo orbit is a periodic, non-planar orbit associated with one of the L1, L2 or L3 Lagrange points in the three-body problem of orbital mechanics
Halo_orbit
NASA probe of the Sun's outer corona
corona. It used repeated gravity assists from Venus to develop an eccentric orbit, approaching within 9.86 solar radii (6.9 million km or 4.3 million miles)
Parker_Solar_Probe
Retirement of NASA's Cassini spacecraft on 15 September 2017
stages were aerobraking into orbit around Titan, leaving the Saturn system, or making close approaches and/or changing its orbit. For example, it could have
Cassini_retirement
LEOP generally concludes once the satellite is safely positioned in its final orbit. During this period, operations staff work typically 24 hours a day to
Launch_and_Early_Orbit_phase
Rocket motor used to circularise a satellite's orbit after launch
artificial satellites to provide the final impulse to change the trajectory from the transfer orbit into its final orbit (most commonly circular). For a satellite
Apogee_kick_motor
Soviet launch vehicle
as a final stage intended to put the payload into orbit, and Energia-Buran, in which the Buran orbiter was the payload and the source of the orbit insertion
Energia_(rocket)
Measure of amount of effort to change trajectory
in an orbit of different inclination, a substantial delta-v is required, though the specific kinetic and potential energies in the final orbit and the
Delta-v
2021 novel by Chris Hadfield
his Apollo Murders series, followed later by The Defector in 2023 and Final Orbit in 2025. Hadfield had previously published three non-fiction books, his
The_Apollo_Murders
NASA mission, launched in 2010 to GSO
solar arrays, and two high-gain antennas, in an inclined geosynchronous orbit around Earth. The spacecraft includes three instruments: the Extreme Ultraviolet
Solar_Dynamics_Observatory
Type of orbital maneuver
elliptical orbit with periapsis at the radius of the final desired orbit, where a third burn is performed, injecting the spacecraft into the desired orbit. While
Bi-elliptic_transfer
2023 novel by Chris Hadfield
series, the first being The Apollo Murders in 2021, and followed later by Final Orbit in 2025. The Defector is set in 1973 during the Cold War, and is about
The_Defector_(Hadfield_novel)
Temporary orbit used during the launch of a spacecraft
A parking orbit is a temporary orbit used during the launch of a spacecraft. A launch vehicle follows a trajectory to the parking orbit, then coasts for
Parking_orbit
1962 crewed spaceflight within NASA's Project Mercury
Carpenter also took 19 photos of the flattened Sun at orbit sunset. At dawn of the third and final orbit, Carpenter inadvertently bumped his hand against the
Mercury-Atlas_7
Fifth and final orbital flight of a boilerplate Apollo spacecraft, July 30, 1965
AS-105 was the fifth and final orbital flight of a boilerplate Apollo spacecraft, and the third and final launch of a Pegasus micrometeoroid detection
AS-105
Soviet space station (1974–1975)
attained an altitude of 219 to 270 km on launch and NASA reported its final orbital altitude was 268 to 272 km. Only one of the three intended crews successfully
Salyut_3
First space station launched and operated by NASA (1973–1979)
resemble MOL less. For the final two crewed missions to Skylab, NASA assembled a backup Apollo CSM/Saturn IB in case an in-orbit rescue mission was needed
Skylab
English electronic music duo
Orbital are an English electronic music duo from Dunton Green, Kent, England, consisting of brothers Phil and Paul Hartnoll. The band's name is taken
Orbital_(band)
Spaceflight maneuver
Orbital inclination change is an orbital maneuver aimed at changing the inclination of an orbiting body's orbit. This maneuver is also known as an orbital
Orbital_inclination_change
mission such as Chandrayaan-4, Lunar Polar Exploration Mission, Venus Orbiter Mission and Mars Lander Mission. There are also various Indian satellite
List_of_ISRO_missions
attempt final burn for Mars" (Tweet). Retrieved 6 February 2018 – via Twitter. @elonmusk (6 February 2018). "Third burn successful. Exceeded Mars orbit and
List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2010–2019)
List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches_(2010–2019)
Pollution around Earth by defunct artificial objects
debris) are defunct human-made objects in space – principally in Earth orbit – which no longer serve a useful function. These include derelict spacecraft
Space_debris
Series of science fiction anthologies
collection selected from the first ten volumes. In his Introduction to the final Orbit volume (no. 21), Knight wrote: A series of original anthologies, like
Orbit_(anthology_series)
Indian orbiter mission to Mars (2013–2022)
Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), unofficially known as Mangalyaan (Sanskrit: Maṅgala 'Mars', Yāna 'Craft, Vehicle'), is a space probe orbiting Mars since 24
Mars_Orbiter_Mission
Movement during spaceflight
In spaceflight, an orbital maneuver (otherwise known as a burn) is the use of propulsion systems to change the orbit of a spacecraft. For spacecraft far
Orbital_maneuver
American television sitcom (1993–2000)
July 24, 2022. Schneider, Michael (April 19, 2000). "Boy world in its final orbit". Variety. Variety Media, LLC. Archived from the original on July 14
Boy_Meets_World
Sculpture and observation tower in London, England
The ArcelorMittal Orbit (often referred to as the Orbit Tower or its original name, Orbit) is a 114.5-metre (376-foot) sculpture and observation tower
ArcelorMittal_Orbit
Football club
final. The 2022–23 SAFA Second Division semifinal between hosts Umsinga United and Orbit College at Harry Gwala Stadium was marred by violence. Orbit
Orbit_College_F.C.
Defunct American aerospace company
Virgin Orbit was a company within the Virgin Group that provided launch services for small satellites. The company was formed in 2017 as a spin-off of
Virgin_Orbit
Superhero team in DC Comics
1999, Titan Books, ISBN 1-84023-291-9, Wildstorm, ISBN 1-56389-535-8) Final Orbit (collects Stormwatch Volume 2 #10-11 and WildC.A.T.S/Aliens, 96 pages
Stormwatch_(comics)
Defense satellite communications project
support, and early orbit support while satellites are in initial or transfer orbits and require maneuvering to their final orbit. The SCN provides tracking
Satellite_Control_Network
Indian lunar mission (2008–2009)
its orbit to a distance more than half the way to the Moon. In this orbit, the spacecraft took about six days to go around the Earth once. Final orbit burn
Chandrayaan-1
angle in original orbit T1 is defined as period of original orbit E is defined as change of eccentric anomaly between spacecraft and final position e1 is
Orbit_phasing
1998 comic book by Warren Ellis
a one-shot but has been collected in a trade paperback: Stormwatch: Final Orbit (includes Stormwatch vol. 2 #10-11 and WildC.A.T.s/Aliens, ISBN 1-56389-788-1)
WildC.A.T.s/Aliens
Function describing an electron in an atom
In quantum mechanics, an atomic orbital is a function describing the location and wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom. This function describes
Atomic_orbital
First planet from the Sun
days) and sidereal day (58.65 Earth days) are in a 3:2 ratio, in a spin–orbit resonance. Consequently, one solar day (sunrise to sunrise) on Mercury lasts
Mercury_(planet)
Space Shuttle orbiter (1984–2011)
Shuttle Discovery (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-103) is a retired American Space Shuttle orbiter. The spaceplane was one of the orbiters from NASA's Space
Space_Shuttle_Discovery
Dwarf planet in the asteroid belt
Ceres is a dwarf planet in the main asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. It was the first object identified in the asteroid belt, discovered
Ceres_(dwarf_planet)
Launch system that only uses one rocket stage
A single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) vehicle reaches orbit from the surface of a body using only propellants and fluids and without expending tanks, engines
Single-stage-to-orbit
Constellation of American meteorology satellites
Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) is the latest generation of U.S. polar-orbiting, non-geosynchronous, environmental satellites. JPSS will provide the global
Joint_Polar_Satellite_System
Orbit keeping the satellite at a fixed longitude above the equator
A geosynchronous orbit (sometimes abbreviated GEO) is an Earth-centered orbit with an orbital period that matches Earth's rotation on its axis, 23 hours
Geosynchronous_orbit
Swedish melodic death metal band
Orbit Culture is a Swedish melodic death metal band from Eksjö, formed in 2013. The band includes vocalist and rhythm guitarist Niklas Karlsson, lead
Orbit_Culture
Joint US-Taiwan meteorological satellite constellation
use of precession due to the oblateness of the Earth and raised to a final orbital altitude over the course of several months. Scientific data were collected
Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate
Constellation_Observing_System_for_Meteorology,_Ionosphere,_and_Climate
American rocket stage
to geostationary orbit - as such, the satellites were not capable of moving from geostationary transfer orbit to geostationary orbit themselves. Because
Integrated_Apogee_Boost_Stage
NASA orbiter mission to Venus (1989–1994)
first spacecraft to test aerobraking as a method for circularizing its orbit. Magellan was the fifth successful NASA mission to Venus, and it ended an
Magellan_(spacecraft)
Abortive Chinese space program
successful Project 921-1 (Shenzhou) that followed three decades later. In Final Orbit, an alternate history novel by Chris Hadfield, China builds Shuguang
Shuguang_(spacecraft)
Field of classical mechanics concerned with the motion of spacecraft
Orbital mechanics or astrodynamics is the application of ballistics and celestial mechanics to rockets, satellites, and other spacecraft. The motion of
Orbital_mechanics
Hypothetical Solar System planet
the peculiar clustering of orbits for a group of extreme trans-Neptunian objects (ETNOs)—bodies beyond Neptune that orbit the Sun at distances averaging
Planet_Nine
Spaceflight maneuver
high point of an elliptical orbit (apoapsis) by flying the vehicle through the atmosphere at the low point of the orbit (periapsis). The resulting drag
Aerobraking
British musician and record producer
Mark Wainwright (born 15 December 1956), known professionally as William Orbit, is an English musician and record producer who has sold 200 million recordings
William_Orbit
Fifth planet from the Sun
Earth and a tenth that of the Sun. Jupiter orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.20 AU (778.5 Gm), with an orbital period of 11.86 years. It is the third-brightest
Jupiter
Controlled atmospheric entry of Mir over the Pacific
Mir ended its mission on 23 March 2001, when it was brought out of its orbit, entered the atmosphere and was destroyed. Major components ranged from
Deorbit_of_Mir
Modular space station in low Earth orbit
The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station in low Earth orbit (LEO). It is the product of the International Space Station program and is
International_Space_Station
Indian crewed orbital spacecraft
Sanskrit: gagana, "celestial" and yāna, "craft, vehicle") is an Indian crewed orbital spacecraft intended to be the formative spacecraft of the Indian Human
Gaganyaan
GPS data processing technique
higher-latency but also higher-accuracy "ultra-rapid", "rapid", and "final" orbit and clock values for the GPS constellation through its GipsyX service
Precise_Point_Positioning
Canadian astronaut (born 1959)
Murders, a thriller set in the Cold War. Sequels entitled The Defector and Final Orbit were released in 2023 and 2025 respectively. Hadfield stated in October
Chris_Hadfield
Partially reusable launch system and space plane
The Space Shuttle is a retired, partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and
Space_Shuttle
American expendable launch system
for 62.7 seconds and is responsible for deploying the payload into its final orbit. Two variants are available, one with a 60 RPM spin-stabilized Star-37FM
Minotaur_V
India's first solar observation mission
other Indian Space Research Institutes. It is orbiting at about 1.5 million km from Earth in a halo orbit around the Lagrange point 1 (L1) between the
Aditya-L1
First international crewed spaceflight mission
that depicts a fictionalized Apollo–Soyuz mission in its second season Final Orbit, an alternate history novel by Chris Hadfield where the Apollo–Soyuz
Apollo–Soyuz
1977 American TV series or program
11, 2012. Alaimo, Dan (July 10, 1995). "'STAR WARS' TRILOGY SET FOR 'FINAL' ORBIT". Supermarket News. The Making of Star Wars at IMDb The Making of Star
The_Making_of_Star_Wars
1983 video game
shapeship or the Earth itself. The game was released under the name Final Orbit for Atari 8-bit computers. The Earth Dies Screaming is a first-person
The Earth Dies Screaming (video game)
The_Earth_Dies_Screaming_(video_game)
Type of high-latitude satellite orbit
A Molniya orbit (Russian: Молния, IPA: [ˈmolnʲɪjə] , "Lightning") is a type of satellite orbit designed to provide communications and remote sensing coverage
Molniya_orbit
First test flight of the Apollo Saturn V rocket
would automatically take pictures out of one of the CM's windows on its final orbit. Since Apollo 4 carried no crew the CM lacked couches, controls and displays
Apollo_4
Rocket able to lift 50,000 kg to low Earth orbit
stage and Earth-orbit departure fuel was included, Saturn V placed approximately 140 t (310,000 lb) into low Earth orbit (LEO). The final launch of Saturn
Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle
of L1 in 1983 for a comet rendezvous mission. Currently in heliocentric orbit. The Sun–Earth L1 is also the point to which the Reboot ISEE-3 mission was
List of objects at Lagrange points
List_of_objects_at_Lagrange_points
French military satellite program
Launched in November 2021, the satellites are expected to reach their final orbit, 700 km from Earth, after a few months and full operational capability
CERES_(satellite)
Most common type of rocket, used to launch satellites
separate the two vehicles. Only multistage rockets have reached orbital speed. Single-stage-to-orbit designs are sought, but have not yet been demonstrated on
Multistage_rocket
Relativistic interaction in quantum physics
In quantum mechanics, the spin–orbit interaction (also called spin–orbit effect or spin–orbit coupling) is a relativistic interaction of a particle's spin
Spin–orbit_interaction
Spaceplane component of the Space Shuttle
The Space Shuttle orbiter was the spaceplane component of the Space Shuttle, a partially reusable orbital spacecraft system that was part of the discontinued
Space_Shuttle_orbiter
Satellite company
commercial broadband satellite internet constellation. Using low-Earth-orbiting satellites small antennas could be used to provide uplinks of as much as
Teledesic
Indian Lunar exploration programme
incorporates a lunar orbiter, an impactor, a soft lander and a rover spacecraft. There have been three missions so far with a total of two orbiters, landers and
Chandrayaan_programme
Process that leads to gradual decrease of the distance between two orbiting bodies
Orbital decay is a gradual decrease of the distance between two orbiting bodies at their closest approach (the periapsis) over many orbital periods. These
Orbital_decay
European Space Agency satellite that orbited the Moon
SMART-1 was a European Space Agency satellite that orbited the Moon. It was launched on 27 September 2003 at 23:14 UTC from the Guiana Space Centre in
SMART-1
Third planet from the Sun
perpendicular to its orbital plane around the Sun, producing seasons. Earth is orbited by one permanent natural satellite, the Moon, which orbits Earth at 384
Earth
Space launch system
Air Force beginning in 1976 for raising payloads from low Earth orbit to higher orbits or interplanetary trajectories following launch aboard a Titan 34D
Inertial_Upper_Stage
Orbit in the two body case with high eccentricity
A highly elliptical orbit (HEO) or highly eccentric orbit is an orbit of one body about another with high eccentricity, usually referring to one around
Highly_elliptical_orbit
Download manager and malware application for Windows
Orbit Downloader is a discontinued download manager for Microsoft Windows. Launched in 2006, its developers abandoned it in 2009. In 2013, Orbit Downloader
Orbit_Downloader
Chinese modular space station (since 2021)
kōngjiānzhàn), is China's first permanently crewed space station, in low Earth orbit since 2021. Operated by the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA), it is China's
Tiangong_space_station
Geostationary communications satellite
(333 lb) by entry into service as it burned propellant to reach its final orbit. The satellite carried an SVM-2 apogee motor for propulsion and was equipped
Intelsat_III_F-2
Mars orbiter, part of ExoMars programme
The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO or ExoMars Orbiter) is a collaborative project between the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Russian Roscosmos agency
Trace_Gas_Orbiter
space probes which have escaped Earth orbit. It includes lunar space probes, but does not include space probes orbiting at the Sun–Earth Lagrangian points
List of active Solar System probes
List_of_active_Solar_System_probes
capacity also rose, with approximately 1,200 tonnes (2,600,000 lb) sent to orbit. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2023)
List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches_(2023)
Moon of Jupiter
Amalthea (/ˌæməlˈθiːə/) is a moon of Jupiter. It has the third-closest orbit around Jupiter among known moons and was the fifth moon of Jupiter to be
Amalthea_(moon)
Chinese lunar communications satellite
types of orbits near the equilibrium points, include Lyapunov orbits, halo orbits, Lissajous orbits, and quasi-halo orbits. Lyapunov orbits pass behind
Queqiao-1
Expendable launch system by SpaceX
delivering the Malaysian RazakSAT satellite to orbit on SpaceX's first commercial launch (fifth and final launch overall). While SpaceX had announced an
Falcon_1
United States historic place in Houston, Texas
was ultimate supervisor of the Mission Control Center, and gave the final orbit entrance/exit, and, in emergencies, mission abort decisions. During Mercury
Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center
Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center
Assessments of possible life on Mars
Ingo; et al. (2017). ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter provides atmospheric data during Aerobraking into its final orbit. 49th Annual Division for Planetary Sciences
Life_on_Mars
European Earth observation satellite
from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 133. Sentinel-5P successfully reached its final orbit 79 minutes after lift-off. Sentinel-5P carries a single instrument, the
Sentinel-5_Precursor
Wikinews has related news: New Mars Orbiter arrives for launch Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter enters Martian orbit April 30, 2005: the MRO spacecraft was
Timeline of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
Timeline_of_Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter
Largest dwarf planet
ring of bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune. It is the ninth-largest and tenth-most-massive known object to directly orbit the Sun. It is the largest
Pluto
payload masses). SpaceX held a successful launch of the first commercial orbital human space flight on 30 May 2020, crewed with NASA astronauts Doug Hurley
List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2020–2022)
List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches_(2020–2022)
Overview of the exploration of the planet Jupiter and its moons
ecliptic plane, placing it into a final orbit around the Sun's north and south poles. The size and shape of the probe's orbit were adjusted to a much smaller
Exploration_of_Jupiter
Objects intentionally placed into orbit
potentially, weapon delivery. Other satellites include the final rocket stages that place satellites in orbit and formerly useful satellites that later become defunct
Satellite
China conducts the most or second most orbital launches each year. China's fleet of over 1,300 Earth orbit satellites serves communication, navigation
Chinese_space_program
Indian telecommunications satellite
transfer orbit. Due to power failure during its orbit raising burns the communication was lost with GSAT-6A before it could reach its final circular geostationary
GSAT-6A
Indian scientist
geo-synchronous satellites. Anuradha successfully maneuvered GSAT- 12 into its final orbit through complex operations executed from the control facility in Hassan
Anuradha_T._K.
First crewed space mission to orbit the Moon
influence, and the first human spaceflight to reach the Moon. The crew orbited the Moon ten times without landing and then returned to Earth. The three
Apollo_8
FINAL ORBIT
FINAL ORBIT
Girl/Female
Indian
Angel of beauty
Girl/Female
Indian
Sweet girl, Variant of donald great chief
Boy/Male
Latin
Faithful.
Female
Italian
Short form of Italian Serafina, FINA means "burning one" or "serpent." Also used as a short form of other names ending with -fina. The masculine form is Fino.
Boy/Male
British, English, French
Vine Hall
Surname or Lastname
English (Sussex, Essex, and Kent)
English (Sussex, Essex, and Kent) : unexplained. Reaney derives it from Vynall’s Farm in Pebmarsh in Essex, but it seems more likely that the surname gave rise to the farm name.Galician and Spanish (Viñal) : habitational name from any of six places in Galicia named Viñal, from a derivative of viña ‘vineyard’.in some cases also a Castilianized spelling of Catalan Vinyal, of the same derivation as Spanish Viñal.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Precious gem, Stone
Girl/Female
Hindu
God of child
Male
English
Scottish Anglicized form of Gaelic Fionnghall, FINGAL means "white valor."
Girl/Female
Australian, Greek
Last; Final
Girl/Female
Indian
Musical instrument
Girl/Female
Native American
Fruit.
Boy/Male
Scottish
Fair-haired stranger.
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu
Lord Vishnu
Girl/Female
American, Arabic, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Muslim, Oriya, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
A Precious Stone; Like a Diamond; Truthful; Union; Fruit
Girl/Female
Tamil
Sweet girl, Variant of donald great chief
Girl/Female
Indian
Loving
Girl/Female
Hindu
Precious gem, Stone
Boy/Male
Anglo Saxon Irish
Name of a bishop.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Death; Final Destination
FINAL ORBIT
FINAL ORBIT
Male
English
English surname transferred to forename use, derived from Old English Godwin, GOODWIN means "God's friend."
Boy/Male
Norse
A supporter of Sumarlidi son of Killer Hrapp.
Boy/Male
Arabic
Intelligent person.
Female
Spanish
Latin name derived from (dies) natalis, NATALIA means "birthday," or in Church Latin "Christmas day." In use by the Spanish.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Wonderful
Boy/Male
Biblical
The exaltation of the Lord.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
A Young and Slim Girl
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Form
Girl/Female
Sikh
Absorbed in Love
Boy/Male
Muslim
Honor
FINAL ORBIT
FINAL ORBIT
FINAL ORBIT
FINAL ORBIT
FINAL ORBIT
a.
Final; serving to complete; conclusive.
a.
Ultimate; final.
a.
Pertaining to the end or conclusion; last; terminating; ultimate; as, the final day of a school term.
a.
Last; latest; final.
n.
The day of the final judgment.
a.
Most remote; furthest; final; last.
a.
Pertaining to the last or final things.
a.
Final; ultimate.
a.
Definitive; determinate; final.
v. i.
The final award; the last sentence.
a.
Conclusive; decisive; definitive; final.
n.
Final decision; determination; result.
a.
Respecting an end or object to be gained; respecting the purpose or ultimate end in view.
a.
Determinate; positive; final; conclusive; unconditional; express.
a.
Final; conclusive; ending.
a.
Conclusive; decisive; as, a final judgment; the battle of Waterloo brought the contest to a final issue.
a.
Inappealable; final.
a.
Last; final.
n.
The state of being final, finished, or complete; a final or conclusive arrangement; a settlement.
n.
The final chorus; the catastrophe.