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See searches and references containing ELECTRON COOLING!ELECTRON COOLING
Electron cooling (Russian: электронное охлаждение) is a method to shrink the emittance (size, divergence, and energy spread) of a charged particle beam
Electron_cooling
Physicist
the electron cooling in a series of papers. [38] [39,40] [41] Eventually CERN settled on the stochastic cooling technique, but electron cooling was used
Mary_Ross_Bell
Techniques to control particle beam properties
particle beam cooling include: Stochastic cooling Electron cooling Ionization cooling Laser cooling Radiation damping Buffer-gas cooling within RF quadrupoles
Particle_beam_cooling
Particle accelerator under construction in Upton, New York, USA
emittance may be decreased via various methods of beam cooling, such as electron cooling or stochastic cooling. In addition, one must consider the effect of intrabeam
Electron–ion_collider
American accelerator physicist
Möhl Awards 2023". Cool Conference 2023 (CERN). for his outstanding contributions to the development of high-energy electron cooling. Ben-Zvi is a Life
Ilan_Ben-Zvi
Elementary particle with negative charge
The electron (e− , or β− in nuclear reactions) is a subatomic particle whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge. It is an elementary particle
Electron
invention in 1968 of electron cooling, a method of reducing the emittance of particle beams by thermalisation with a co-propagating electron beam. Academician
Gersh_Budker
Imaging and diffraction using electrons that pass through samples
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen
Transmission electron microscopy
Transmission_electron_microscopy
Former CERN infrastructure
included electron cooling, using the electron cooler from the Initial Cooling Experiment (ICE) to complement the stochastic cooling. Using cooling, high
Low_Energy_Antiproton_Ring
Laser cooling technique
sometimes used synonymously with laser cooling, though laser cooling includes other techniques. Doppler cooling was simultaneously proposed by two groups
Doppler_cooling
Scientific apparatus at CERN
3 MeV to ~0.65 MeV. During this step the beam is de-bunched, and the electron-cooling method is used to decreases the beam emittance, allowing beam intensity
Extra Low Energy Antiproton ring
Extra_Low_Energy_Antiproton_ring
Particle beam cooling mechanism
Stochastic cooling is a form of particle-beam cooling. It is used in some particle accelerators and storage rings to control the emittance of the particle
Stochastic_cooling
Particle storage ring at CERN, Switzerland
Simultaneously the electric fields further decelerate them. Stochastic cooling and electron cooling stages designed inside the AD decrease the energy of beams as
Antiproton_Decelerator
Statistical mechanics model for ultrafast carrier relaxation
phenomenon occurs on timescales that are much faster than those of hot electron cooling (electron-phonon energy exchange). Nonetheless, it must be considered that
Two_temperature_model
Type of electron microscope
electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons.
Scanning_electron_microscope
electron cryomicroscopy (CryoSEM) is a form of electron microscopy where a hydrated but cryogenically fixed sample is imaged on a scanning electron microscope's
Scanning electron cryomicroscopy
Scanning_electron_cryomicroscopy
Experimental facilities at GSI Helmholtz
Ion Research in Darmstadt is an Experimental Storage Ring (ESR) with electron cooling in which large numbers of highly charged radioactive ions can be stored
GSI_anomaly
Digital imaging circuit
EMCCD cameras indispensably need a cooling system—using either thermoelectric cooling or liquid nitrogen—to cool the chip down to temperatures in the
Charge-coupled_device
commercially viable process to manufacture cubic zirconia. 1974 Electron cooling Electron cooling was invented by Gersh Budker (INP, Novosibirsk) in 1966 as
Timeline of Russian innovation
Timeline_of_Russian_innovation
American science award
invention and development of electron cooling and for his development and for his contributions to the physics of the electron-positron colliders at the
Robert_R._Wilson_Prize
Particle accelerator at CERN
storage. The most important function of LEIR is not acceleration, but electron cooling to reduce the emittance of the ion beam in order to maintain high luminosity
Low_Energy_Ion_Ring
Electron microscopy technique
Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a transmission electron microscopy technique applied to samples cooled to cryogenic temperatures. Developed
Cryo-electron_microscopy
Particle accelerator at CERN
based on Budker's new idea of electron cooling. In 1972 Simon van der Meer published the theory of stochastic cooling, for which he later received the
Super Proton–Antiproton Synchrotron
Super_Proton–Antiproton_Synchrotron
Research apparatus for particle physics
beams can be accumulated or "cooled" (reducing the magnet aperture required and permitting tighter focusing; see beam cooling), and a last large ring for
Particle_accelerator
Chinese fraudulent academic publisher
The Scientific Research Publishing (SCIRP) is a predatory academic publisher of open-access electronic journals, conference proceedings, and scientific
Scientific Research Publishing
Scientific_Research_Publishing
Device that controls current between electrodes
thus cooling it. Power tubes using this cooling scheme are available up to 150 kW dissipation. Above that level, water or water-vapor cooling are used
Vacuum_tube
Research institute in Novosibirsk, Russia
Creogenic Magnetic Detector for particle physics experiments at VEPP-2000 Electron cooling experiments Plasma physics experiments GOL3 – long open plasma trap
Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics
Budker_Institute_of_Nuclear_Physics
spread below 100 keV is required, which is feasible considering the electron cooling of the beam. 3He is the only stable isotope other than 1H with more
Isotopes_of_helium
Particle physics experiment
the P̄ANDA experiment. The antiprotons can be cooled using stochastic and later also electron cooling and afterwards slowed down or further accelerated
PANDA_experiment
American physicist
the TRAP team that realized the first antiproton trapping, the first electron cooling of trapped antiprotons, and the accumulation of antiprotons in a 4
Gerald_Gabrielse
PMID 10042233. Gabrielse, G.; Fei, X.; Orozco, L. A.; Tjoelker, R. L. (1989). Electron cooling of trapped antiprotons and a new measurement of the $\overline{P}$
TRAP_experiment
Stellar core remnant
of nuclei and electrons—that is initially in a fluid state. It was theoretically predicted in the 1960s that at a late stage of cooling, it should crystallize
White_dwarf
Applies an electric current to heat or cool materials
battery. It can be used either for heating or for cooling, although in practice the main application is cooling since heating can be achieved with simpler devices
Thermoelectric_heat_pump
Experiment at the Antiproton Decelerator
The slow antiprotons were then further cooled by merging them with extra cold trapped electrons (electron cooling) and finally trapped inside a Malmberg–Penning
AEgIS_experiment
Flow of electric charge
An electric current is a flow of charged particles, such as electrons or ions, through an electrical conductor or space. It is defined as the net rate
Electric_current
quantum electrodynamics and cosmology. Gersh Budker, inventor of electron cooling, co-inventor of collider Sergey Chaplygin, a founder of aero- and hydrodynamics
List_of_Russian_physicists
Chemical analysis technique
shell, ejecting it from the shell while creating an electron hole where the electron was. An electron from an outer, higher-energy shell then fills the
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
Energy-dispersive_X-ray_spectroscopy
Cooling technique in atomic physics
Laser cooling includes several techniques where atoms, molecules, and small mechanical systems are cooled with laser light. The directed energy of lasers
Laser_cooling
Japanese physicist (1926–2020)
collaborated with Gersh Budker (1918–1977), the particle-accelerator electron cooling pioneer in the Soviet Union. This collaboration was cut short for unknown
Masatoshi_Koshiba
Device that lets the user see in levels of visible light approaching total darkness
pushing them into the visible spectrum without converting them to electrons. Cooling is not required and visible and infrared light appear in a single
Night-vision_device
Personal computer sold in Britain
The Acorn Electron (nicknamed the Elk inside Acorn and beyond) was introduced as a lower-cost alternative to the BBC Micro educational/home computer, also
Acorn_Electron
Budding (1795–1846), UK – lawnmower Gersh Budker (1918–1977), Russia – electron cooling, co-inventor of collider Edward Bull (1759–1798), England – Bull engine
List_of_inventors
Use of electrons to join metal parts via melting
Electron-beam welding (EBW) is a fusion welding process in which a beam of high-velocity electrons is applied to two materials to be joined. The workpieces
Electron-beam_welding
Smallest unit of a chemical element
generally neutrons, surrounded by an electromagnetically bound swarm of electrons. The chemical elements are distinguished from each other by the number
Atom
Barbadian-American particle physicist and inventor
and implementation of the machine protection system for the Fermilab electron cooling facility, Warner et al., Fermilab, May 2009 Lead author for Machine
Arden_Warner
Scanning microscopy using thin samples and transmitted electrons
A scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) is a type of transmission electron microscope (TEM). Pronunciation is [stɛm] or [ɛsti:i:ɛm]. As with
Scanning transmission electron microscopy
Scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy
quantum degree of freedom (color charge) Gersh Budker, inventor of electron cooling, co-inventor of collider Sergey Chaplygin, a founder of aero- and hydrodynamics
List_of_Russian_scientists
Study of the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures
ethane cooled by liquid nitrogen, and are then kept at liquid nitrogen temperature as they are inserted into an electron microscope for imaging. Electron microscopes
Cryogenics
Thermal effect of field emission
electron emission goes from heating to cooling is called the Nottingham inversion temperature. Notably, the effect can be either heating or cooling of
Nottingham_effect
Property of a charged particle beam
reducing the beam emittance include radiation damping, stochastic cooling, and electron cooling. Emittance is also related to the brightness of the beam. In
Beam_emittance
Devices using beams of free electrons
Since the mid-20th century, electron-beam technology has provided the basis for a variety of novel and specialized applications in semiconductor manufacturing
Electron-beam_technology
Heat capacity of an electron gas
sometimes called the electron heat capacity, is the specific heat of an electron gas. Heat is transported by phonons and by free electrons in solids. For pure
Electronic_specific_heat
Physicist and engineer
non-randomizing polar optical phonon (POP) scattering in c-GaN enables electron cooling, resulting in higher peak drift velocities compared to diamond. He
Jean-Pierre_Leburton
Laser cooling technique
Resolved sideband cooling is a laser cooling technique allowing cooling of tightly bound atoms and ions beyond the Doppler cooling limit, potentially to
Resolved_sideband_cooling
Concept in quantum mechanics
mechanics that fundamental entities of the universe, like photons and electrons, exhibit particle or wave properties according to the experimental circumstances
Wave–particle_duality
Mechanism by which materials form into and are attracted to magnets
with filled electron shells have a total dipole moment of zero: because the electrons all exist in pairs with opposite spin, every electron's magnetic moment
Ferromagnetism
Suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas
caused by human-produced greenhouse gases has been somewhat offset by the cooling effect of human-produced aerosols. In 2020, regulations on fuel significantly
Aerosol
Vacuum tube used to display images
cathode ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns, which emit electron beams, which are directed and controlled to display images
Cathode_ray_tube
Forms which matter can take
distinguished by the ways the component particles (atoms, molecules, ions and electrons) are arranged, and how they behave collectively. In a solid, the particles
State_of_matter
new quantum degree of freedom (color charge) Gersh Budker, invented electron cooling, co-invented collider Sergey Chaplygin, a founder of aero- and hydrodynamics
List_of_Russian_people
Federation ternary computer (Setun) Gersh Budker (1918–1977) Soviet Union electron cooling, co-inventor of collider Aleksandr Butlerov (1828–1886) Russian Empire
List_of_Russian_inventors
Specimen preparation process
aqueous suspensions from a controlled environment for electron microsocopy: an improved plunge-cooling device". Journal of Microscopy. 176 (2): 110–120. doi:10
Cryofixation
Quantum mechanical waves describing matter
double-slit experiment on atoms was performed in 1991. Advances in laser cooling allowed cooling of neutral atoms down to nanokelvin temperatures. At these temperatures
Matter_wave
low-voltage electron microscopes employ air-cooled lens systems incorporating permanent magnets, eliminating the requirement for water-cooling and reducing
Low-voltage electron microscope
Low-voltage_electron_microscope
Material composed of antiparticles
cool them further, they are mixed into an electron plasma. The electrons in this plasma cool via cyclotron radiation, and then sympathetically cool the
Antimatter
Substance used to reduce or regulate the temperature of a system
overflow of coolant in a cooling system. Air is a common form of a coolant. Air cooling uses either convective airflow (passive cooling) or a forced circulation
Coolant
Three-dimensional imaging technique
Cryogenic electron tomography (cryoET) is an imaging technique used to reconstruct high-resolution (~1–4 nm) three-dimensional volumes of samples, often
Cryogenic_electron_tomography
Algorithm in quantum information theory
cool it. Continuing this approach, the goal of algorithmic cooling is to reduce as much as possible the entropy of the system of qubits, thus cooling
Algorithmic_cooling
superconducting transition temperature. When cooling, first superconducting order appears in the electron system. Cooling further, the ferromagnetic order energetically
Reentrant_superconductivity
Device for measuring incident electromagnetic radiation
itself can be used as a thermometer. Metal bolometers usually work without cooling. They are produced from thin foils or metal films. Today, most bolometers
Bolometer
Scientific instruments
exposure to the high energy electron beam risks damaging the sensor CCD. A typical CCD for a TEM will also incorporate a Peltier cooling device to reduce the
Detectors for transmission electron microscopy
Detectors_for_transmission_electron_microscopy
Phenomenon in astroparticle physics
either an electron or a muon. The Urca process is especially important in the cooling of white dwarfs, where a lepton (usually an electron) is absorbed
Urca_process
BL Lacertae object in the constellation Boötes
Pu, Y. M.; Zheng, Y. G.; Kang, S. J. (2026-05-07). "Jet Power and Electron Cooling in Fermi Blazars: Constraints from One-zone Leptonic Spectral Energy
RBS_1467
Superconductive behavior at temperatures much higher than absolute zero
orbital state of the Cu2+ ions, suggest that electron–electron interactions are more significant than electron–phonon interactions in cuprates – making the
High-temperature superconductivity
High-temperature_superconductivity
Thermal engineering discipline concerning transfer of heat in physical systems
level. Doppler cooling is the most common method of laser cooling. Sympathetic cooling is a process in which particles of one type cool particles of another
Heat_transfer
Physical-chemistry researcher, academic
Française de Physique Pandey, A.; Guyot-Sionnest, P. (2008-11-07). "Slow Electron Cooling in Colloidal Quantum Dots". Science. 322 (5903). American Association
Philippe_Guyot-Sionnest
Liquid-phase electron microscopy (LP EM) refers to a class of methods for imaging specimens in liquid with nanometer spatial resolution using electron microscopy
Liquid-Phase Electron Microscopy
Liquid-Phase_Electron_Microscopy
Taiwanese-American condensed matter physicist
resistivity in various scattering processes, providing insights into electron cooling phenomena at low impurity concentrations. In 1991, Ting's group developed
Chin-Sen_Ting
Cold atom physicist
research on atomic and molecular cooling techniques, such as buffer-gas cooling and the buffer-gas beam, as well as laser-cooling and trapping of molecules,
John_Doyle_(physicist)
1956 nuclear physics experiment on weak force parity conservation
the electron spins cools the salt. A temperature of 0.01 K can be achieved by this process. Thus internal paramagnetism is manipulated to both cool the
Wu_experiment
Type of particle accelerator
particles (electrons and positrons) for particle physics. The design of a linac depends on the type of particle that is being accelerated: electrons, protons
Linear_particle_accelerator
Particle accelerator laboratory in Newport News, Virginia, USA
to cool niobium to approximately 4 K (−452.5 °F), removing electrical resistance and allowing the most efficient transfer of energy to an electron. To
Jefferson_Lab
Sticking caused by static electricity
surface contact area, allowing electrons to transfer from one material to the other. The material that gains electrons acquires a negative charge, while
Static_cling
Materials with electrical properties that cannot be explained by non-interacting entities
have incompletely filled d- or f-electron shells with narrow energy bands. One can no longer consider any electron in the material as being in a "sea"
Strongly_correlated_material
Device for storing charged particles
(masses of the electron, proton, 2H, 20Ne and 28Si) come from Penning traps. Buffer gas cooling, resistive cooling, and laser cooling are techniques to
Penning_trap
Form of physical vapor deposition
Electron-beam physical vapor deposition, or EBPVD, is a form of physical vapor deposition in which a target anode is bombarded with an electron beam given
Electron-beam physical vapor deposition
Electron-beam_physical_vapor_deposition
X-ray radiation detector
X-ray radiation detectors used in x-ray spectrometry (XRF and EDS) and electron microscopy. Their chief characteristics compared with other X-ray detectors
Silicon_drift_detector
Isotope of helium
is the second simplest atom (hydrogen is the simplest), but the extra electron introduces a third "body", so its wave equation becomes a "three-body problem"
Helium-4
Phenomenon in solid-state electronic devices
injection (HCI) is a phenomenon in solid-state electronic devices where an electron or a "hole" gains sufficient kinetic energy to overcome a potential barrier
Hot-carrier_injection
Material of moderate electrical conductivity
semiconductors. The behavior of charge carriers, which include electrons, ions, and electron holes, at these junctions is the basis of diodes, transistors
Semiconductor
Type of electron microscopy
Photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM, also called photoelectron microscopy, PEM) is a type of electron microscopy that utilizes local variations in electron emission
Photoemission electron microscopy
Photoemission_electron_microscopy
Type of chemical bond in metals
conduction electrons (in the form of an electron cloud of delocalized electrons) and positively charged metal ions. Metal atoms lose their valence electrons to
Metallic_bonding
Changes to stars over their lifespans
ignition will occur before electron degeneracy pressure has a chance to become prevalent. Thus, when these stars expand and cool, they do not brighten as
Stellar_evolution
Particle accelerator
pairs from the electron-positron annihilation process at the threshold centre-of-mass energy. The resulting beam does not need the cooling stage, but suffers
Muon_collider
Electromagnetic radiation due to deceleration of charged particles
plasma energy. This effect is known as the bremsstrahlung cooling. It is a type of radiative cooling. The energy carried away by bremsstrahlung is called bremsstrahlung
Bremsstrahlung
Process in chemistry to detect certain elements
principles of atomic electron transition and photoemission, where varying elements require distinct energy levels (photons) for electron transitions. Robert
Flame_test
Branch of physics and electrical engineering; the bedrock of computer
dissipation include heat sinks and fans for air cooling, and other forms of computer cooling such as water cooling. These techniques use convection, conduction
Electronics
Elastic interaction of x-rays with electrons
limited by the power applied and cooling capacity available to avoid melting the anode. In such systems, electrons are boiled off of a cathode and accelerated
X-ray_diffraction
Matter and radiation in the space between the star systems in a galaxy
protons and electrons can recombine to form hydrogen atoms, emitting photons which take energy out of the gas, leading to runaway cooling. Left to itself
Interstellar_medium
Basic unit of quantum information
the peculiarity of quantum mechanics. Examples include the spin of the electron in which the two levels can be taken as spin up and spin down; or the polarization
Qubit
ELECTRON COOLING
ELECTRON COOLING
Girl/Female
Greek
Sparkling. The fiery sun. Mythological daughter of Agamemnon. In literature she was a central...
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Cooling.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a medieval personal name, originally an Old English patronymic from the personal names Cūl(a) or Cēola. The former may be from a Germanic root kūl ‘swollen’; the latter is a short form of various compound names with the first element cēol ‘ship’.English : habitational name from a place in Kent named Cooling, from the Old English tribal name Cūlingas ‘people of Cūl(a)’.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Selection; Choice
Boy/Male
Muslim
Selection, Choice
Female
Italian
Italian form of Latin Electra, ELETTRA means "bright, shining."
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sanskrit
A Cooling Note
Girl/Female
American, Hindu, Indian
Selection
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Selection choice
Boy/Male
Arabic
Electric Light
Surname or Lastname
Irish
Irish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Coileáin ‘descendant of Coileán’, a byname meaning ‘puppy’ or ‘young dog’.Irish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Cuilinn ‘descendant of Cuileann’, a byname meaning ‘holly’.Scottish : habitational name from Cullen in Banff, so named from Gaelic cùilen, a diminutive of còil, cùil ‘nook’, ‘recess’.English : habitational name from the Rhineland city of Cologne (Old French form of Middle High German Köln, named with Latin colonia ‘colony’).English : variant of Cooling.
Female
English
English name derived from the vocabulary word, from Greek kyanos, CYAN means "dark blue" and "lapis lazuli." The color cyan is also sometimes called blue-green, electric blue, and turquoise.Â
Biblical
election; he that is chosen;he will choose;chooser; God does choose;
Boy/Male
English American
A sometimes used as an independent name. Also, in England, 'Ernie' refers to the Electronic...
Boy/Male
Muslim
Choice, Preference, Selection
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim
Election; Last Dream
Boy/Male
Biblical
Election; he that is chosen.
Boy/Male
Assamese, Bengali, Indian, Tamil
To Choose; Selection
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Choice; Preference; Selection
Girl/Female
Australian, Danish, Greek
Bright; Shining
ELECTRON COOLING
ELECTRON COOLING
Girl/Female
Danish, Finnish, German, Hebrew
Grace; Favour; Merciful; God is Gracious
Boy/Male
British, English
Ash-tree Meadow
Boy/Male
Anglo Saxon American Greek
Brave.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Soft
Boy/Male
French
Falcon.
Boy/Male
Danish Norse
Kind.
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, British, English, Latin
From the Warrior's Town; Noble; Patrician
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Pleasant
Girl/Female
Indian
Goddess Laxmi
Boy/Male
Hindu
Clever
ELECTRON COOLING
ELECTRON COOLING
ELECTRON COOLING
ELECTRON COOLING
ELECTRON COOLING
a.
The act of choosing; choice; selection.
a.
Alt. of Electro-metrical
a.
Producing electro-motion; producing, or tending to produce, electricity or an electric current; causing electrical action or effects.
n.
Alt. of Electro-puncturing
a.
Pertaining to an election or to electors.
a.
Belonging to the electro-chronograph, or recorded by the aid of it.
n.
The art or science of constructing or using the electric telegraph; the transmission of messages by means of the electric telegraph.
a.
Made of electrum, an alloy used by the ancients.
a.
Pert. to, or caused by, electro-capillarity.
a.
Of or pertaining to electro-kinetics.
n.
An instrument for measuring the strength of electro-dynamic currents.
n.
A lesson or selection, esp. of Scripture, read in divine service.
a.
Pertaining to the movements or force of electric or galvanic currents; dependent on electric force.
a.
Of or pertaining to electro-chemistry.
n.
Amber; also, the alloy of gold and silver, called electrum.
n.
One versed in electro-biology.
a.
Alt. of Electro-dynamical
n.
An election held by itself, not at the time of a general election.
a.
Pertaining to electro-ballistics.