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Approach used in controlling nonlinear systems
Feedback linearization is a common strategy employed in nonlinear control to control nonlinear systems. Feedback linearization techniques may be applied
Feedback_linearization
Type of shift register in computing
linear-feedback shift register (LFSR) is a shift register whose input bit is a linear function of its previous state. The most commonly used linear function
Linear-feedback shift register
Linear-feedback_shift_register
Process where information about current status is used to influence future status
Feedback occurs when outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause and effect that forms a circuit or loop. The system can
Feedback
helps design robust controllers in applications like robotics, feedback linearization, and control engineering. The idea was introduced thirty years ago
Zero_dynamics
Branch of engineering and mathematics
nonlinear systems. These, e.g., feedback linearization, backstepping, sliding mode control, trajectory linearization control normally take advantage of
Control_theory
Electronic circuit which counteracts non-linear behavior of an amplifier
post-distortion and feedback linearization. Most commonly used is pre-distortion linearization. The function performed by the linearizer in relation to the
Linearizer
Control theory for nonlinear or time-variant systems
auxiliary nonlinear feedback in such a way that the system can be treated as linear for purposes of control design: Feedback linearization And Lyapunov based
Nonlinear_control
Machine learning technique
In machine learning, reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) is a technique to align an intelligent agent with human preferences. It involves
Reinforcement learning from human feedback
Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback
Type of electronic amplifier
that negative feedback opposes the original signal. The applied negative feedback can improve its performance (gain stability, linearity, frequency response
Negative-feedback_amplifier
Type of electronic circuit
to the feedback oscillators described above, which use two-port amplifying active elements such as transistors and operational amplifiers, linear oscillators
Electronic_oscillator
Indian roboticist
dynamic systems using the techniques of static feedback linearization, dynamic feedback linearization, and differential flatness. The fundamentals of
Sunil_K._Agrawal
Control concept
Negative feedback (or balancing feedback) occurs when some function of the output of a system, process, or mechanism is fed back in a manner that tends
Negative_feedback
Loop that increases an initial effect
Positive feedback (exacerbating feedback, self-reinforcing feedback) is a process that occurs in a feedback loop where the outcome of a process reinforces
Positive_feedback
System where changes of output are not proportional to changes of input
difficult to solve, nonlinear systems are commonly approximated by linear equations (linearization). This works well up to some accuracy and some range for the
Nonlinear_system
Feedback related to climate change
greenhouse gas emissions. Positive feedbacks amplify global warming while negative feedbacks diminish it. Feedbacks influence both the amount of greenhouse
Climate_change_feedbacks
Feedback controller
controller or feedback controller is a control loop which incorporates feedback, in contrast to an open-loop controller or non-feedback controller. A
Closed-loop_controller
Operator in differential topology
2009, pp. 20–21, nonholonomic systems; Khalil 2002, pp. 523–530, feedback linearization. Arnolʹd, V. I.; Khesin, Boris A. (1999). Topological methods in
Lie_bracket_of_vector_fields
System in control theory
situation when there exists a linearizing transformation (i.e., a diffeomorphism, like the one used in feedback linearization) z = Φ ( x ) {\displaystyle
State_observer
Family of control systems
Guardabassi, Guido O., and Sergio M. Savaresi. "Approximate feedback linearization of discrete-time non-linear systems using virtual input direct design." Systems
Data-driven_control_system
Linear optimal control technique
in the theory is that the solution is provided by the linear–quadratic regulator (LQR), a feedback controller whose equations are given below. LQR controllers
Linear–quadratic_regulator
Type of optimization problem
nonholonomic has been studied in the scope of motion planning and feedback linearization for mobile robots. It is related to underactuation, because in underactuation
Nonholonomic_system
Type of AC motor
control Field oriented control Direct torque control, a variant of VC Feedback linearization The PMSMs can also operate on open-loop control, which is sometimes
Synchronous_motor
Algorithm on linear-feedback shift registers
shortest linear-feedback shift register (LFSR) for a given binary output sequence. The algorithm will also find the minimal polynomial of a linearly recurrent
Berlekamp–Massey_algorithm
Control systems and control theory based on negative feedback
Linear control are control systems and control theory based on negative feedback for producing a control signal to maintain the controlled process variable
Linear_control
Condition determining when a linear electronic circuit will oscillate
negative feedback circuits such as op amps, to prevent them from oscillating. Barkhausen's criterion applies to linear circuits with a feedback loop. It
Barkhausen stability criterion
Barkhausen_stability_criterion
High-gain voltage amplifier with a differential input
of performing mathematical operations in analog computers. The voltage-feedback opamp (VFOA or VFA, the focus of this article) amplifies the voltage difference
Operational_amplifier
Actuator that creates motion in a straight line
A linear actuator is an actuator that creates linear motion (i.e., in a straight line), in contrast to the circular motion of a conventional electric motor
Linear_actuator
Edges that hit all cycles in a graph
In graph theory and graph algorithms, a feedback arc set or feedback edge set in a directed graph is a subset of the edges of the graph that contains at
Feedback_arc_set
Robot control
control scheme used in motion control in robotics. It combines feedback linearization via a PID controller of the error with a dynamical model of the
Computed_torque_control
Audio amplifier with power output sufficient to drive a loudspeaker
distortion. While negative feedback actually reduces the gain, it also reduces distortion. Most audio amplifiers are linear amplifiers operating in class
Audio_power_amplifier
Technique for designing controllers
as nonlinear PID. Weighted state errors can also be used as feedback in a linearization system. Su, Yu Xin; Zheng, Chun Hong; Duan, Bao Yan (2005-05-31)
Active disturbance rejection control
Active_disturbance_rejection_control
System that manages the behavior of other systems
"fed back" as input to the process, closing the loop. In the case of linear feedback systems, a control loop including sensors, control algorithms, and
Control_system
Electronic filter circuits defined by component connection
transfer function of the lowpass multiple feedback topology circuit, like all second-order lowpass linear filters, is: H ( s ) = V o V i = − 1 A s 2
Electronic_filter_topology
Type of voltage regulator
gate or base. With negative feedback and good choice of compensation, the output voltage is kept reasonably constant. Linear regulators are often inefficient:
Linear_regulator
Linear optimal control technique
predictive control. It concerns linear systems driven by additive white Gaussian noise. The problem is to determine an output feedback law that is optimal in the
Linear–quadratic–Gaussian control
Linear–quadratic–Gaussian_control
Optical phenomenon
laser output. While the recombination of the feedback light and light already in the cavity is usually linear, the delay, high gain, chirping, and relaxation
Optical_feedback
Algorithm for generating pseudo-randomized numbers
It is easy to detect the structure of a linear-feedback shift register with appropriate tests such as the linear complexity test implemented in the TestU01
Linear_congruential_generator
Type of motor
servomotor is a closed-loop servomechanism that uses position feedback (either linear or angular position) to control its motion and final position.
Servomotor
Control loop feedback mechanism
proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller, or three-term controller, is a feedback-based control loop mechanism commonly used to manage machines and processes
PID_controller
Electronic control system
consisting of a variable frequency oscillator and a phase detector in a feedback loop (Figure 1). The oscillator generates a periodic signal Vo with frequency
Phase-locked_loop
Simplified representations of communication
decode the message to understand the initial idea and provides some form of feedback. In both cases, noise may interfere and distort the message. Models of
Models_of_communication
Type of shift register
A nonlinear-feedback shift register (NLFSR) is a shift register whose input bit is a non-linear function of its previous state. For an n-bit shift register
Nonlinear-feedback shift register
Nonlinear-feedback_shift_register
Scheme for controlling errors in data over noisy communication channels
Erasure codes Error detection and correction Error-correcting codes with feedback Linear code Quantum error correction Soft-decision decoder Charles Wang; Dean
Error_correction_code
American electrical engineer
made substantially linear with the application of negative feedback. Negative feedback works by sacrificing gain for higher linearity (or in other words
Harold_Stephen_Black
Classical method used to design feedback control systems
Minor loop feedback is a classical method used to design stable robust linear feedback control systems using feedback loops around sub-systems within the
Minor_loop_feedback
Cryptography algorithm
I_{j}=O_{j-1},} I 0 = IV . {\displaystyle I_{0}={\text{IV}}.} Output feedback (OFB) Each output feedback block cipher operation depends on all previous ones, and
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Interaction involving touch
directed to a servo system on the control, also known as force feedback. Force feedback has been implemented experimentally in some excavators and is useful
Haptic_technology
Numerical measures that characterize amplifier properties and performance
overload. Ill effects of non-linearity can be reduced with negative feedback. Linearization is an emergent field, and there are many techniques, such as feed
Amplifier_figures_of_merit
Type of symmetric key cipher
cipher is a block cipher in cipher feedback (CFB) mode. Binary stream ciphers are often constructed using linear-feedback shift registers (LFSRs) because
Stream_cipher
Classification of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
without additional parameters. A regulatory feedback network makes inferences using negative feedback. The feedback is used to find the optimal activation
Types of artificial neural networks
Types_of_artificial_neural_networks
Interaction model of communication
includes innovations over previous models, such as the inclusion of a feedback loop and the discussion of the role of fields of experience. For Schramm
Schramm's model of communication
Schramm's_model_of_communication
Italian information engineer
recommended ELASTIC Feedback Linearization Adaptive Streaming Controller in a paper, which is a client side controller made with feedback control theory that
Saverio_Mascolo
Amplifier that converts current to voltage
with the feedback resistor. When this feedback capacitor is considered, the compensated feedback factor becomes β=1+RfCfs1+Rf(Ci+Cf)s. The feedback capacitor
Transimpedance_amplifier
Precision differential amplifier with input buffering
Machine. Feedback-free instrumentation amplifier is the high-input-impedance differential amplifier designed without the external feedback network. This
Instrumentation_amplifier
Method in feedback control system theory
Full state feedback (FSF), or pole placement, is a method employed in feedback control system theory to place the closed-loop poles of a plant in predetermined
Full_state_feedback
Electric motor that produces a linear force
instruction to soldiers. These motors provide realistic recoil and other haptic feedback to the training devices which enhance the experience while offering precise
Linear_motor
Dynamic system property
regulation problems, such as the stabilization of unstable systems using feedback, tracking problems, obtaining optimal control strategies, or, simply prescribing
Controllability
Forces of South Russia. An analog feedback shift register (AFSR) is a generalization of the (binary, digital) linear-feedback shift register (LFSR). While
Analog feedback shift register
Analog_feedback_shift_register
Mathematical model of a system in control engineering
{G} (\infty )} constant in the transfer function. A common method for feedback is to multiply the output by a matrix K and setting this as the input to
State-space_representation
Time behavior of a system controlled by Heaviside step functions
simple negative feedback amplifier shown in Figure 1. The feedback amplifier consists of a main open-loop amplifier of gain AOL and a feedback loop governed
Step_response
Control system for the motion of a mechanical system
feedback to drive the error towards zero. The Ragonnet power reverse mechanism was a general purpose air or steam-powered servo amplifier for linear motion
Servomechanism
Helaoui, and F. M. Ghannouchi, “Subsampling feedback loop applicable to concurrent dualband linearization architecture,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory
Multidimensional digital pre-distortion
Multidimensional_digital_pre-distortion
Graphical method of determining the stability of a dynamical system
and analyzing systems with feedback. While Nyquist is one of the most general stability tests, it is still restricted to linear time-invariant (LTI) systems
Nyquist_stability_criterion
problems. It is based on quasi-linearization, which is the approximation of the non-linear system under investigation by a linear time-invariant (LTI) transfer
Describing_function
Feedback control algorithm used in congestion control
(AIMD) algorithm is a feedback control algorithm best known for its use in TCP congestion control. AIMD combines linear growth of the congestion window
Additive increase/multiplicative decrease
Additive_increase/multiplicative_decrease
Concepts from linear algebra
a system is represented by a linear transformation whose outputs are fed as inputs to the same transformation (feedback). In such an application, the
Eigenvalues_and_eigenvectors
Electronic device/component that increases the strength of a signal
Retrieved 2025-05-11. "What Is Feedback on a Servo Loop Circuit? | Precision Control". 2024-09-04. Retrieved 2025-05-11. "Linearity in Audio, Part One". PS Audio
Amplifier
Flow graph invented by Claude Shannon
gain formula Minor loop feedback Noncommutative signal-flow graph CE Shannon (January 1942). The theory and design of linear differential equation machines
Signal-flow_graph
H. Moog et A. De Luca. A Sufficient Condition for Full Linearization via Dynamic State Feedback. 25th CDC IEEE, Athens, Greece, pp. 203 - 208, 1986 [2]
Flatness_(systems_theory)
Measure of value difference between best possible decision and made decision
psychology of risk aversion. The conscious anticipation of regret creates a feedback loop that elevates regret from being simply an emotional reaction—often
Regret_(decision_theory)
feedback concerns the releases of carbon from soils in response to global warming. This response under climate change is a positive climate feedback.
Soil_carbon_feedback
have several applications, optimised for use with negative feedback. When positive feedback is required, a comparator is usually more appropriate; see
Operational amplifier applications
Operational_amplifier_applications
Type of electronic amplifier
The current-feedback operational amplifier (CFOA or CFA) is a type of electronic amplifier whose inverting input is sensitive to current, rather than to
Current-feedback operational amplifier
Current-feedback_operational_amplifier
Electroacoustic musical instrument
halldorophone is designed specifically to feedback the strings, making use of the phenomenon of positive feedback to incite the strings to drone. The instrument
Halldorophone
Electronic circuit
or other variations are used with some suitable form of linearization schemes such as feedback, feedforward or analog or digital predistortion (DPD). In
Linear_amplifier
Early influential model of communication
model as a linear transmission model lacking a feedback loop. Sapienza et al. argue against this view that Lasswell's model is not a linear transmission
Lasswell's model of communication
Lasswell's_model_of_communication
Sense of self-orientation
representation of body position, movement, and loading. In many animals, sensory feedback from proprioceptors is essential for stabilizing body posture and coordinating
Proprioception
Family of pseudorandom number generators
Panneton, Pierre L'Ecuyer, and Makoto Matsumoto (松本 眞). It is a form of linear-feedback shift register optimized for software implementation on a 32-bit machine
Well equidistributed long-period linear
Well_equidistributed_long-period_linear
Class of pseudorandom number generators
generators that were invented by George Marsaglia. They are a subset of linear-feedback shift registers (LFSRs) which allow a particularly efficient implementation
Xorshift
Chongzhi, the fifth-century Chinese mathematician. It uses a 16-stage linear feedback shift register with each stage in GF(231−1) and produces a 32-bit word
ZUC_stream_cipher
Vertices whose removal breaks all cycles
In the mathematical discipline of graph theory, a feedback vertex set (FVS) of a graph is a set of vertices whose removal leaves a graph without cycles
Feedback_vertex_set
setting of deterministic linear systems, namely that if a stable observer and a stable state feedback are designed for a linear time-invariant system (LTI
Separation_principle
Part of the neuroendocrine system
feedback, Fekete–Lechan loop). Additional feedback loops are ultrashort feedback control of TSH secretion (Brokken-Wiersinga-Prummel loop) and linear
Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis
Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid_axis
Term in control theory
Fairman, Frederick Walker (1998). Linear Control Theory: The State Space Approach. Wiley. Section 2.1 (State Feedback and Controllability: Introduction)
Plant_(control_theory)
Type of pseudorandom binary sequence
pseudorandom binary sequence. They are bit sequences generated using maximal linear-feedback shift registers and are so called because they are periodic and reproduce
Maximum-length_sequence
Audio amplifier based on switching
controlled through negative feedback. The major advantage of a class-D amplifier is that it can be much more efficient than a linear amplifier, dissipating
Class-D_amplifier
Advanced method of process control
Pierre O. M.; Mayne, David Q. (1998). "Min-max feedback model predictive control for constrained linear systems". IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control
Model_predictive_control
Binary feedback controller
a bang–bang controller (hysteresis, 2 step or on–off controller), is a feedback controller that switches abruptly between two states. These controllers
Bang–bang_control
American mathematician (1914–2005)
simplex algorithm, an algorithm for solving linear programming problems, and for his other work with linear programming. In statistics, Dantzig solved
George_Dantzig
Electric circuit that generates sine waves
filter that provides positive feedback. Automatic gain control, intentional non-linearity, and incidental non-linearity limit the output amplitude in
Wien_bridge_oscillator
Undesirable cyclic variations in voltage or current within an electronic device
oscillation in an electronic circuit, typically caused by unintentional feedback combined with sufficient gain and phase shift in an amplifying device.
Parasitic_oscillation
Study of non-linear complex systems
nonlinear behaviour of complex systems over time using stocks, flows, internal feedback loops, table functions and time delays. System dynamics is a mathematical
System_dynamics
Graph of the frequency response of a control system
servomechanisms and other feedback control systems. The Bode plot is an example of analysis in the frequency domain. The Bode plot for a linear, time-invariant
Bode_plot
System designed to maintain a constant voltage
voltage. It may use a simple feed-forward design or may include negative feedback. It may use an electromechanical mechanism or electronic components. Depending
Voltage_regulator
Electrical circuit
a voltage. The OTA is usually used "open-loop"; without negative feedback in linear applications. This is possible because the magnitude of the resistance
Operational transconductance amplifier
Operational_transconductance_amplifier
(Linux, FreeBSD) FFmpeg (Linux, macOS, Windows) – CLI only; no visual feedback Flowblade (Linux) Kdenlive (Linux, FreeBSD, macOS, Windows) LiVES (BSD
List of video editing software
List_of_video_editing_software
Type of electrical transformer
completely sealed against the environment. LVDTs are commonly used for position feedback in servomechanisms, and for automated measurement in machine tools and
Linear variable differential transformer
Linear_variable_differential_transformer
Unity gain amplifier with low output impedance
buffer amplifier may be constructed by applying a full series negative feedback (Fig. 2) to an op-amp simply by connecting its output to its inverting
Buffer_amplifier
D-term Fazle Hussain Featherstone's algorithm Federico Capasso Feedback linearization Feedback topology Feigenbaum constants Feigenbaum function Feinberg
Index_of_physics_articles_(F)
Field of automation which studies how to precisely move parts of machines
pump, pneumatic cylinder, linear actuator, or electric motor for output motion. In closed loop systems, one or more feedback sensors such as absolute and
Motion_control
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FEEDBACK LINEARIZATION
FEEDBACK LINEARIZATION
FEEDBACK LINEARIZATION
FEEDBACK LINEARIZATION
FEEDBACK LINEARIZATION
FEEDBACK LINEARIZATION
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