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Equivalent circuit for impedance networks
An equivalent impedance is an equivalent circuit of an electrical network of impedance elements which presents the same impedance between all pairs of
Equivalent impedance transforms
Equivalent_impedance_transforms
Integral transform useful in probability theory, physics, and engineering
two-sided transform can be written as the sum of two one-sided transforms, the theory of the Laplace-, Fourier-, Mellin-, and Z-transforms are at bottom
Laplace_transform
Opposition of a circuit to a current when a voltage is applied
general are complex numbers. The general case, however, requires equivalent impedance transforms in addition to series and parallel. For components connected
Electrical_impedance
Theoretical circuit which behaves like a given circuit
gradient across the membrane). Equivalent impedance transforms Miller theorem Lumped element model Steinmetz equivalent circuit FitzHugh-Nagumo model Johnson
Equivalent_circuit
Opposition that a system presents to an acoustic pressure
Acoustic impedance and specific acoustic impedance are measures of the opposition that a system presents to the acoustic flow resulting from an acoustic
Acoustic_impedance
Technique in electrical circuit analysis
be simplified to a single equivalent resistor (more generally, the same is true of impedance). Series and parallel transforms are basic tools for doing
Y-Δ_transform
Electrical component
A quarter-wave impedance transformer, often written as λ/4 impedance transformer, is a transmission line or waveguide used in electrical engineering of
Quarter-wave impedance transformer
Quarter-wave_impedance_transformer
Graphical calculator used in electrical engineering
and impedance-matching problems. It plots a complex reflection coefficient ( Γ {\displaystyle \Gamma } ) on a grid of normalized electrical impedance (
Smith_chart
Adjusting input/output impedances of an electrical circuit for some purpose
electrical engineering, impedance matching is the practice of designing or adjusting the input impedance or output impedance of an electrical device for
Impedance_matching
Electronic filter that is constructed with waveguide technology
equivalent is an LC resonant circuit. However, over a narrow band, stubs can be viewed as an impedance transformer. The short-circuit is transformed into
Waveguide_filter
Concept in electromechanical engineering
parallel in the electrical equivalent circuit and vice versa. The impedance matrix representation of a transducer transforms force in the mechanical domain
Impedance_analogy
Determining all voltages and currents within an electrical network
cannot be reduced to a single impedance equivalent circuit. An n-terminal network can, at best, be reduced to n impedances (at worst ( n 2 ) {\displaystyle
Network analysis (electrical circuits)
Network_analysis_(electrical_circuits)
Types of electrical circuits
arteries. Anti-parallel (electronics) Combining impedances Current divider Equivalent impedance transforms Hydraulic analogy Network analysis (electrical
Series_and_parallel_circuits
Model for magnetic circuits
variables in the various domains analogous. It fills the same role as the impedance analogy for the mechanical domain. Magnetic circuit may refer to either
Gyrator–capacitor_model
Process of simplifying circuit solutions
source in series with an impedance, it is possible to find the value of the equivalent current source in parallel with the impedance by dividing the value
Source_transformation
Unity gain amplifier with low output impedance
transforming its electrical impedance to provide a more ideal source (with a lower output impedance for a voltage buffer or a higher output impedance
Buffer_amplifier
Electronic filters designed by the network synthesis method
the theoretical termination impedance, the image impedance, not generally being equal to the actual termination impedance. With network synthesis filters
Network_synthesis_filters
Device to couple energy between circuits
and reactance by simple summation as two series impedances. Transformer equivalent circuit impedance and transformer ratio parameters can be derived from
Transformer
Device that converts sound into an electrical signal
called impedance bridging. In this configuration, the output impedance of the microphone should be negligible in comparison with the input impedance of the
Microphone
Dual impedance and dual network are terms used in electronic network analysis. The dual of an impedance Z {\displaystyle Z} is its reciprocal, or algebraic
Dual_impedance
Equalization (audio) Equalization (communications) Equivalent circuit Equivalent impedance transforms Error correction and detection Error correction Error
Index of electrical engineering articles
Index_of_electrical_engineering_articles
Entropy encoding – Equilibrium length – Equivalent impedance transforms – Equivalent noise resistance – Equivalent pulse code modulation noise – Error burst
Index_of_electronics_articles
Device that transmits and receives radio waves
includes transforming the remaining resistance to match the feedline and radio. An additional problem is matching the remaining resistive impedance to the
Antenna_(radio)
Two-port non-reciprocal network element
electrical component or network. In the case of linear elements, the impedance is also inverted. In other words, a gyrator can make a capacitive circuit
Gyrator
Antenna consisting of two rod-shaped conductors
bandwidth than a single dipole. They can be used for transforming the value of input impedance of the dipole over a broad range of step-up ratios by
Dipole_antenna
Cable or other structure for carrying radio waves
dimensions along their length, giving them a uniform impedance, called the characteristic impedance, to prevent reflections. Types of transmission line
Transmission_line
Mathematical circuit analysis technique
complement identity applied to the Kirchhoff matrix of the network. The equivalent impedance betweens nodes A and B is given by: z AB = z A z B ∑ 1 z , {\displaystyle
Star-mesh_transform
Electrical circuit with equal-length transmission lines
is not just an impedance transformer, but a special case of transformer, an impedance inverter. That is, it transforms any impedance network at one port
Commensurate_line_circuit
more complex combination. equivalent impedance transforms A mathematical method to determine values of an equivalent circuit. error correction and detection
Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering
Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering
Two-conductor flat cable used to carry radio frequency signals
is double: First, it transforms twin-lead's 300 Ω impedance to match the 75 Ω coaxial cable impedance; and second, it transforms the balanced, symmetric
Twin-lead
Type of boundary condition in mathematics
different subsets of the boundary. Robin boundary conditions are also called impedance boundary conditions, from their application in electromagnetic problems
Robin_boundary_condition
Process of creating equivalent circuits
Miller theorem refers to the process of creating equivalent circuits. It asserts that a floating impedance element, supplied by two voltage sources connected
Miller_theorem
Type of AC electric motor
(10–11): 149, 161 – via HathiTrust. Kennelly, Arthur E. (January 1893). "Impedance". Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. X: 172–232
Induction_motor
open circuit. It is therefore the same impedance as the open circuit impedance of 1/2N. Let us call that impedance Z o c {\displaystyle Z_{oc}} . Now consider
Bartlett's_bisection_theorem
Type of signal processing filter
section can be scaled and transformed to the desired frequency, impedance and bandform by applying the usual prototype filter transforms. A filter which is in-phase
Lattice_phase_equaliser
American electrical engineer (1887–1970)
have an image impedance identical to the equivalent constant k section). However, the terminating impedances are a different story. These are normally
Otto_Julius_Zobel
Fixed-value capacitor using ceramic
Z} . The typical impedance curve shows that with increasing frequency, impedance decreases, down to a minimum. The lower the impedance, the more easily
Ceramic_capacitor
Template for electronic filter design
resistance. To carry out this scaling to a nominal impedance R, each impedance element of the filter is transformed by: Z → R R ′ Z {\displaystyle Z\to {\frac
Prototype_filter
Electrical resonant circuit
parallel resonant circuit can be used as load impedance in output circuits of RF amplifiers. Due to high impedance, the gain of amplifier is maximum at resonant
LC_circuit
Assemblage of connected electrical elements
Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Digital circuit Ground (electricity) Impedance Load Memristor Open-circuit voltage Short circuit Voltage drop Circuit
Electrical_network
Values which describe behavior of a linear electric circuit
transmission line. This is equivalent to the wave meeting an impedance differing from the line's characteristic impedance. Although applicable at any
Scattering_parameters
Electrical device
disturbing the impedance arrangement of either line. A balun can take many forms and may include devices that also transform impedances but need not do
Balun
transforms: Crucial for analyzing signals and systems. Fourier transforms are used for frequency analysis and signal processing. Laplace transforms are
Mathematical methods in electronics
Mathematical_methods_in_electronics
Type of signal processing filter
transformer into the equivalent circuit (Norton's figure 4). Norton has used here the "turning round the L" impedance transform to achieve this. The definitive
Mechanical_filter
Telecommunications device
calculated as 75Ω / 50Ω = 1.5; the quarter-wavelength of line transforms the mismatched impedance to 112.5 Ohms (75 Ohms × 1.5 = 112.5 Ohms). Thus this inserted
Antenna_tuner
Characteristic quality of sounds from vacuum tube amplifiers
have lower input impedances, as low as 15 kΩ. Since it is possible to use high output impedance devices due to the high input impedance, other factors may
Tube_sound
Electronic filter
very small values of m because of inductor resistance. See equivalent impedance transforms for an explanation of its operation. The distinguishing feature
Composite_image_filter
Type of filter in signal processing
filters. Zobel networks are a type of filter section based on the image-impedance design principle. They are named after Otto Zobel of Bell Labs, who published
Zobel_network
Filter used in signal processing on continuous-time signals
is, which functions are realisable as real impedance networks) and equivalence (which networks equivalently have the same function) are two important questions
Analogue_filter
Two-port electrical wave filter
presence the second pair of matching impedances. It is possible with this circuit to have the characteristic impedance specified independently of its transmission
Lattice_network
Resistor Inductor Capacitor Circuit
frequency at which the impedance of the circuit is at a minimum. Equivalently, it can be defined as the frequency at which the impedance is purely real (that
RLC_circuit
Types of electrical transformer
balanced voltage (or both), baluns can in addition separately transform (match) impedance between the loads. Ferrite-core transformers are widely used
Transformer_types
Electronic component
current leads the voltage by 90°. When using the Laplace transform in circuit analysis, the impedance of an ideal capacitor with no initial charge is represented
Capacitor
Optical filter
(Metal-mesh optical filters). The equivalent circuit for a patch-type bandstop FSS is shown in Fig. 2.4.1-2. The impedance of the series connection of the
Frequency_selective_surface
Type of electronic filter circuit
space available. The lumped-element equivalent circuit of this kind of discontinuity is similar to a stepped-impedance discontinuity. Examples of such stubs
Distributed-element_filter
Transmission line-based electrical circuit
for impedance matching), or several of them can be used together in a more complex circuit such as a filter. A stub can be designed as the equivalent of
Distributed-element_circuit
Electrical network theorem
amplifiers. These can generate an impedance equivalent to a negative inductance or capacitance. The negative impedance converter is an example of such a
Foster's_reactance_theorem
Measuring the microbial density in a sample via its electrical parameters
Impedance microbiology is a microbiological technique used to measure the microbial number density (mainly bacteria but also yeasts) of a sample by monitoring
Impedance_microbiology
Local pressure deviation caused by a sound wave
} where p is the sound pressure, v is the particle velocity. Acoustic impedance, denoted Z and measured in Pa·m−3·s in SI units, is defined by Z ( s )
Sound_pressure
Concept in signal processing
by Zo, the characteristic impedance of free space (in ohms), the dimensions become joule-seconds per meter2 or, equivalently, joules per meter2 per hertz
Energy_(signal_processing)
When an object takes in energy from sound waves instead of reflecting them
sound travels. The fraction of sound absorbed is governed by the acoustic impedances of both media and is a function of frequency and the incident angle. Size
Absorption_(acoustics)
Imaginary part of electrical admittance
where the real part is conductance (G). The reciprocal of admittance is impedance (Z = R + jX), where the imaginary part is reactance (X) and the real part
Electrical_susceptance
Manufacturing styles of an electronic device
capacitor has the lowest impedance value. Here only the ESR determines the impedance. With frequencies above the resonance the impedance increases again due
Capacitor_types
Logarithmic unit expressing the ratio of physical quantities
Frequency-dependent impedances may be analyzed by considering the quantities power spectral density and the associated root-power quantities via the Fourier transform, which
Decibel
Standard on surge immunity
high-current surge into a low-impedance load. On the other hand, modern electronic devices can be high and low-impedance loads simultaneously due to non-linear
IEC_61000-4-5
Antenna testing techniques
include gain, bandwidth, radiation pattern, beamwidth, polarization, and impedance. These parameters are essential for effective communication. The antenna
Antenna_measurement
Type of signal processing filter
= 1/2 H. Taking the impedance of the capacitors C {\displaystyle C} to be 1 / ( C s ) {\displaystyle 1/(Cs)} and the impedance of the inductors L {\displaystyle
Butterworth_filter
Type of capacitor
pass alternating currents. Impedance can be calculated using the idealized components of a capacitor's series-equivalent circuit, including an ideal
Aluminum electrolytic capacitor
Aluminum_electrolytic_capacitor
Electronic device/component that increases the strength of a signal
impedances are not possible to achieve, but these ideal elements can be used to construct equivalent circuits of real amplifiers by adding impedances
Amplifier
Form taken by the network of interconnections of a circuit
combination of series or parallel impedances. This is not, however, possible in this case where the Y-Δ transform is needed in addition to the series
Circuit_topology_(electrical)
Ability of a body to store an electrical charge
input-to-output gain is very large, the equivalent input-to-ground impedance is very small while the output-to-ground impedance is essentially equal to the original
Capacitance
Type of signal filter
bandwidth and impedance. The desired filter is obtained from the prototype by scaling for the desired bandwidth and impedance and transforming into the desired
Low-pass_filter
Idealized versions of real electronic components used in circuit analysis
voltage with respect to a specified gain. (has infinite input impedance and zero output impedance). Voltage-controlled current source (VCCS) Generates a current
Electrical_element
Complex exponential in terms of sine and cosine
phasor analysis of circuits can include Euler's formula to represent the impedance of a capacitor or an inductor. In the four-dimensional space of quaternions
Euler's_formula
Type of electrical resistance from an antenna
of the reactance (if any), the part of its resistive impedance due to radiation will be transformed, and must be multiplied by a position-dependent correction
Radiation_resistance
Converts an electrical audio signal into a corresponding sound
reason for this is the difficulty of achieving proper impedance matching between the acoustic impedance of the drive unit and the air it radiates into. The
Loudspeaker
Regions of an electromagnetic field
are proportional to each other at a ratio defined by the characteristic impedance of the medium through which the wave is propagating. In contrast, the
Near_and_far_field
DC-DC voltage step-down power converter
does not physically change the load resistance; instead, it transforms the load impedance according to its duty cycle. For an ideal buck converter operating
Buck_converter
Shielding an object from view using materials made to redirect light
transformation: the original 2006 cloak transformed a singular point, while the ground-plane version transforms a plane, and the transformation in the
Metamaterial_cloaking
Movement of a sound particle
\varphi _{v,0}=\varphi _{p,0}} , the amplitude of the specific acoustic impedance is given by z ( r , s ) = | z ( r , s ) | = | p ^ ( r , s ) v ^ ( r ,
Particle_displacement
Type of electronic amplifier
Pros: Can increase or decrease input impedance (depending on type of feedback). Can increase or decrease output impedance (depending on type of feedback).
Negative-feedback_amplifier
Mathematical descriptions of transmission line voltage and current
secondary line constants derived from them, these being the characteristic impedance, the propagation constant, attenuation constant and phase constant. All
Telegrapher's_equations
Device for suppressing part of a signal
a modification of the constant k with improved cutoff steepness and impedance matching. Some terms used to describe and classify linear filters: The
Filter_(signal_processing)
Type of electrical circuit model
wavelength line, for instance, will transform the terminating impedance into its dual. This can be a wildly different impedance. Another example of the use of
Distributed-element_model
Form of alternating current
where Ztotal is the sum of line and load impedances (Ztotal = ZLN + ZY), and θ is the phase of the total impedance (Ztotal). The phase angle difference between
Three-phase_electric_power
Signal processing filter
(i.e., its image impedance is constant over all frequencies). The phase equaliser based on T topology is the unbalanced equivalent of the lattice filter
All-pass_filter
Filter in electronics and signal processing
to be the kernel of an integral transform. The Gaussian kernel is continuous. Most commonly, the discrete equivalent is the sampled Gaussian kernel that
Gaussian_filter
Persistence of sound after it is produced
Standardization Acoustics — Determination of sound absorption coefficient and impedance in impedance tubes (standard), International Organization for Standardization
Reverberation
Radio technology devices
delta circuit by applying the Y-Δ transform. The delta form uses resistors that are equal to the system impedance. This can be advantageous because precision
Power dividers and directional couplers
Power_dividers_and_directional_couplers
German mathematician and scientist (1900–1945)
realisable as an impedance network. The second is to find the canonical (minimal) forms of these functions and the relationships (transforms) between different
Wilhelm_Cauer
Electronic filter circuits defined by component connection
parameter such as impedance matching, stopband rejection or passband-to-stopband transition steepness. Usually the design applies some transform to a simple
Electronic_filter_topology
Reference model for network communication
physical connectors. This includes the layout of pins, voltages, line impedance, cable specifications, signal timing and frequency for wireless devices
OSI_model
skin depth. Transmission lines: characteristic impedance; impedance transformation; Smith chart; impedance matching; pulse excitation. Waveguides: modes
Education and training of electrical and electronics engineers
Education_and_training_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineers
Sub-discipline of electrical engineering
skin depth. Transmission lines: characteristic impedance; impedance transformation; Smith chart; impedance matching; pulse excitation. Waveguides: modes
Electronics_engineering
of the m-type filter in that a transform is applied that modifies the transfer function while keeping the image impedance unchanged. For filters that have
General_mn-type_image_filter
Logic gate
transistor count and when B is at a logic low, their output is at a high impedance state. The two in the middle are a transmission gate that drives the output
XOR_gate
Concept in radio communication
power line communication and in telephone local loops. In either case, impedance mismatch causes signal reflection. High-speed power line communication
Multipath_propagation
Type of radio antenna consisting of a loop or coil
the result of an impedance transform: The resonant inductor (loop) + capacitor network magnifies all of the loop's different impedances, including its loss
Loop_antenna
Velocity of a particle in a medium as it transmits a wave
\varphi _{v,0}=\varphi _{p,0}} , the amplitude of the specific acoustic impedance is given by z m ( r , s ) = | z ( r , s ) | = | p ^ ( r , s ) v ^ ( r
Particle_velocity
Modelling technique in mechanical engineering
dynamic stiffness (or impedance in general) and receptance (or admittance in general) matrix are defined as follows: Impedance: Z i j ( ω ) = f i ( ω
Dynamic_substructuring
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EQUIVALENT IMPEDANCE-TRANSFORMS
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EQUIVALENT IMPEDANCE-TRANSFORMS
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