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Subclade of green plants, also known as land plants
The embryophytes (/ˈɛmbriəˌfaɪts/) are plants of the clade Embryophyta (/ˌɛmbriˈɒfətə, -oʊˈfaɪtə/), also known as Plantae sensu strictissimo (/pˈlænteɪ
Embryophyte
List of microorganisms
The smallest organisms found on Earth can be determined according to various aspects of organism size, including volume, mass, height, length, or genome
Smallest_organisms
Clade of archaeplastids including green algae and the land plants
million known species that include all green algae and land plants (embryophytes, which evolved from freshwater green algae known as streptophytes). They
Viridiplantae
Plants that reproduce with seeds
Phaenogamae), is any plant that produces seeds. It is a category of embryophyte (i.e. land plant) that includes most of the familiar land plants, including
Seed_plant
Kingdom of organisms
Viridiplantae (green plants), which consists of the green algae and the embryophytes or land plants (hornworts, liverworts, mosses, lycophytes, ferns, conifers
Plant
Division of non-vascular land plants with horn-shaped sporophytes
Hornworts are a group of non-vascular Embryophytes (land plants) constituting the division Anthocerotophyta (/ˌænθoʊˌsɛrəˈtɒfətə, -təˈfaɪtə/). The common
Hornwort
First geological period of the Paleozoic Era
No calcareous macroalgae are known from the period. No land plant (embryophyte) fossils are known from the Cambrian. However, biofilms and microbial
Cambrian
Terrestrial plants that lack vascular tissue
Bryophytes (/ˈbraɪ.əˌfaɪts/) are a group of land plants (embryophytes), sometimes treated as a taxonomic division referred to as Bryophyta sensu lato,
Bryophyte
Division of non-vascular land plants
mosses and hornworts which have monoplastidic meiosis. Unlike any other embryophytes, most liverworts contain unique membrane-bound oil bodies containing
Liverwort
Paraphyletic group of eukaryotes
include them. The completed clade that includes both green algae and embryophytes is monophyletic and is referred to as the clade Viridiplantae and as
Green_algae
Taxonomic rank
variously by different biologists. All definitions include the living embryophytes (land plants), to which may be added the two green algae divisions, Chlorophyta
Phylum
Hierarchical level in biological classification
Rank Viruses Bacteria and Archaea Embryophytes (Plants) Algae Fungi Animals Realm -viria Subrealm -vira Kingdom -virae -ati Subkingdom -viretes Division/phylum
Taxonomic_rank
Study of plant life
a subfield of mycology. The narrower sense of botany as the study of embryophytes (land plants) is called phytology. Bryology is the study of mosses (and
Botany
Group of vascular plants that reproduce by spores
female gametophytes, i.e., produces both pollen and seeds, or just one. Embryophyte Fern ally Plant sexuality Schneider & Schuettpelz 2016. Pteridophyte
Pteridophyte
Clade of eukaryotes containing land plants and some algae
starch in the cytosol outside the chloroplasts. Green algae, land plants (embryophytes) and the minor basal group Prasinodermophyta – together known as Viridiplantae
Archaeplastida
Third period of the Paleozoic Era
2307/2805564. JSTOR 2805564. Edwards, Dianne; Wellman, Charles (2001). "Embryophytes on Land: The Ordovician to Lochkovian (Lower Devonian) Record". Plants
Silurian
Diverse group of photosynthetic organisms
diverse group of photosynthetic organisms. It excludes the land plants (embryophytes). Such organisms range from microscopic unicellular microalgae (including
Algae
Phylum of algae
multicellular forms these haploid cells will grow into a gametophyte. In embryophytes (land plants) the zygote will instead give rise to a multicellular sporophyte
Charophyta
Clade of seed plants that produce flowers
rosid phylogeny is revised. Fossilised spores suggest that land plants (embryophytes) have existed for at least 475 million years. However, angiosperms appeared
Flowering_plant
Clade consisting of the charophyte algae and land plants
Streptophyta Charales Embryophyta Division Charophyta (charophyte algae and embryophytes) Class Mesostigmatophyceae (mesostigmatophytes) Class Chlorokybophyceae
Streptophyta
Precambrian, around 850 million years ago. Evidence of the emergence of embryophyte land plants first occurs in the middle Ordovician (~470 million years
Evolutionary history of plants
Evolutionary_history_of_plants
Division of typically non-vascular land plants
"The Interrelationships of Land Plants and the Nature of the Ancestral Embryophyte". Current Biology. 28 (5): 733–745.e2. Bibcode:2018CBio...28E.733P. doi:10
Moss
Marine flowering plants
Seagrasses are the only embryophytes (commonly referred to as "land plants") which grow in marine environments. There are about 60 species of fully marine
Seagrass
Male reproductive cell
as giving rise to new organisms without fertilization. In almost all embryophytes, including most gymnosperms and all angiosperms, the male gametophytes
Sperm
Class of Charophyte green algae
Charophyceae is basal in the Phragmoplastophyta clade which contains the embryophytes (land plants). In 2018, the first nuclear genome sequence from a species
Charophyceae
Group of chemical compounds
In biochemistry, naturally occurring phenols are natural products containing at least one phenol functional group. Phenolic compounds are produced by plants
Naturally_occurring_phenols
Phylum of green algae
and Streptophyta, the latter of which gave rise to all land plants (embryophytes). It consists of two classes Prasinodermophyceae and Palmophyllophyceae
Prasinodermophyta
Clade of algae
Chlorokybophyceae 'filamentous' Streptophyta Klebsormidiophyceae phragmoplastophyta Charophyceae Zygnematophyceae Embryophytes (land plants) Coleochaetophyceae
Palmophyllophyceae
Microscopic living organism
classified as protists, others such as charophyta are classified with embryophyte plants, which are the most familiar group of land plants. Algae can grow
Microorganism
Eukaryotes other than animals, plants or fungi
current consensus, the label 'protist' specifically excludes animals, embryophytes (land plants)—meaning that all eukaryotic algae fall under this label—and
Protist
Plant organelle that conducts photosynthesis
Curtis, Bruce A.; Gould, Sven B.; Archibald, John M. (10 April 2018). "Embryophyte stress signaling evolved in the algal progenitors of land plants". Proceedings
Chloroplast
Earth's dry surface
scattered trees. Land plants evolved from green algae, and are called embryophytes. They include trees, shrubs, ferns, grass, moss, and flowers. Most plants
Land
Type of taxonomic group
Becker, B.; Marin, B. (2009). "Streptophyte algae and the origin of embryophytes". Annals of Botany. 103 (7): 999–1004. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp044. PMC 2707909
Paraphyly
Channel in cell walls of plants and some algae
Coleochaetales and Phaeophyceae (which are all algae), as well as all embryophytes, better known as land plants. Unlike animal cells, almost every plant
Plasmodesma
Clade of flowering plants
germination (Brassica sp.) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Clade: Polysporangiophytes Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Spermatophytes
Eudicots
Embryophyte plants with branched spore-bearing generation
literally means 'many sporangia plant'. The clade includes all land plants (embryophytes) except for the bryophytes (liverworts, mosses and hornworts) whose sporophytes
Polysporangiophyte
Subclade of green plants, also known as land plants
"The Interrelationships of Land Plants and the Nature of the Ancestral Embryophyte". Current Biology. 28 (5): 733–745.e2. Bibcode:2018CBio...28E.733P. doi:10
Setaphyta
Overview of and topical guide to life forms
stoneworts and land plants Charales – stoneworts Plantae – land plants (embryophytes) SAR supergroup Alveolata Heterokonta Rhizaria Outline of biology Earliest
Outline_of_life_forms
Clade of plants with xylem and phloem
plant, Euphyllophytina Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Clade: Polysporangiophytes Clade: Tracheophytes Divisions † Extinct †Cooksonia
Vascular_plant
Class of vascular plants
Gerrienne, Philippe; Gonez, Paul (2011). "Early evolution of life cycles in embryophytes: A focus on the fossil evidence of gametophyte/sporophyte size and morphological
Fern
Clade of eukaryotes
picozoans. Embryophytes, green algae and red algae all evolved multicellular forms and complex life cycles independently, but embryophytes are distinguished
Diaphoretickes
Unit of reproduction adapted for dispersal and survival in unfavorable conditions
that spores were an adaptation of early land plant species, such as embryophytes, that allowed for plants to easily disperse while adapting to their non-aquatic
Spore
Having distinct male and female organisms
man-of-war), which may be either dioecious or monoecious. Land plants (embryophytes) differ from animals in that their life cycle involves alternation of
Dioecy
Chronological outline of major events in the development of plants
dramatically in the Ordovician with the first extensive appearance of embryophyte spores in the fossil record. The earliest terrestrial plants lived during
Timeline_of_plant_evolution
Mass extinction 273 million years ago
has been argued by some authors to have affected many taxa, including embryophytes, marine metazoans, and tetrapods. The veracity of the extinction event
Olson's_Extinction
Multicellular diploid eukaryote in its earliest stage of development
all land plants create embryos, they are collectively referred to as embryophytes (or by their scientific name, Embryophyta). This, along with other characteristics
Embryo
Division of plant life
origin of both the red and green algae (including the land plants, or embryophytes) and the glaucophytes. Together, these groups comprise the oldest evolutionary
Red_algae
Period of rapid plant and fungal diversification, 428–359 million years ago
Ordovician. The earliest radiations of the first land plants, also known as embryophytes, were bryophytes, which began to transform terrestrial environments and
Silurian-Devonian Terrestrial Revolution
Silurian-Devonian_Terrestrial_Revolution
Diploid multicellular stage in the life cycle of a plant or alga
cycle is common to all land plants they are known collectively as the embryophytes. Most algae have dominant gametophyte generations, but in some species
Sporophyte
Classification of eukaryotes
with a cyanobacterium. This includes the multicellular land plants (embryophytes), distinguished by their embryonic development and differentiation into
Protist_classification
Geologic formation in China
Notes Images Parafunaria P. sinensis Bryophyta? Possibly the earliest embryophyte fossil, but this has been doubted due to insufficient evidence Parallelphyton
Kaili_Formation
Phylum of green algae
Burkhard; Marin, Birger (2009). "Streptophyte algae and the origin of embryophytes". Annals of Botany. 103 (7): 999–1004. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp044. PMC 2707909
Chlorophyta
Clade of seed-bearing plants
africanum) in Costa Rica Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Clade: Polysporangiophytes Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Spermatophytes
Glossophyte
alternating diploid and haploid multicellular phases is common to the embryophytes (land plants) and is referred to as the alternation of generations. A
Glossary_of_plant_morphology
Order of algae
Becker, B.; Marin, B. (2009). "Streptophyte algae and the origin of embryophytes". Annals of Botany. 103 (7): 999–1004. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp044. PMC 2707909
Coleochaetaceae
Extinct genus of vascular plants
S D C P T J K Pg N Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Clade: Polysporangiophytes Clade: Tracheophytes Genus: †Aberlemnia Gonez
Aberlemnia
Extinct genus of vascular plants
S D C P T J K Pg N Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Clade: Polysporangiophytes Clade: Tracheophytes Family: †Hsuaceae Genus:
Hsua
Extinct genus of stem-group insect
cherts occur. Preserved gut contents include macerated plant tissue, embryophyte and fungal spores, and fragments of arthropod cuticle, indicating a detritivorous
Leverhulmia
extensive genetic studies. Fossilised spores suggest that land plants (embryophytes) have existed for at least 475 million years. Early land plants reproduced
Fossil history of flowering plants
Fossil_history_of_flowering_plants
German botanist (born 1948)
Streptophyta and the Zygnematophyceae as the likely sister group to the embryophyte land plants. Melkonian also worked on early research understanding the
Michael_Melkonian
Process by which living organisms produce minerals
the major silicifiers in terrestrial ecosystems are the land plants (embryophytes), with other silicifying groups (e.g., testate amoebae) having a minor
Biomineralization
System of plant taxonomy
Reveal, was a formal phylogenetic classification of all land plants (embryophytes), compatible with the APG III classification. As the APG have chosen
APG_III_system
Extinct genus of land plants
S D C P T J K Pg N Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Genus: †Hedeia Cookson, 1935 Species H. corymbosa Cookson, 1935 (type)
Hedeia
Extinct genus of Devonian plants
S D C P T J K Pg N Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Clade: Setaphyta Division: Bryophyta (?) Genus: †Sporogonites Halle,
Sporogonites
parasitic on fungi. There are no real saprotrophic organisms that are embryophytes,[citation needed] and fungi and bacteria are no longer placed in the
Thanatophage
Fossilised primitive plant spore
Cryptospores are microscopic fossilized spores produced by embryophytes (land plants). They first appear in the fossil record during the middle of the
Cryptospore
Clade of plants
contains the Coleochaetophyceae, Zygnematophyceae, Mesotaeniaceae, and Embryophytes (land plants). It is an important step in the emergence of land plants
Phragmoplastophyta
Genus of algae
Becker, B. & Marin, B. (2009). "Streptophyte algae and the origin of embryophytes". Annals of Botany. 103 (7): 999–1004. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp044. PMC 2707909
Mesostigma
Order of conifers
Equisetopsida s.l. (sensu lato) or sensu Chase & Reveal, also known as embryophytes or Embryophyceae nom. illeg.. Class Equisetopsida s.l. is divided into
Pinales
Fossilized evidence of wildfires on Earth
the air and, much later, the appearance of macroscopic land plants (embryophytes) led to increased levels of oxygen in the atmosphere as the new hordes
Fossil_record_of_fire
Marine synthesis of organic compounds
lineages of Zygnematophyceae and embryophytes (land plants) arose. In its infancy, the trajectory leading to the embryophytes was represented by the—now extinct—earliest
Marine_primary_production
Clade of vascular plants
early euphyllophyte Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Clade: Polysporangiophytes Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Euphyllophytes
Euphyllophyte
AlgaeBase Algae and other oxygenic photosynthesisers other than embryophyte land plants X X X Higher taxonomy, scientific names, common names, images
List of biodiversity databases
List_of_biodiversity_databases
Single-genus class of basal green algae
Becker, B. & Marin, B. (2009). "Streptophyte algae and the origin of embryophytes". Annals of Botany. 103 (7): 999–1004. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp044. PMC 2707909
Mesostigmatophyceae
fungi and on the timing of their interactions with algal ancestors of embryophytes. Evidence from the study of fossil material of Spongiophyton nanum from
2025_in_paleontology
Family of small proteins
with ubiquitin and SUMO signaling are highly enriched in the genomes of embryophytes. In comparison to eukaryotes, prokaryotic proteins with relationships
Ubiquitin-like_protein
Family of flowering plants
eudicots (Gunneridae) At: eudicots At: angiosperms At: Spermatopsida At: embryophytes Archived 2015-04-29 at the Wayback Machine At: green plants At: eukaryotes
Ochnaceae
German botanist
aided in the classification and taxonomy of many plant groups, such as embryophytes. Zimmermann, Walter (1930). Die Phylogenie der Pflanzen. Jena, Germany:
Walter_Max_Zimmermann
Genus of algae
Becker B, Marin B (May 2009). "Streptophyte algae and the origin of embryophytes". Annals of Botany. 103 (7): 999–1004. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp044. PMC 2707909
Nephroselmis
Extinct genus of plants
obscure." Rogerson, C.; Edwards, D.; Axe, L. & Davies, K.L. (2002), "A New Embryophyte from the Upper Silurian of Shropshire, England", Special Papers in Palaeontology
Hollandophyton
Archegoniatae was a higher taxonomic term that indicated those embryophytes having a female sexual organ in the form of an archegonium. The term was first
Archegoniatae
Lagerstätte in Wisconsin, USA
non-animal life at Blackberry Hill, as is the case elsewhere in this pre-embryophyte period in the history of Earth's life on land. The animal life of Blackberry
Blackberry_Hill
Extinct genus of plants
S D C P T J K Pg N Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Clade: Polysporangiophytes Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Euphyllophytes
Pertica
Extinct genus of vascular plants
S D C P T J K Pg N Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Clade: Polysporangiophytes Clade: Tracheophyta Genus: †Renalia Gensel
Renalia
Extinct (Devonian) prevascular land plant
the probable spores. Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Clade: Polysporangiophytes Genus: †Aglaophyton D.S.Edwards 1986 Species
Aglaophyton
Fossil species of aquatic plant
Atlas of Ancient Life. Retrieved February 6, 2024, from https://www.digitalatlasofancientlife.org/learn/embryophytes/angiosperms/angiosperm_pollination/
Microvictoria
Form of maternal care during embryo development
considered a critical evolutionary development preceding the origin of embryophytes and therefore essential to the evolution of land plants. Matrotrophy
Matrotrophy
Chemical compound
presence of e.g., rhodophytes and embryophytes, although the abundance of such non-metaozan cholestane is unknown. Embryophytes generally produce a variety
Cholestane
Form genus of cuticle-like fossils
Gray, J. (2001). The Origin, Morphology, and Ecophysiology of Early Embryophytes: Neontological and Paleontological Perspectives. Columbia University
Nematothallus
Extinct genus of plants
S D C P T J K Pg N Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Genus: †Grisellatheca D.Edwards, C.H.Wellman & L.Axe, 1999 Species: †G
Grisellatheca
Early Devonian sedimentary deposit in Scotland
"Hapalosiphonacean cyanobacteria (Nostocales) thrived amid emerging embryophytes in an early Devonian (407-million-year-old) landscape". iScience. 26
Rhynie_chert
Class of algae
Becker B, Marin B (May 2009). "Streptophyte algae and the origin of embryophytes". Annals of Botany. 103 (7): 999–1004. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp044. PMC 2707909
Prasinophyte
List of terms related to protist research
Becker B, Marin B (May 2009). "Streptophyte algae and the origin of embryophytes". Annals of Botany. 103 (7): 999–1004. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp044. PMC 2707909
Glossary_of_protistology
Species of aquatic plant
November 11, 2024, from https://www.digitalatlasofancientlife.org/learn/embryophytes/botanical-terminology/ Burnham, R. J. & University of Michigan. (2013
Trithuria_polybracteata
System of plant taxonomy
viridophytes (green plants) chlorophytes streptophytes streptophyte green algae embryophytes (land plants) bryophytes liverworts mosses hornworts tracheophytes (vascular
Judd_system
Genus of algae
Mesostigmatophyceae Chlorokybophyceae Spirotaenia Klebsormidiophyceae Charophyceae Coleochaetophyceae Zygnematophyceae Embryophytes Plantae "Green algae"
Spirotaenia
presence of robust spore walls sharing similarities with those seen in embryophytes, but probably not produced in a sporangium, is reported in spores from
2024_in_paleobotany
Species of aquatic plant
October 29, 2024, from https://www.digitalatlasofancientlife.org/learn/embryophytes/botanical-terminology/ Glossary A-H. (n.d.). Missouri Botanical Garden
Trithuria_bibracteata
"Hapalosiphonacean cyanobacteria (Nostocales) thrived amid emerging embryophytes in an Early Devonian (407-million-year-old) landscape". iScience. 26
2023_in_paleontology
Extinct genus of plants
S D C P T J K Pg N Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Clade: Polysporangiophytes Class: †Horneophytopsida (?) Genus: †Caia
Caia_(plant)
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