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Linguistics concept
English clause elements are the minimum set of units needed to describe the linear structure of a clause. Traditionally, they are partly identified by
English_clause_element
Smallest grammatical unit that can express a complete proposition
dependents. Some dependent clauses are non-finite, i.e. they do not contain any element/verb marking a specific tense. A clause that contains one or more
Clause
How clauses compose sentences in grammar and syntax
syntactic structure. Such division is an element of traditional grammar. In English, sentences are composed of five clause patterns:[citation needed] Subject
Sentence_clause_structure
English language grammar
An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb. That is, the entire clause modifies a separate element within a sentence or the
Adverbial_clause
Clauses in English grammar
This article describes the syntax of clauses in the English language, chiefly in Modern English. A clause is often said to be the smallest grammatical
English_clause_syntax
Sentence with a declarative or imperative clause followed by an interrogative element
question is a construction in which an interrogative element is added to a declarative or an imperative clause. The resulting speech act comprises an assertion
Tag_question
Optional element in phrase or clause structure
a modifier is an optional element in phrase structure or clause structure which modifies the meaning of another element in the structure. For instance
Grammatical_modifier
Grammatical structure
relative clause, the type most often considered, qualifies an explicit element (usually a noun or noun phrase) appearing in the main clause, and refers
Relative_clause
Type of pronoun that marks a relative clause
in relative clauses is a conjunction or complementizer. The element in the main clause that the relative pronoun in the relative clause stands for (house
Relative_pronoun
Contract clause which requires disputes to be resolved in a given manner or court
selection clause (sometimes called a dispute resolution clause, choice of court clause, governing law clause, jurisdiction clause or an arbitration clause, depending
Forum_selection_clause
Clause elaborated by a main clause
and prefers content clause. In English, there are two main kinds of content clauses: declarative content clauses (or that-clauses), which correspond to
Content_clause
Clause in the U.S. constitution
The Commerce Clause describes an enumerated power listed in the United States Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3). The clause states that the
Commerce_Clause
Complex sentence that could be expressed in a simpler way
be are inverted. The focus element has been brought to the front of the sentence, and the clause is sentence final. English reversed wh-cleft/inverted
Cleft_sentence
Word order common in Germanic languages
that relative clauses in Kochi show a greater tendency to have the finite verbal element in clause-final position than matrix clauses do (III:188). In
V2_word_order
U.S. president appoints senior officials with senatorial advice and consent
executive branch. The Appointments Clause thus functions as a restraint on Congress and as an important structural element in the separation of powers. Attempts
Appointments_Clause
Subordinators in the English language
English subordinators (also known as subordinating conjunctions or complementizers) are words that mostly mark clauses as subordinate. The subordinators
English_subordinators
West Germanic language
subject of a finite clause, otherwise the objective is used. While grammarians such as Henry Sweet and Otto Jespersen noted that the English cases did not correspond
English_language
Coordinators in the English language
English coordinators (also known as coordinating conjunctions) are conjunctions that connect words, phrases, or clauses with equal syntactic importance
English_coordinators
Concept in linguistics
In linguistics, a small clause consists of a subject and its predicate, but lacks an overt expression of tense. Small clauses have the semantic subject-predicate
Small_clause
Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution
determine whether the Confrontation Clause applies in a criminal case. The Confrontation Clause has its roots in both English common law, protecting the right
Confrontation_Clause
Word or group of words that modify a verb
In English grammar, an adverbial (abbreviated adv) is a word (an adverb) or a group of words (an adverbial clause or adverbial phrase) that modifies or
Adverbial
Word or phrase separable from adjacent syntax
Because the non-finite clause, called the absolute clause (or simply the absolute), is not semantically attached to any single element in the sentence, it
Absolute_construction
Punctuation mark (,)
to separate clauses. In English, a comma is often used to separate a dependent clause from the independent clause if the dependent clause comes first:
Comma
Prepositions in the English language
Harold Palmer noted in 1924, that when a preposition is the last element in a clause or intonation group, it is in its "strong form" or stressed and when
English_prepositions
School of thought in generative syntax theory
a detailed map of the structure of a clause. In this book Cinque proposes a “fixed universal hierarchy of clausal functional projections”. In the literature
Cartographic_syntax
Part of speech that connects two words, sentences, phrases, or clauses
used to separate clauses. In English, a comma is used to separate a dependent clause from the independent clause if the dependent clause comes first: After
Conjunction_(grammar)
Legal doctrine
been accepted, there is an agreement, but not necessarily a contract. The element that converts any agreement into a true contract is "intention to create
Intention to create legal relations
Intention_to_create_legal_relations
Linguistics phenomenon
meaning is interpreted as though it were present in the embedded clause. The NEG-element was first introduced by Edward Klima, but the term neg raising
Negative_raising
Chemical substance not composed of simpler ones
A chemical element is a species of atom defined by its number of protons. The number of protons is called the atomic number of that element. For example
Chemical_element
English pronoun
came about through re-analysis of the pronoun as primarily an element of the internal clause. Whose is the genitive case of whom. "The boy whose name I don't
Who_(pronoun)
English charter of freedoms made in 1215
1) the freedom of the English Church, 2) the "ancient liberties" of the City of London (clause 13 in the 1215 charter, clause 9 in the 1297 statute)
Magna_Carta
Syntactic discontinuity
happened that was so entertaining? – Extraposition of content clause from subject wh-element %What that upset everyone do you think they did? What do you
Extraposition
Typographic character indicating a question (?)
journalism) is a punctuation mark that indicates a question or interrogative clause or phrase in many languages. The history of the question mark is contested
Question_mark
Grammar of the English language
English grammar is the set of structural rules of the English language. This includes the structure of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and whole texts
English_grammar
Clause type associated with questions
An interrogative clause is a clause whose form is typically associated with question-like meanings. For instance, the English sentence "Is Hannah sick
Interrogative
Earliest historical form of English language
Heggelund, Øystein (2007). "Old English subordinate clauses and the shift to verb-medial order in English". English Studies. 88 (3): 351–361. doi:10
Old_English
Word or phrase necessary to complete an expression
or phrase that depends on another form, word, or phrase, being an element of clause structure with adverbial function. An adjunct is not an argument or
Complement_(linguistics)
Form of linguistic discontinuity
Polish, and Czech in the first wh-element, while, in Bulgarian, it is present in all of the wh-elements in the clause. #2 Kakvo What kak how napravi did
Wh-movement
Proximity of elements in a linguistic structure
that states that no element in a CP inside an adjunct may move out of this adjunct. A sentential subject is a subject that is a clause, not the subject of
Locality_(linguistics)
Programming language developed in 1957
programming language element known as a picture clause. Several elements of COMTRAN were incorporated into COBOL: Picture clause. Paragraphing: dividing
COMTRAN
Type of misplaced grammatical phrase
"Turning the corner, a handsome school building appeared". The modifying clause Turning the corner describes the behavior of the narrator, but the narrator
Dangling_modifier
Modifying noun phrases by placing them next to each other
is no appositive. There is a relative clause: whose name is Alice Smith. Example using zero article: The English writer Agatha ChristieP, author of nearly
Apposition
Irrealis grammatical mood
although not exclusively, in subordinate clauses—particularly that-clauses. Examples of the subjunctive in English are found in the sentences "I suggest
Subjunctive_mood
Berau Gulf language spoken in Indonesia
complex predicate within a single clause, in which predicate-level markers appear only once, attached to the final element. Locative and lative marked nouns
Kalamang_language
Use of a pronoun tied to an antecedent
level evidence of that linguistic element. Traces represent the pronoun that would have been present in the embedded clause, or before the wh-movement, that
Resumptive_pronoun
Clauses in the 5th and 14th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution
Due Process Clauses are found in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. They prohibit the deprivation of "life, liberty
Due_Process_Clause
U.S. constitutional law preventing repeated punishment for the same crime
The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: "[N]or shall any person be subject for the same offence to
Double_Jeopardy_Clause
Type of grammatical construction
embedded clause. Thus, the special valency of the verb believe causes the subject of to be to appear unintuitively in the object case. The key element of an
Accusative_and_infinitive
Group of one or more words
within a larger structure. For instance, the English sentence "the squirrel is very happy" is a clause phrase which contains the noun phrase "the squirrel"
Phrase
Nonfinite verb form
and with a full range of clause elements. Thus, English grammar uses gerund to mean an -ing form used in non-finite clauses such as playing on computers
Gerund
Common Lisp function that produces formatted text
states four clauses, accessible via the indices 0, 1, 2, and 3 respectively. The number of format arguments is employed as the means for the clause index retrieval;
Format_(Common_Lisp)
Words marking English relative clauses and fused relatives
The English relative words are words in English used to mark a clause, noun phrase or preposition phrase as relative. The central relative words in English
English_relative_words
Structure of sentences in the German language
standard languages except English, uses V2 word order (verb second), though generally in independent clauses. In normal dependent clauses, the finite verb is
German_sentence_structure
Part of a sentence
noun (phrase), a pronoun, or a clause. This is also true when the clause has no element to be represented by it. This is why verbs like rain must have a
Subject_(grammar)
Sentence structure; the default word order in English
order: the first element in the clause that comes before the V need not be the subject. In Kashmiri, the word order in embedded clauses is conditioned by
Subject–verb–object word order
Subject–verb–object_word_order
Type of linguistic modality
clauses Excluded from event-related causal clauses Excluded from the antecedent of an event related conditional clause Excluded from temporal clauses
Epistemic_modality
System responsible for combining morphemes into complex structures
the subject is referred to from a relative clause or coreferential with an element in an infinite clause. Constituency is the feature of being a constituent
Syntax
Grammar of the Romanian language
defines an element of another clause, be it a main clause, or a subordinate one. The following example has the verb phrase underlined, and the element of relation
Romanian_grammar
1970 United States Supreme Court case
a United States Supreme Court decision that held that "the Due Process Clause protects the accused against conviction except upon proof beyond a reasonable
In_re_Winship
Adjectives in the English language
Grammar of the English Language shows the AdjP very happy to try, with the adverb very as a modifier and the clause to try as a complement. English adjectives
English_adjectives
Grammatical syntax of the Welsh language
position higher in the clause. That is to say, the structure of (4b) is what is given in (5). The closest c-commanding element that binds the reflexive
Welsh_syntax
Proposed parameter in linguistics
complements) or head-final (the head follows its complements). The head is the element that determines the category of a phrase: for example, in a verb phrase
Head-directionality_parameter
Property law concept
the Administration of Justice Act 1705. In mortgages, an attornment clause is a clause whereby the mortgagor attorns tenant to the mortgagee, thus giving
Attornment
Type of legal provision
reverse onus clause is a provision within a statute that shifts the burden of proof onto the individual specified to disprove an element of the information
Reverse_onus
Linguistics concept
a universal lexical element, it is said to be able to occur in every language, in an environment with a non-finite embedded clause. However, its occurrence
Empty_category
Verb that entails a transitive object
arose. Transitivity is traditionally thought of as a global property of a clause, by which activity is transferred from an agent to a patient. Transitive
Transitive_verb
Type of sentence structure
argument or an adjunct of the clause, occurs outside the clause boundaries either to its left or to its right. In this English example They went to the store
Dislocation_(syntax)
Variety of American English
inversion of most other forms of English. Because of this, there is also no need for the auxiliary do. Relative clauses do not require a relative pronoun
African-American Vernacular English
African-American_Vernacular_English
Compound or phrase with an interpolated word in the middle
abso-bloody-lutely, and several variants. Numerous English words are joined with the vulgar element -fucking-, such as unfuckingbelievable or fanfuckingtastic;
Tmesis
Grammatical voice in the English language
cutting by a professional. [complex construction] See also English clause syntax § Non-finite clauses. The sections below discuss some generalizations that
English_passive_voice
Part of speech
complementizer functioning as the head of its clause includes that it is commonly the last element in a clause in head-final languages like Korean or Japanese
Complementizer
Word or phrase separable from adjacent syntax
term disjunct can be used to refer to any sentence element that is not fully integrated into the clausal structure of the sentence. Such elements usually
Disjunct_(linguistics)
Part of speech
the plural –s morpheme. English nouns primarily function as the heads of noun phrases, which prototypically function at the clause level as subjects, objects
English_nouns
Concept in the common law of contracts
exclusive rights to the movie script for at least one year. A bonus clause is a clause in a contract that rewards the contractor for doing more than the
Consideration
2026 Marvel Studios television series
superpowered individuals are banned from working in Hollywood by the Doorman Clause. Struggling actor Simon Williams, who secretly has powers, forms an unlikely
Wonder_Man_(TV_series)
Extinct Eskimo–Aleut language
described in the dependent clause relates somehow to the action described in the main clause. In English, an adverbial clause may express reason, purpose
Sirenik_language
Type of phrase in grammar
linking adverbials, are used to connect clauses together and surface in a clause-initial position in English. On Tuesday there is a big party; however
Adverbial_phrase
Punctuation mark with two dots (:)
Colon (rhetoric). From this usage, in palaeography, a colon is a clause or group of clauses written as a line in a manuscript. In the 3rd century BC, Aristophanes
Colon_(punctuation)
Phrase that can be removed, preserving grammatical correctness
or phrase that depends on another form, word, or phrase, being an element of clause structure with adverbial function. An adjunct is not an argument (nor
Adjunct_(grammar)
delete[](void* a); void operator delete[](void* a); noexcept clause noexcept(a) No No —N/a requires clause requires (a) No No —N/a Reflection ^^a No No —N/a
Operators_in_C_and_C++
Oath of office taken by the UK monarch
England, Edward took the oath specified in the Liber Regalis in English but in the third clause, only promised to maintain "the laws and liberties of this
Coronation oath of the British monarch
Coronation_oath_of_the_British_monarch
Sentence where two entities are equated with each other
or a non-verbal element (e.g. demonstrative pronoun) to equate the two expressions. The taxonomy or classification of copular clauses proposed by Higgins
Equative_sentence
Grammatical category indicating truth or falsehood
than applying it to the full clause with must). For more details and other similar cases, see the relevant sections of English modal verbs. Negation flips
Affirmation_and_negation
Phrase modifying a lexical item
to the cause. - Oblique argument at the clause level d. She argued with him. - Oblique Argument at the clause level e. A student of physics attended.
Adpositional_phrase
Country in North America
distinguishing element of Canadian identity. In Quebec, cultural identity is strong and there is a French Canadian culture that is distinct from English Canadian
Canada
Word that expresses speech or introduces a quotation
inside an embedded direct quote cannot be licensed by a syntactic element in the matrix clause. (3)a. ?Nobody said "we saw anything." (3)b. Nobody said that
Verbum_dicendi
Binding relation that may employ a morphologically different set of anaphoric forms
may only be introduced by clauses headed by the complementizer be. In Ewe, be is a clause-typing element that introduces clauses in which the feelings, thoughts
Logophoricity
Determiners in the English language
determiner or a degree adverb in clauses like it is not that unusual. For example, A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language categorizes this use of
English_determiners
Utterance that conveys intersection of denotations
that defines a noun or pronoun Grammatical modifier – Optional element in phrase or clause structure Prepositional phrase – Phrase modifying a lexical itemPages
Intersective_modifier
Programming language with English-like syntax
desire for readability led to the use of English-like syntax and structural elements, such as nouns, verbs, clauses, sentences, sections, and divisions. Yet
COBOL
Syntactic construction that serves to express a comparison
(x-many, x-much). This element serves to focus the expression in the same way that -er or more focuses its counterpart in the main clause. Various arguments
Comparative_sentence
Family of file formats
vocabulary is described in clause 12 of Part 1. Each worksheet in a spreadsheet is represented by an XML document with a root element named <worksheet>...</worksheet>
Office_Open_XML_file_formats
2002 compendium on the English language
it . . ." (CamGEL, p. 1367). "[W]here the element concerned is a content clause or an infinitival clause, the version with extraposition is much more
The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language
Legally binding document establishing rights and duties between parties
The traditional test to determine which category a clause falls into was established by the English House of Lords in Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v New
Contract
Pragmatic word order
being highlighted. These additional phrasal categories occur between the clausal phrase (CP) and tense phrase (TP - previously referred to as inflection
Scrambling_(linguistics)
Word that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase
content as) another word, phrase, clause or sentence where the meaning is recoverable from the context. In English, pronouns mostly function as pro-forms
Pronoun
Law about agreements between two or more parties
contracts often include penalty clauses or other similar clauses (pre-estimates of damages and forfeiture clauses). Clauses falling within the scope of the
South_African_contract_law
Language
question marker, which has to appear obligatorily as the final element of the clause. These questions can express contrastive focus. Dabuo Dabuo gbire
Dagaare_language
Reference grammar of Modern English, first published 1909–1949
non-finite clauses to be objects, rather than catenative complements, only when they occur in some distinctively object relation with some element other than
A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles
A_Modern_English_Grammar_on_Historical_Principles
2025 US Supreme Court case
covered by this clause. In United States v. Davis (2019), Gorsuch wrote for the majority in rendering the subsequent "residual clause" unenforceable for
Delligatti_v._United_States
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