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Set of theories
In the history of physics, aether theories (or ether theories) proposed the existence of a medium, a space-filling substance or field as a transmission
Aether_theories
Classical element
the universe beyond the terrestrial sphere. The concept of aether was used in several theories to explain several natural phenomena, such as the propagation
Aether_(classical_element)
Obsolete postulated medium for the propagation of light
luminiferous aether, rather than a spatial vacuum, provided the theoretical medium that was required by wave theories of light. The aether hypothesis was
Luminiferous_aether
Series of three books by E. T. Whittaker on the history of electromagnetic theory
the history of electromagnetic theory, covering the development of classical electromagnetism, optics, and aether theories. The book's first edition, subtitled
A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity
A_History_of_the_Theories_of_Aether_and_Electricity
Modification of general relativity
covariant theories describes a spacetime endowed with both a metric and a unit timelike vector field named the aether. The aether in this theory is "a Lorentz-violating
Einstein-aether_theory
Complete absence of anything; the opposite of everything
Nineteenth-Century Aether Theories. Elsevier. ISBN 1-4831-5828-4. Whittaker, Edmund Taylor (1910). A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity from
Nothing
Defunct theory of electromagnetism
ether theory (LET) has its roots in Hendrik Lorentz's "theory of electrons", which marked the end of the development of the classical aether theories at
Lorentz_ether_theory
Early attempt to explain constant speed of light
century, the theory of the luminiferous aether as the hypothetical medium for the propagation of light waves was widely discussed. The aether hypothesis
Aether_drag_hypothesis
Phenomenon wherein objects appear to move about their true positions in the sky
Bradley's theory was incompatible with 19th-century theories of light, and aberration became a major motivation for the aether drag theories of Augustin
Aberration_(astronomy)
Inertial frame of reference with stationary aether
relativity. In theories that presume that light travels at a fixed speed relative to an unmodifiable and detectable luminiferous aether, a preferred frame
Preferred_frame
1887 investigation of the speed of light
presumed aether, and the speed at right angles. This result is generally considered to be the first strong evidence against some aether theories, as well
Michelson–Morley_experiment
Two interrelated physics theories by Albert Einstein
The theory of relativity comprises two physics theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity, proposed and published in 1905
Theory_of_relativity
from quantum field theory, previously developed field theories were called classical field theories. The first record of explanations of how magnets works
History of classical field theory
History_of_classical_field_theory
Topics referred to by the same term
bright upper sky Aether (classical element), the material believed to fill the universe above the terrestrial sphere Aether theories, proposing space-filling
Aether
luminiferous aether (light-bearing aether) or ether as a medium for propagating electromagnetic radiation begins in the 18th century. The aether was assumed
Timeline of luminiferous aether
Timeline_of_luminiferous_aether
Italian industrialist and geologist (1857–1921)
nuclear physics and its relationship to astronomy. He focused on the theory of aether, a hypothetical substance that at that time was believed to fill all
Olinto_De_Pretto
developments and tried to revitalize older theories, such as aether drag models or emission theories (see "Alternative Theories"). However, those qualitative models
Criticism of the theory of relativity
Criticism_of_the_theory_of_relativity
Lowest possible energy of a quantum system or field
with aethers. Moreover, the results of the Michelson–Morley experiment in 1887 were the first strong evidence that the then-prevalent aether theories were
Zero-point_energy
Speed of electromagnetic waves
ISSN 0002-9505. Whittaker, Edmund T. (1 January 1989). A History of the Theories of Aether & Electricity: Two Volumes Bound As One. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0486261263
Speed_of_light
Philosophical concept of emptiness
was truly nothing, or if it was in fact filled with something, with theories of aether being suggested in the 18th century to fill the Void. In The Void
The_Void_(philosophy)
Physical constant equal to the speed of light
In classical theories of gravitation, the changes in a gravitational field propagate. A change in the distribution of energy and momentum of matter results
Speed_of_gravity
Gustaf Wilhelm Hammar (1935) to test the aether drag hypothesis. Its negative result refuted some specific aether drag models, and confirmed special relativity
Hammar_experiment
American entrepreneur
Reason, while the name of the company was inspired by the idea of aether theories. Bhatt is an investor in several private space companies, including
Baiju_Bhatt
Physics conference in Paris (1900)
he promoted the idea of abandoning the hypothesis of the luminiferous aether and asserted that only relative motions would ever be observed. Similarly
International Congress of Physics
International_Congress_of_Physics
the relative motion and the mutual influence of matter and aether, there were two theories, neither entirely satisfactory. One was developed by Fresnel
History_of_special_relativity
American physicist (1866–1941)
with X-rays, Miller was an advocate of aether theory and absolute space and an opponent of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. Born in Ohio to Charles
Dayton_Miller
Early attempts to explain gravity
any action at a distance. These theories were developed from the 16th until the 19th century in connection with the aether. However, such models are no longer
Mechanical explanations of gravitation
Mechanical_explanations_of_gravitation
Obsolete theories in natural history and natural philosophy
general theories in science and pre-scientific natural history and natural philosophy that have since been superseded by other scientific theories. Many
List of superseded scientific theories
List_of_superseded_scientific_theories
1901–1903 physics experiment
experiment was an attempt to detect motion of the Earth through the luminiferous aether, and was conducted in 1901–1903 by Frederick Thomas Trouton and H. R. Noble
Trouton–Noble_experiment
dating back to Aristotle, and with it all the contemporary aether theories. With the theory being abandoned entirely around the early 1920s. 1897 – J.
Timeline of cosmological theories
Timeline_of_cosmological_theories
Theory of interwoven space and time by Albert Einstein
fixed aether, culminating in the 1887 Michelson–Morley experiment which only confirmed the constant speed of light. Several fixes to the aether theory were
Special_relativity
Concept in physics
transmission were all accepted as evidence against action at a distance. Aether theories were alternative proposals to replace apparent action-at-a-distance
Action_at_a_distance
special theory of relativity (SR), its predecessors like the theories of luminiferous aether, its early competitors, i.e.: Ritz’s ballistic theory of light
Timeline of special relativity and the speed of light
Timeline_of_special_relativity_and_the_speed_of_light
Kinetic theory of gravity
Relativistic Theories", in G. T. Gillies; V. N. Melnikov; V. de Sabbata (eds.), The Gravitational Constant: Generalized Gravitational Theories and Experiments
Le Sage's theory of gravitation
Le_Sage's_theory_of_gravitation
Earth, water, air, fire, and (later) aether
classical elements typically refer to earth, water, fire, air, and (later) aether which were proposed to explain the nature and complexity of all matter in
Classical_element
Pre-relativistic physical theory
(Fizeau experiment). This effect was originally predicted by dragged-aether theories (see: e.g. Fresnel). Light aimed transversely through a moving transparent
Light-dragging_effects
Conduit for signal propagation
waves and heat energy. Historically, science incorporated various aether theories to explain the transmission medium. However, it is now known that electromagnetic
Transmission_medium
Renewable energy company
Reason, while the name of the company was inspired by the idea of aether theories. Einhorn, Bruce (October 9, 2024). "Billionaire Backs Space-Laser Solar
Cowboy_Space_Corporation
contradicts the hypothesis of complete aether drag, as the spinning surface of the Earth experiences an aether wind. The Michelson-Morley experiment shows
Michelson–Gale–Pearson experiment
Michelson–Gale–Pearson_experiment
Etheric force is a term Thomas Edison coined to describe a phenomenon later understood as high frequency electromagnetic waves—effectively, radio. Edison
Etheric_force
British mathematician and historian of science (1873–1956)
Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies, and A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity. Whittaker is also remembered for his role in the
E._T._Whittaker
Modified form of the Michelson–Morley experiment, testing special relativity
between the observer and the moving object, i.e. between the hypothetical aether and the moving object c {\displaystyle c\,} is the speed of light, and the
Kennedy–Thorndike_experiment
Concept in physics
Lorentz ether theory). A more modern example of deriving the Lorentz transformation from electrodynamics (without using the historical aether concept at
Postulates of special relativity
Postulates_of_special_relativity
Experiment measuring the speed of light in moving water
2023. Secondary sources Whittaker, E. T. (1989). A history of the theories of aether & electricity. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-26126-3
Fizeau_experiment
Set of spacetime events, light-connected to a given event
Four-momentum History Precursors Galilean relativity Galilean transformation Aether theories Hyperbolic quaternions People Einstein Sommerfeld Michelson Morley
Light_cone
General-relativistic effect
source of gravitation). Albert Einstein originally predicted this in his theory of relativity, and it has since been confirmed by tests of general relativity
Gravitational_time_dilation
American inventor and fraud (1837-1898)
and that music could resonate with atoms or with the aether. In the 19th century, luminiferous aether was the hypothesized substance that allowed light waves
John_Ernst_Worrell_Keely
Belief about living organisms
physics was influenced by the idea of pneuma, helping to shape later aether theories. Vitalists included English anatomist Francis Glisson (1597–1677) and
Vitalism
are features of several superseded scientific theories, such as archaic atomic and electromotive theories. Traces of these hypothetical fluids survive
Imponderable_fluid
German mathematician and physicist (1864–1909)
used geometrical methods to solve problems in number theory, mathematical physics, and the theory of relativity. Minkowski is perhaps best known for his
Hermann_Minkowski
Experiments probing the accuracy of special relativity's predictions
Galilean-invariant theories are considered (i.e. the Ives–Stilwell experiment, various refutations of emission theories and refutations of complete aether dragging)
Tests_of_special_relativity
Physics concept expressed as E = mc²
Whittaker, E. T. (1989). "The relativity theory of Poincaré and Lorentz". A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity. Vol. 2. New York: Dover
Mass–energy_equivalence
Theosophical philosophical concept
(cosmology) Odic fluid Prana Qi Aether theories Aether (classical element) Luminiferous aether Timeline of luminiferous aether Ethernet Ethereal Plane (a concept
Etheric_plane
French mathematician, physicist and engineer (1854–1912)
(1953). "The Relativity Theory of Poincaré and Lorentz". A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity: The Modern Theories 1900–1926. London: Nelson
Henri_Poincaré
French optical physicist (1788–1827)
on some phenomena of optics" in K.F. Schaffner, Nineteenth-Century Aether Theories, Pergamon, 1972 (doi:10.1016/C2013-0-02335-3), pp. 125–135; also translated
Augustin-Jean_Fresnel
Framework of distances and directions
colonizer and colonized. Quantum state space Absolute space and time Aether theories Cosmology General relativity Philosophy of space and time Proxemics
Space
Electromagnetic radiation humans can see
Whittaker, Edmund T. (1989). A history of the theories of aether & electricity. 2: The modern theories, 1900 - 1926 (Repr ed.). New York: Dover Publ.
Light
Theory of fundamental physics
concept of a luminiferous aether as a medium sustaining electromagnetic waves was discarded after the advent of the special theory of relativity, as the presence
Superfluid_vacuum_theory
Idea which departs from accepted scholarship in the field
widely accepted theories. Fringe theories are ideas which depart significantly from a prevailing or mainstream theory. A fringe theory is neither a majority
Fringe_theory
2004 video game
after she is sent to rescue Galactic Federation Marines from a ship near Aether, a planet inhabited by a race known as the Luminoth. She discovers that
Metroid_Prime_2:_Echoes
Concept in relativity theory
should not depend on how they were synchronized...". He added that aether theories can only be made consistent with relativity by introducing ad hoc hypotheses
One-way_speed_of_light
Equation used in relativistic physics
together with Fizeau's result, triggered the development of theories like Lorentz aether theory of electromagnetism in 1892. In 1905 Albert Einstein, with
Velocity-addition_formula
4D relativistic energy and momentum
ISBN 978-0-7506-28969. Landau, L.D.; Lifshitz, E.M. (2000). The classical theory of fields. Translated by Morton Hamermesh. 4th rev. English edition, reprinted
Four-momentum
1871 novel by Edward Bulwer-Lytton
games, such as Iron Sky, Wolfenstein and Call of Duty. Aether (classical element) Aether theories Agartha, a legendary kingdom that is said to be located
Vril
Contraction of length in the direction of propagation in Minkowski space
Michelson–Morley experiment and to rescue the hypothesis of the stationary aether (Lorentz–FitzGerald contraction hypothesis). Although both FitzGerald and
Length_contraction
Measured time difference as explained by relativity theory
treatment of the Clock Paradox in the framework of the Special and General Theories of Relativity". Foundations of Physics Letters. 18 (1): 1–19. arXiv:physics/0405038
Time_dilation
Attraction of masses and energy
point in a space. Different field theories use different entities and concepts of space. For classical field theories of gravity, the entities can be vectors
Gravity
Irish theoretical physicist (1857–1942)
electricity, dynamics, thermodynamics, and the electron theory of matter. His most influential work was Aether and Matter, a theoretical physics book published
Joseph_Larmor
Physical theory that supposes all matter to be composed of minute particles
1748, considered that corpuscles exerted pressure over objects. Also aether theories were suggested to explain gravitation until the development of general
Corpuscularianism
and experiments dealing with the concepts. A range of proposed aether-dragging theories could explain the null result but these were more complex, and
History of electromagnetic theory
History_of_electromagnetic_theory
the theory of luminiferous aether in concept and in time frame but the two theories were not identical. While the theory had a significant impact on
History_of_atomic_theory
Unexpected outcome in experiments
publishes negative results in the form of research or data notes. Aether theories Imponderable fluid Noise (electronics) Publication bias Giunti, C.;
Null_result
Items in the Marvel Cinematic Universe
World (2013) introduced the Reality Stone in its liquid form known as the Aether. It temporarily infects Jane Foster before it is given to The Collector
Infinity_Stones
law of universal gravitation, these were temporarily explained using aether theories. Similarly, the different behaviour of classical electromagnetism and
History of classical mechanics
History_of_classical_mechanics
Mathematical framework to verify special relativity
that the negative results of those tests are also consistent with aether theories in which moving bodies are subject to time dilation. However, even
Test theories of special relativity
Test_theories_of_special_relativity
Incorrect but seminal physical theory
stable, knotted vortices in the ether or aether, it contributed an important mathematical legacy. The vortex theory of the atom was based on the observation
Vortex_theory_of_the_atom
Thought experiment in special relativity
aether has no experimental sense. But because of this it should not be concluded, as has sometimes happened prematurely, that the concept of aether must
Twin_paradox
German mathematician
March 1953) was a German Bohemian physicist best known for his works on the theory of relativity and seismology. Gustav Ferdinand Joseph Wenzel Herglotz was
Gustav_Herglotz
Topics referred to by the same term
containing Space or Spaces All pages with titles beginning with Space Aether theories, a historical space-filling substance in physics Cyberspace, an interconnected
Space_(disambiguation)
Process whereby solar radiation causes orbiting dust grains to lose angular momentum
of the effect in 1903 based on the luminiferous aether theory, which was superseded by the theories of relativity in 1905–1915. In 1937 Robertson described
Poynting–Robertson_effect
mass. There have been numerous theories of gravitation since ancient times. The first extant sources discussing such theories are found in ancient Greek philosophy
History of gravitational theory
History_of_gravitational_theory
Theory in physics about the nature of light
especially in the case of vision. Corpuscular theories, or corpuscularianism, are similar to the theories of atomism, except that in atomism the atoms
Corpuscular_theory_of_light
Frame of reference in special relativity
meaning in other areas of science, such as quantum mechanics, and information theory. See for example, Schrödinger's cat and Maxwell's demon. In general relativity
Observer_(special_relativity)
Physical effect in general relativity
Albert Einstein in 1907, eight years before his publication of the full theory of relativity. Observing the gravitational redshift in the Solar System
Gravitational_redshift
Scientific phenomenon
pieces of evidence that serves to distinguish the Big Bang theory from alternative theories proposed to explain the cosmological redshift. Since the transverse
Relativistic_Doppler_effect
Issue in science history
(1953) A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity: Vol 2 The Modern Theories 1900–1926. Chapter II: The Relativity Theory of Poincaré and Lorentz
Relativity_priority_dispute
Period from 1800 CE until the present
quantum physics, the various aether theories in classical physics, which supposed a "fifth element" such as the Luminiferous aether, were nullified by the Michelson–Morley
Late_modern_period
Change in wavelength of light
relationship between the redshift and distance, a result now called Hubble's law. Theories relating to the redshift-distance relation also evolved during the 1920s
Redshift
journal articles; McCrea counts all three volumes of A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity as separate books and excludes the same papers. Whittaker's
Bibliography of E. T. Whittaker
Bibliography_of_E._T._Whittaker
German physicist (1875–1922)
and Max von Laue wrote about him in an obituary: He loved his absolute aether, his field equations, his rigid electron just as a youth loves his first
Max_Abraham
Hypothetical vital energy or life force
has been mentioned in books on dowsing, for example. Aether (classical element) Aether theories Energy (esotericism) Kirlian photography Mana Orgone Óðr
Odic_force
Ancient Indian metaphysical system
New York Press (ISBN 978-0-88706-160-8) Pranava Logos Shabda Kirtan Aether theories Timalsina, Sthaneshwar. "Songs Of Transformation: Vernacular Josmanī
Nāda_yoga
Obsolete theory in physics
Fluid theories of electricity are outdated theories that postulated one or more electrical fluids which were thought to be responsible for many electrical
Fluid_theory_of_electricity
Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath (384–322 BC)
in Italy reacted against the theories of Aristotle and other classical era thinkers like Galen, establishing new theories based to some degree on observation
Aristotle
American scientist (1838–1923)
frames of reference for his Special Theory of Relativity. Morley also collaborated with Dayton Miller on positive aether experiments after his work with Michelson
Edward_W._Morley
Region in the geocentric cosmos below the Moon
corruptible".[citation needed] However, the theories of Copernicus began to challenge the sublunary/aether distinction. In their wake, Tycho Brahe's observations
Sublunary_sphere
Branch of philosophy
recent scientific theories as evidence for the truth (or near truth) of current theories. Antirealists point to either the many false theories in the history
Philosophy_of_science
Albert Einstein's hypothetical situations to argue scientific points
Rather than the thought experiment being at all incompatible with aether theories (which it is not), the youthful Einstein appears to have reacted to
Einstein's thought experiments
Einstein's_thought_experiments
English physicist and electrical engineer (1851–1940)
Maxwell's aether theory, a later deprecated model postulating a wave-bearing medium filling all space. He explained his views on the aether in "Modern
Oliver_Lodge
Hypothesis that inertial and gravitational masses are equivalent
equivalence principle. A number of alternative theories, such as Brans–Dicke theory and the Einstein-aether theory add additional fields. Some of the tests
Equivalence_principle
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