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Word or phrase necessary to complete an expression
a complement. In fact, this use of the term is the one that currently dominates in linguistics. A main aspect of this understanding of complements is
Complement_(linguistics)
Topics referred to by the same term
gene or in different genes Complement (linguistics), a word or phrase having a particular syntactic role Subject complement, a word or phrase adding to
Complement
friend. Direct object Complement (linguistics) Object (grammar) Predicate (grammar) Predicative expression Resultative Subject complement Brinton, Laurel J
Object_complement
Part of speech
In linguistics (especially generative grammar), a complementizer or complementiser (glossing abbreviation: comp) is a functional category (part of speech)
Complementizer
Linguistics theory about syntax
1981). Antisymmetry Linguistics Natural language Syntax Constituent (linguistics) Parse tree Head (linguistics) Complement (linguistics) Phrase Syntactic
X-bar_theory
Analysis of sentence structure
In linguistics, branching refers to the shape of the parse trees that represent the structure of sentences. Assuming that the language is being written
Branching_(linguistics)
Part of a sentence
free dictionary. Complement (linguistics) Copula Grammatical case Object (grammar) Preparatory subject Quirky subject Sentence (linguistics) Subjective (grammar)
Subject_(grammar)
Use of an expression whose interpretation depends on context
Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics. 44–50. Kibble, R. 1997. "Complement anaphora and dynamic binding". In Proceedings from
Anaphora_(linguistics)
Discipline combining linguistics, psychology and cognitive science
Cognitive linguistics is an approach to the study of language that encompasses a number of complementary and sometimes overlapping theories. Their defining
Cognitive_linguistics
Number and type of arguments controlled by a linguistic predicate
In linguistics, valency or valence is the number and type of arguments and complements controlled by a predicate, content verbs being typical predicates
Valency_(linguistics)
Class of words expressing spatiotemporal relations or semantic roles
complement) and postpositions (which follow their complement). An adposition typically combines with a noun phrase, this being called its complement,
Adposition
In linguistics, coercion is a term applied to a process of reinterpretation triggered by a mismatch between the semantic properties of a selector and
Coercion_(linguistics)
Omitted words still understood in context
In linguistics, ellipsis (Ancient Greek: ἔλλειψις, romanized: élleipsis, lit. 'omission'), or elliptical construction, is the omission from a clause of
Ellipsis_(linguistics)
Group of one or more words
can consist of a single word or a complete sentence. In theoretical linguistics, phrases are often analyzed as units of syntactic structure such as a
Phrase
Proposed parameter in linguistics
Roland (2010). "Collapsing the Head Final Filter and the Head Complement Parameter". Linguistics. 20: 35–66. Hinterhölzl, Roland; Svetlana, Petrova (2009)
Head-directionality_parameter
Grammatical concept
In linguistics, an object is any of several types of arguments. In subject-prominent, nominative-accusative languages such as English, a transitive verb
Object_(grammar)
Predicates' ability to semantically limit arguments
In linguistics, selection denotes the ability of predicates to determine the semantic content of their arguments. Predicates select their arguments, which
Selection_(linguistics)
Framework for the description of the structure of a language
may be contrasted with more modern theories of grammar in theoretical linguistics, which grew out of traditional descriptions. While traditional grammars
Traditional_grammar
Branch of linguistics and semiotics relating context to meaning
In linguistics and the philosophy of language, pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning. This field of study evaluates how human
Pragmatics
Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Someone who engages in this study is called a linguist. Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J
Index_of_linguistics_articles
System responsible for combining morphemes into complex structures
In linguistics, syntax (/ˈsɪntæks/ SIN-taks) is the study of how words and morphemes combine to form well-formed larger units such as phrases and sentences
Syntax
Functional part of speech in most languages
In linguistics, a copula (/ˈkɒpjələ/; pl.: copulas or copulae; abbreviated cop) is a word or phrase that links the subject of a sentence to a subject
Copula_(linguistics)
Application of linguistics to forensics
Forensic linguistics, legal linguistics, or language and the law is the application of linguistic knowledge, methods, and insights to the forensic context
Forensic_linguistics
Study of language within historical and social contexts
Anthropological linguistics is the subfield of linguistics and anthropology which deals with the place of language in its wider social and cultural context
Anthropological_linguistics
West Germanic language
Bas; McMahon, April (eds.). The Handbook of English Linguistics. Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics. Oxford: Wiley–Blackwell. pp. 382–410. doi:10.1002/9780470753002
English_language
Linguistic terminology
In linguistics, an argument is an expression that helps complete the meaning of a predicate, the latter referring in this context to a main verb and its
Argument_(linguistics)
Lexeme (word or sign) that consists of more than one stem
In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word or sign) that consists of more than one stem. Compounding, composition or nominal composition
Compound_(linguistics)
Partition into two separate parts
also frequently called a bipartition. The two parts thus formed are complements. In logic, the partitions are opposites if there exists a proposition
Dichotomy
Ability of lexical items to specify syntactic arguments
In linguistics, subcategorization denotes the ability/necessity for lexical items (usually verbs) to require/allow the presence and types of the syntactic
Subcategorization
Binding relation that may employ a morphologically different set of anaphoric forms
is in subject position of the subjunctive complement and embedded within kO-complements (i.e. a complement that causes logophoric effects), the pronoun
Logophoricity
Subfield of linguistic semantics
different lexical units had a decisive role in the field of "generative linguistics" during the 1960s. The term generative was proposed by Noam Chomsky in
Lexical_semantics
contributions in a variety of fields. The Abel Prize in mathematics, originally proposed in 1899 to complement the Nobel Prizes, is named in his honour.
List of University of Oslo people
List_of_University_of_Oslo_people
Typographical symbol (*)
of a haplogroup and not any of its subclades (see * (haplogroup)). In linguistics, an asterisk may be used for a range of purposes depending on what is
Asterisk
Model of language change
In historical linguistics, the wave model, or wave theory (German: Wellentheorie), is a model of language change in which a new language feature (innovation)
Wave_model
Syntactic theory in linguistics
In linguistics, antisymmetry, is a theory of syntax described in Richard S. Kayne's 1994 book The Antisymmetry of Syntax. Building upon X-bar theory,
Antisymmetry
Repetition of one expression as part of another one
further expanded to include a complement, such as: "They'll never make it!" cried John to Mary. Subjects must precede the complement, otherwise the structure
Quotation
Type of word or affix that is used to accompany nouns
grammar: Classificatory verbs Noun class Analytic language Determiner (linguistics) Comrie, Bernard; Haspelmath, Martin; Bickel, Balthasar (2008). "Leipzig
Classifier_(linguistics)
Sign language local to Israel's al-Sayyid Bedouin village
verbs as most known sign languages do. Few syntactic markers such as complementizers, signs to signal conditionals or structures to mark questions have
Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language
Al-Sayyid_Bedouin_Sign_Language
Primary part of a grammatical phrase
In linguistics, the head or nucleus of a phrase is the word that determines the syntactic category of that phrase. For example, the head of the noun phrase
Head_(linguistics)
Regulatory relationship between a word and its dependents
In grammar and theoretical linguistics, government or rection refers to the relationship between a word and its dependents. One can discern between at
Government_(linguistics)
Word that does not add to the meaning of a sentence
expletive (linguistics) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Expletive attributive Expletive infixation Filler (linguistics) Morphology (linguistics) Svenonius
Expletive_(linguistics)
Process of repeating items in a self-similar way
of itself. Recursion is used in a variety of disciplines ranging from linguistics to logic. The most common application of recursion is in mathematics
Recursion
American linguist (1942–2025)
often credited with making language and gender a major subfield focus in linguistics and other disciplines. Lakoff was born Robin Beth Tolmach to a Jewish
Robin_Lakoff
Structured system of communication
modern approaches to linguistics. For example, descriptive linguistics examines the grammar of single languages, theoretical linguistics develops theories
Language
Algebraic manipulation of "true" and "false"
enters via complement ¬ as follows. The complement operation is defined by the following two laws. Complementation 1 x ∧ ¬ x = 0 Complementation 2 x ∨ ¬
Boolean_algebra
Indian linguist (1953–2026)
and Complement Clauses in a Bangla Grammar, was supervised by Lewis Levine and Ray C. Dougherty. Dasgupta began his academic career in linguistics with
Probal_Dasgupta
Australian linguist (1964–2020)
(Persian: فرزاد شریفیان) was a pioneer of cultural linguistics and held the Chair in Cultural Linguistics at Monash University. He developed a theoretical
Farzad_Sharifian
Structure of a formal language
applications are found in theoretical computer science, theoretical linguistics, formal semantics, mathematical logic, and other areas. A formal grammar
Formal_grammar
Sequence of words formed by specific rules
In logic, mathematics, computer science, and linguistics, a formal language is a set of strings whose symbols are taken from a set called "alphabet".
Formal_language
Part of speech that conveys an action
The second element (noun phrase, adjective, or infinitive) is called a complement, which completes a clause that would not otherwise have the same meaning
Verb
Branch of applied linguistics
stylistics as a distinct academic discipline to complement Saussurean linguistics. For Bally, Saussure's linguistics by itself couldn't fully describe the language
Stylistics
language classification for instance, theories such as the wave model may complement or sometimes even supplement the tree model, the latter being more focused
History_of_the_alphabet
Maturational stage in the lifespan of an organism
early visual cortex critical period. More recently, the expression of the complement component 4 gene has been found to significantly contribute to abnormally
Critical_period
Inuit language spoken in Greenland
verification] In copula clauses, the word order is usually subject-copula-complement. ex: Andap Anda A tujuuluk sweater O pisiaraa bought V Andap tujuuluk
Greenlandic_language
Phenomenon whereby language is used to discuss possible situations
In linguistics and philosophy, modality refers to the ways language can express various relationships to reality or truth. For instance, a modal expression
Modality_(semantics)
Principle of the hierarchical organization of linguistic units
In linguistics, subordination is a principle of the hierarchical organization of linguistic units. While the principle is applicable in semantics, morphology
Subordination_(linguistics)
American actress and author (born 1960)
career. In the drama Still Alice, Moore played the leading role of a linguistics professor diagnosed with early onset Alzheimer's disease. She spent four
Julianne_Moore
Linguistic category
In linguistics, the term nominal refers to a category used to group together nouns and adjectives based on shared properties. The motivation for nominal
Nominal_(linguistics)
Word used with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun
was a bad decision. Indefinite noun phrases are widely studied within linguistics, in particular because of their ability to take exceptional scope. A
Article_(grammar)
Class of modern grammatical theories
Lucien Tesnière. Tesnière was a Frenchman, a polyglot, and a professor of linguistics at the universities in Strasbourg and Montpellier. His major work Éléments
Dependency_grammar
Ordered listing of items in collection
conceptualization and mechanism borrowed primarily from philosophy —along with linguistics, logic, mathematics, semantics and semiotics). As such, most programming
Enumeration
Moroccan linguist
generative syntax of Arabic. He was Professor of Arabic and Comparative Linguistics at the Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences and Director of the Institute
Abdelkader_Fassi_Fehri
Personal pronoun that is used as the subject of a verb
pronoun Object pronoun Subject complement Subject (grammar) Peter Matthews, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics (Oxford University Press, 1997)
Subject_pronoun
Number of arguments required by a function
logic and philosophy, arity may also be called adicity and degree. In linguistics, it is usually named valency. In general, functions or operators with
Arity
Empty category occupying the subject position in non-finite clauses
In generative linguistics, PRO (called "big PRO", distinct from pro, "small pro" or "little pro") is a pronominal determiner phrase (DP) without phonological
PRO_(linguistics)
Mayan language spoken by the Kʼicheʼ people
the Proyecto Lingüístico Francisco Marroquín, the Summer Institute of Linguistics, and the Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala. This table shows the
Kʼicheʼ_language
Spoken phrase used to reduce intensity
In linguistics (particularly sub-fields like applied linguistics and pragmatics), a hedge is a word or phrase used in a sentence to express ambiguity
Hedge_(linguistics)
Type of determiner that indicates quantity
In linguistics and grammar, a quantifier is a type of determiner, such as all, some, many, few, a lot, and no, (but not specific numerals)[clarification
Quantifier_(linguistics)
British linguist
grammar in systemic functional linguistics. He is Emeritus Professor at Cardiff University. Books Cognitive Linguistics and Social Interaction (1980) Invitation
Robin_Fawcett
Process of embedding one phrase in another
sentence Recursion Complementizer KARLSSON, FRED (2007-06-18). "Constraints on multiple center-embedding of clauses". Journal of Linguistics. 43 (2): 365–392
Center_embedding
Comparative Reconstruction, Language and linguistics Monograph Series, vol. 63, Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, ISBN 978-986-54-3228-7
Varieties_of_Chinese
Word or a group of words
constituents as just discussed above. These tests are found in textbooks on linguistics and syntax that are written mainly with the syntax of English in mind
Constituent_(linguistics)
Concept in linguistics
In linguistics, verb-framing and satellite-framing are typological descriptions of a way that verb phrases in a language can describe the path of motion
Verb_framing
Basic operation in the Minimalist Program
language acquisition, complements and specifiers are simply notations for first-merge (read as "complement-of" [head-complement]), and later second-merge
Merge_(linguistics)
Categorization of nouns and modifiers by function
she, we), used for the subject of a finite verb and sometimes for the complement of a copula. The oblique case (object pronouns such as me, him, her, us)
Grammatical_case
Aspect of verb grammar
In linguistics, a causative (abbreviated caus) is a valency-increasing operation that indicates that a subject either causes someone or something else
Causative
Chinese varieties spoken at and south of the Yangtze delta
for their speech, since the classificatory imposition of "Wu" used in linguistics today is a relatively recent coinage. Saying someone "speaks Wu" is therefore
Wu_Chinese
Largest city in Hesse, Germany
technology and research, services, consulting, media and creative industries complement the economic base. Frankfurt's DE-CIX is the world's largest internet
Frankfurt
Prepositions in the English language
Alexander (2020-12-14), "Complements and Adjuncts", in Aarts, Bas; McMahon, April; Hinrichs, Lars (eds.), The Handbook of English Linguistics (1 ed.), Hoboken
English_prepositions
Rule system for formal languages
generate the same language?) is undecidable. Context-free grammars arise in linguistics where they are used to describe the structure of sentences and words
Context-free_grammar
Macro-Jê language spoken in Brazil
(1986). "Sentence initial devices". Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics. 75: 233. Burgess, E. (1986). "Focus and topic in Xavante"
Xavante_language
Creation of derived forms of a verb from its principal parts by inflection
In linguistics, conjugation (/ˌkɒn.dʒʊ.ˈɡeɪ.ʃən/, con-juu-GAY-shən) is the creation of derived forms of a verb from its principal parts by inflection
Grammatical_conjugation
Form of linguistic discontinuity
In linguistics, wh-movement (also known as wh-fronting, wh-extraction, or wh-raising) is the formation of syntactic dependencies involving interrogative
Wh-movement
Dutch linguist
Criteria in Complement Selection.[citation needed] Verspoor has published journal articles and edited several books on different areas of linguistics, including
Marjolijn_Verspoor
Class of auxiliary verbs in English that lack untensed forms
is increasingly used with a bare infinitival clause complement). Bare infinitival clause complements are not unique to modal auxiliary verbs. Do is a non-modal
English_modal_auxiliary_verbs
Feature in the morphology or syntax of some languages
very large degree of a particular quality (called elative in Semitic linguistics). Comparatives and superlatives may be formed in morphology by inflection
Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs
Degrees_of_comparison_of_adjectives_and_adverbs
(Italian and Spanish) or vivat (Latin), it cannot be used alone; it needs a complement. vive la différence! lit. "[long] live the difference"; originally referring
Glossary of French words and expressions in English
Glossary_of_French_words_and_expressions_in_English
Conformity of language to a grammar
In linguistics, grammaticality is conformity to grammar. The notion of grammaticality rose alongside the theory of generative grammar, the goal of which
Grammaticality
Phrase that can be removed, preserving grammatical correctness
In linguistics, an adjunct is an optional, or structurally dispensable, part of a sentence, clause, or phrase that, if removed or discarded, will not
Adjunct_(grammar)
Word that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase
In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun (glossed pro) is a word or a group of words that one may substitute for a noun or noun phrase. Pronouns have traditionally
Pronoun
Theoretical framework in linguistics
Government Phonology (GP) is a theoretical framework of linguistics, and more specifically of phonology. The framework aims to provide a non-arbitrary
Government_phonology
Theory that allows sets to be elements of themselves
processes in computer science (process algebra and final semantics), linguistics and natural language semantics (situation theory), philosophy (work on
Non-well-founded_set_theory
Third-person plural or gender-neutral pronoun
years." They can appear as a subject, object, determiner or predicative complement. The reflexive form also appears as an adjunct. Subject: "They're there";
They
Professor of linguistics
org. Retrieved 2026-06-26. (MITWPL), MIT Working Papers in Linguistics. "Complementation in Chol (Mayan): A Theory of Split Ergativity | MITWPL". mitwpl
Jessica_Coon
Sequence of characters that forms a search pattern
expression of length about 850 such that its complement has a length about 232 can be found at File:RegexComplementBlowup.png. "Regular expressions for deciding
Regular_expression
Branch of anthropology focused on the study of cultural variation among humans
Kroeber and Sapir's focus on Native American languages helped establish linguistics as a truly general science and free it from its historical focus on Indo-European
Cultural_anthropology
Proximity of elements in a linguistic structure
In linguistics, locality is the proximity of elements in a linguistic structure. Constraints on locality limit the span over which rules can apply to
Locality_(linguistics)
Linguistics concept
In linguistics, an empty category, which may also be referred to as a covert category, is an element in the study of syntax that does not have any phonological
Empty_category
Study of the biology and evolution of language
interdisciplinary as it draws from various fields such as sociobiology, linguistics, psychology, anthropology, mathematics, and neurolinguistics to elucidate
Biolinguistics
Grammatical mood
"When terminology matters: The imperative as a comparative concept". Linguistics. 54. doi:10.1515/ling-2015-0039. hdl:2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac
Imperative_mood
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