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Type of electronic amplifier
A negative-feedback amplifier (or feedback amplifier) is an electronic amplifier that subtracts a fraction of its output from its input, so that negative
Negative-feedback_amplifier
Control concept
set value, and any error is reduced by negative feedback to the input. In audio amplifiers, negative feedback flattens frequency response, reduces distortion
Negative_feedback
High-gain voltage amplifier with a differential input
to use an open-loop amplifier as a stand-alone differential amplifier. Without negative feedback, and optionally positive feedback for regeneration, an
Operational_amplifier
Electronic device/component that increases the strength of a signal
power amplifier Lock-in amplifier Low-noise amplifier Negative feedback amplifier Optical amplifier Programmable-gain amplifier Tuned amplifier Valve
Amplifier
Process where information about current status is used to influence future status
the use of negative feedback in electronic amplifiers. According to Black: Positive feed-back increases the gain of the amplifier, negative feed-back reduces
Feedback
American electrical engineer
revolutionized the field of applied electronics by inventing the negative feedback amplifier in 1927. To some, his invention is considered the most important
Harold_Stephen_Black
Precision differential amplifier with input buffering
amplifiers can also be designed using "indirect current-feedback architecture", which extend the operating range of these amplifiers to the negative power
Instrumentation_amplifier
Unity gain amplifier with low output impedance
Norton resistance. A unity gain buffer amplifier may be constructed by applying a full series negative feedback (Fig. 2) to an op-amp simply by connecting
Buffer_amplifier
Flow graph invented by Claude Shannon
asymptotic gain model for a negative feedback amplifier is shown in Figure 3, and leads to the equation for the gain of this amplifier as G = y 2 x 1 {\displaystyle
Signal-flow_graph
Time behavior of a system controlled by Heaviside step functions
the main amplifier, and upon the amount of feedback used. A negative-feedback amplifier has gain given by (see negative feedback amplifier): A F B =
Step_response
Electrical circuit component which amplifies the difference of two analog signals
{\displaystyle A} is the gain of the amplifier. Single amplifiers are usually implemented by either adding the appropriate feedback resistors to a standard op-amp
Differential_amplifier
Property that an increasing voltage results in a decreasing current
of an amplifier with enough positive feedback applied to it can be negative. If R i {\displaystyle R_{i}} is the input resistance of the amplifier without
Negative_resistance
Loop that increases an initial effect
use of negative feedback in electronic amplifiers. According to Black: "Positive feed-back increases the gain of the amplifier, negative feedback reduces
Positive_feedback
Amplifier that converts current to voltage
1), a transimpedance amplifier is just an opamp with a large-valued feedback resistor, Rf. This resistor sets the amplifier's transimpedance (i.e. its
Transimpedance_amplifier
Operational amplifiers have several applications, optimised for use with negative feedback. When positive feedback is required, a comparator is usually
Operational amplifier applications
Operational_amplifier_applications
Type of electronic circuit
linear oscillator is an electronic amplifier such as a transistor or operational amplifier connected in a feedback loop with its output fed back into
Electronic_oscillator
Type of electronic amplifier using a bipolar junction transistor
"negative feedback", as it reduces gain, raises input impedance, and reduces distortion, it predates the invention of the negative feedback amplifier and
Common_emitter
Gain in an electric amplifier
high precision when used as an inverting amplifier. Normally, negative feedback is applied around an amplifier with high open-loop gain, to reduce the
Open-loop_gain
Graph of the frequency response of a control system
researchers. Bode was faced with the problem of designing stable amplifiers with feedback for use in telephone networks. He developed the graphical design
Bode_plot
Branch of engineering and mathematics
Black invented the concept of negative feedback amplifiers in 1927. He managed to develop stable negative feedback amplifiers in the 1930s. Harry Nyquist
Control_theory
Electronic current integrator
usually constructed using an operational amplifier or other high gain semiconductor circuit with a negative feedback capacitor Cf. Into the inverting node
Charge_amplifier
Swedish-American physicist (1889–1976)
the negative feedback amplifier". IEEE Spectrum. 14 (12): 54–60. Kline, Ronald R. (August 1993). "Harold Black and the negative-feedback amplifier". IEEE
Harry_Nyquist
Valve amplifier designed by David Theodore Nelson Williamson
fidelity sound only when the amplifier is governed by 20–30 dB deep negative feedback loop (and thus the complete amplifier must have 20–30 dB higher open
Williamson_amplifier
Electrical circuit
standard operational amplifier, the OTA also has a high impedance differential input stage and may be used with negative feedback. But the OTA differs
Operational transconductance amplifier
Operational_transconductance_amplifier
Approach to controller design that explicitly deals with uncertainty
mechanisms, onto Watt's centrifugal governor, and Harold Black's negative-feedback amplifier. Robustness was too the main issue in the classical period of
Robust_control
Amplifier design technique
frequency compensation is a technique used in amplifiers, and especially in amplifiers employing negative feedback. It usually has two primary goals: To avoid
Frequency_compensation
Electronic amplifier circuit type
(usually given in units of siemens). Electronics portal Negative feedback amplifier Buffer amplifier Two-port networks Hybrid-pi model Common collector Common
Common_drain
Topics referred to by the same term
as the perturbation Negative feedback, a method of attenuation to restore equilibrium Negative-feedback amplifier, an amplifier designed to stabilize
Feedback_(disambiguation)
Operational amplifier
to achieve unconditional stability of the amplifier in negative feedback configurations where the feedback network is non-reactive and the loop gain is
ΜA741
Audio amplifier with power output sufficient to drive a loudspeaker
distortion. While negative feedback actually reduces the gain, it also reduces distortion. Most audio amplifiers are linear amplifiers operating in class
Audio_power_amplifier
Electrical circuit
junction transistor) as negative feedback to compute the logarithm. Multistage log amplifiers instead cascade multiple simple amplifiers to approximate the
Log_amplifier
Electronic amplifier that varies its gain depending on a control input
configuration with a light-dependent resistor (LDR) in the feedback loop. The gain of the amplifier then depends on the light falling on the LDR, which can
Variable-gain_amplifier
as the Rosenstark method) is a representation of the gain of negative feedback amplifiers given by the asymptotic gain relation: G = G ∞ ( T T + 1 ) +
Asymptotic_gain_model
Classification of power amplifier
power amplifier classes are letter symbols applied to different power amplifier types. The class gives a broad indication of an amplifier's efficiency
Power_amplifier_classes
Type of transistor amplifier
the control of negative feedback. From this viewpoint, a common-collector stage (Fig. 1) is an amplifier with full series negative feedback. In this configuration
Common_collector
Analog multiplexing technique used in early telephone systems
two-triode push-pull repeater amplifier was used. In 1929, Harold Black applied for a patent on the negative-feedback amplifier. The circuit was designed
Carrier_telephony
Numerical measures that characterize amplifier properties and performance
design: negative feedback amplifiers. Boston/Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. p. 10. ISBN 1-4020-7590-1. Efficiency of Microwave Devices RF Power Amplifier Testing
Amplifier_figures_of_merit
Process of creating equivalent circuits
bootstrapping, negative impedance, etc.) and help in designing and understanding various commonplace circuits (feedback amplifiers, resistive and time-dependent
Miller_theorem
DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with differential inputs and outputs
usage, the output of the FDA is controlled by two feedback paths which, because of the amplifier's high gain, almost completely determine the output voltage
Fully_differential_amplifier
Vacuum tube electronic amplifier that uses a single triode to produce an output
to the amplifier's low power the output transformer is heavy and expensive. Historically, negative feedback in single ended pentode amplifiers was quite
Single-ended_triode
Simple linear circuit
which is typical for negative-feedback amplifier circuits. The factor β(RL/RS) is the current feedback provided by the voltage feedback source of voltage
Current_divider
Audio amplifier based on switching
A class-D amplifier, or switching amplifier, is an electronic amplifier in which the amplifying devices (transistors, usually MOSFETs) operate as electronic
Class-D_amplifier
Type of valve amplifier
high-fidelity valve amplifier design advanced rapidly through improved output transformers and systematic application of negative feedback in the push pull
Valve_audio_amplifier
formula for the impedance Z between two selected terminals of a negative feedback amplifier as Blackman's formula: Z = Z D 1 + T S C 1 + T O C , {\displaystyle
Blackman's_theorem
Electronic comparator circuit with hysteresis
hysteresis implemented by applying positive feedback to the noninverting input of a comparator or differential amplifier. It is an active circuit which converts
Schmitt_trigger
Type of electronic amplifier
A valve amplifier or tube amplifier is a type of electronic amplifier that uses vacuum tubes to increase the amplitude or power of a signal. Low to medium
Valve_amplifier
Parameter of electronic amplifiers
loads). In its simplest form, involving ideal negative feedback voltage amplifiers with non-reactive feedback, the phase margin is measured at the frequency
Phase_margin
Figure of merit for amplifiers
bandwidth of the amplifier (the bandwidth within which the amplifier gain is at least 1). For an amplifier in which negative feedback reduces the gain
Gain–bandwidth_product
Control that boosts the upper mid-range audion frequencies
the amplifier's negative-feedback loop. As the level of "presence" was increased, so more and more of the higher frequencies in the negative-feedback loop
Presence_(amplification)
Characteristic quality of sounds from vacuum tube amplifiers
introduction of solid-state amplifiers, tube sound became the logical complement of transistor sound, which had some negative connotations due to crossover
Tube_sound
Signal amplifier that doesn't significantly degrade the signal-noise ratio
A low-noise amplifier (LNA) is an electronic component that amplifies a very low-power signal without significantly degrading its signal-to-noise ratio
Low-noise_amplifier
Vacuum tube used in transmitters
crossed-field amplifier (CFA) is a specialized vacuum tube, first introduced in the mid-1950s and frequently used as a microwave amplifier in very-high-power
Crossed-field_amplifier
Electronic circuit
primarily in the input and output stages of high-speed current-feedback operational amplifiers. The circuit is also the essential building block of bipolar
Diamond_buffer
Circuit component performing mathematical integration
is offset by a negative feedback current flowing in the capacitor, which is generated by an increase in output voltage of the amplifier. The output voltage
Op_amp_integrator
Control system for the motion of a mechanical system
for negative feedback to drive the error towards zero. The Ragonnet power reverse mechanism was a general purpose air or steam-powered servo amplifier for
Servomechanism
Name of several effect pedals
Tone Bender has a two transistor circuit which is essentially a negative feedback amplifier. A rounded, sand-cast aluminum enclosure with steel sheet metal
Tone_Bender
Expression concerning electronic oscillators
noise. The fc for an amplifier depends on the actual configuration used, because radio-frequency and low-frequency negative feedback can have an effect
Leeson's_equation
Undesirable cyclic variations in voltage or current within an electronic device
unintentional feedback combined with sufficient gain and phase shift in an amplifying device. It occurs most commonly in RF and audio amplifiers, but can arise
Parasitic_oscillation
Technical specifications and detailed information on the valve audio amplifier
Ultra-Linear Amplifier" (PDF). Audio Engineering. 35 (11): 15–17 – via World Radio History. Stereophile: Negative feedback doesn't always decrease amplifier distortion
Valve audio amplifier technical specification
Valve_audio_amplifier_technical_specification
Electronic circuit
Therefore, class-AB power amplifiers or other variations are used with some suitable form of linearization schemes such as feedback, feedforward or analog
Linear_amplifier
Ratio of impedance of a loudspeaker
improvements, all other things being equal. For audio power amplifiers employing some global negative feedback, this source impedance Z S {\displaystyle Z_{\mathrm
Damping_factor
Two-stage amplifier in an electronic circuit
amplifiers cannot operate to such high frequencies with any appreciable collector-base feedback, so the cascode, with its very low effective feedback
Cascode
Class of digital circuits
analog amplifier. Connecting a resistor between the output and the input biases the TTL element as a negative feedback amplifier. Such amplifiers may be
Transistor–transistor_logic
Type of electronic circuit
by negative feedback, and crossover distortion can be reduced by adding a 'bias current' to smoothen the hand-off. A class-B push–pull amplifier is more
Push–pull_output
Active circuit which injects energy into circuits
circuit of an INIC and its analysis is shown below. INIC is a non-inverting amplifier (the op-amp and the voltage divider R 1 {\displaystyle R_{1}} , R 2 {\displaystyle
Negative_impedance_converter
Guitar amplifier manufacturer in Los Angeles, California
fidelity amplifiers, and Fender style transformers. Starting with #4, Dumble simplified the phase inversion and gave the amp more negative feedback, which
Dumble_Amplifiers
Electronic component delivering stable electric current regardless of voltage
compensation by applying parallel negative feedback might be considered to improve the source. Operational amplifiers with feedback effectively work to minimise
Current_source
Amplifier consisting of two or more simple amplifiers connected in series
and is often packaged as a single device. Overall negative feedback may be applied to the amplifier. This reduces voltage gain but has several desirable
Multistage_amplifier
Proprietary amplifier technology
and patented amplifier technology developed in-house by Cambridge Audio. First appearing in 2006 in the Azur 840A integrated amplifier, the Crossover
Class-XD_Amplifier
the pulse from the resonator. Regenerative amplifier can also operate at Radio Frequency, using the feedback between the transistor's source and gate to
Regenerative_amplification
Electric circuit that generates sine waves
can also be viewed as a positive gain amplifier combined with a bandpass filter that provides positive feedback. Automatic gain control, intentional non-linearity
Wien_bridge_oscillator
Guitar amplifier
Jensen speakers), and a modified negative feedback circuit, which affected the harmonics produced by the amplifier.[citation needed] As Bran later said
Marshall_JTM45
Topics referred to by the same term
body without jettisoning hardware Single-stage transistor amplifier, a negative feedback amplifier Single-stage incubation method, a method of incubation
Single_stage
Audio oscillator made by Hewlett-Packard
provide positive feedback at the frequency of oscillation. Rb self heats and increases the negative feedback which reduces the amplifier gain until the
HP_200A
Comparators are closely related to operational amplifiers, but a comparator is designed to operate with positive feedback and with its output saturated at one power
Comparator_applications
Device that compares two voltages or currents
comparator. Op-amps are designed to operate in the linear mode with negative feedback. Hence, an op-amp typically has a lengthy recovery time from saturation
Comparator
Systems that do not produce or consume energy
August 2019. Nordholt, E.H. (1983). Design of High-Performance Negative Feedback Amplifiers, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, ISBN 0 444
Passivity_(engineering)
Calendar year
American electrical engineer Harold Stephen Black invents the negative-feedback amplifier. August 7 – The Peace Bridge opens between Fort Erie, Ontario
1927
Chronological list of advances
Negative feedback amplifier A negative feedback amplifier, or more commonly simply a feedback amplifier, is an amplifier which uses negative feedback
Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945)
Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(1890–1945)
Retrieved January 4, 2020. "NIHF Inductee Harold Black and the Negative Feedback Amplifier". www.invent.org. April 6, 2024. Archived from the original on
List of National Inventors Hall of Fame inductees
List_of_National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame_inductees
Electronic filter circuits defined by component connection
and how the circuit is drawn. The elementary feedback topology is based on the simple inverting amplifier configuration. The transfer function is: H (
Electronic_filter_topology
Amplified sound system for public events
reinforcement system is the combination of microphones, signal processors, amplifiers, and loudspeakers in enclosures all controlled by a mixing console that
Sound_reinforcement_system
Positive feedback mechanism within mammalian ears
The cochlear amplifier is a positive feedback mechanism within the cochlea that provides acute sensitivity in the mammalian auditory system. The main component
Cochlear_amplifier
Chronological list of discoveries and inventions in electrical and electronics engineering
Robert von Lieben and Lee de Forest independently invent the triode tube amplifier. Max Dieckmann and Gustav Glage use the Braun tube for playback of 20-line
Timeline of electrical and electronics engineering
Timeline_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering
Guitar amplifier
especially in comparison to other Fender amplifiers. Most Fender push-pull amplifier designs use negative feedback, tapped from the output transformer speaker
Fender_Deluxe
American honorary association founded in 1987
2006 programming languages Bell Labs Harold Stephen Black 2006 negative feedback amplifier Bell Labs Henry Orenstein 2006 various toys Topper Toys James
New Jersey Inventors Hall of Fame
New_Jersey_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame
State of thermodynamic systems where no net flow of matter or energy occurs
Control–feedback–abort loop Controller (control theory) Cybernetics Intelligent control Mathematical system theory Negative feedback amplifier People in
Thermodynamic_equilibrium
Brand of guitar amplifiers
Fender amplifiers are electric instrument amplifiers produced by the Fender Musical Instruments Corporation. The first guitar amplifiers attributed to
Fender_amplifier
Psychological theory
control theory (PCT) is a model of behavior based on the properties of negative feedback control loops. A control loop maintains a sensed variable at or near
Perceptual_control_theory
(Class of 1921), revolutionized electronics by inventing the negative feedback amplifier in 1927 Loree Griffin Burns (Class of 1991) Giovanni Capriglione
List of Worcester Polytechnic Institute people
List_of_Worcester_Polytechnic_Institute_people
American electrical engineer Harold Stephen Black invents the negative-feedback amplifier. September 7 – Philo Farnsworth's electronic image dissector
1927_in_science
Startup technique in electronics
altering the operating point of an operational amplifier (by shifting both its positive and negative supply rail) in order to increase its output voltage
Bootstrapping_(electronics)
French mathematician (1789–1857)
criterion, which can be used to predict the stability of negative feedback amplifier and negative feedback control systems. Thus Cauchy's work has a strong impact
Augustin-Louis_Cauchy
Model of guitar amplifier
"hand-wired"), based on the 1967–1969 models, with negative feedback added corresponding to the 1969 model. This amplifier was called "expensive but good." Guitar
Marshall_Super_Lead
Second World War, the company started developing amplifiers that made extensive use of negative feedback to achieve very high performance. This approach
LEAK
Input needed to zero an amplifier output
source and of the feedback and input impedance networks, such as the two resistors used in the basic inverting and non-inverting amplifier configurations
Input_offset_voltage
Valve amplifier
Circlotron valve amplifier is a type of power amplifier utilizing symmetrical cathode-coupled bridge layout of the output stage. Original circlotrons of
Circlotron
Linear oscillator circuit using an RC network
{\displaystyle x=2} ; if it is connected as a negative feedback to an amplifier, and x>2, the amplifier becomes an oscillator. (Note: x = C 2 / C 1 =
RC_oscillator
Electronic circuit using positive feedback
A regenerative circuit is an amplifier circuit that employs positive feedback (also known as regeneration or reaction). Some of the output of the amplifying
Regenerative_circuit
Process necessary for BJT amplifiers to work correctly
causes AC feedback which reduces the voltage gain of the amplifier. Usage: The feedback also increases the input impedance of the amplifier when seen
Bipolar_transistor_biasing
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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK-AMPLIFIER