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Economic term by Warren Buffett
An economic moat, often attributed to investor Warren Buffett, is a term used to describe a company's competitive advantage. Like a moat protects a castle
Economic_moat
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up moat in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A moat is a type of fortification. Moat or Moats may also refer to: Moat, Cumbria, a hamlet in the parish
Moat_(disambiguation)
Historic moat in Nigeria
The Benin Moat (Edo: Iyanuwo), also known as the Benin City Iya, the Inner City Iya of Benin or the Wall of Benin, is a large earthwork within Benin City
Benin_Moat
Connection between computers or programs
de Ternay, Guerric (Oct 10, 2015). "Business Ecosystem: Creating an Economic Moat". BoostCompanies. Archived from the original on 2016-09-17. Retrieved
API
General term for rules, including delegated legislation and self-regulation
to reach goals. Regulation in the social, political, psychological, and economic domains can take many forms: legal restrictions promulgated by a government
Regulation
Anti-competitive business strategy
Barriers to entry Competition Effective competition Competition law theory Economic moat History of competition law Market concentration Monopoly and oligopoly
Embrace, extend, and extinguish
Embrace,_extend,_and_extinguish
Market dominated by a small number of sellers
Economists Kreps and Scheinkman's research demonstrates that varying economic environments are required in order for firms to compete in the same industry
Oligopoly
Growing one's existing wealth without creating new wealth
economic conditions without creating new wealth. Rent-seeking activities have negative effects on the rest of society. They lead to reduced economic efficiency
Rent-seeking
Ratio between turnover and profit
Rates of Return to Infer Monopoly Profits". The American Economic Review. 73 (1). American Economic Association: 82–97. ISSN 0002-8282. JSTOR 1803928. Retrieved
Profit_margin
Mutually beneficial collusion among competing corporations
between rival nations. The use of the English word cartel to describe an economic group rather than international agreements was derived much later in the
Cartel
Economic theory
In theories of competition in economics, a barrier to entry, or an economic barrier to entry, is a fixed cost that must be incurred by a new entrant, regardless
Barriers_to_entry
Measure of the relative size of firms
after economists Orris C. Herfindahl and Albert O. Hirschman, it is an economic concept widely applied in competition law, antitrust regulation, and technology
Herfindahl–Hirschman_index
Market structure with one buyer
buying at a level lower than would be the case in a competitive market. In economic literature the term "monopsony" is predominantly used when referring to
Monopsony
When a company owns its supply chain
are many problems and benefits that vertical integration brings to an economic system. Problems that can stem from vertical integration can include large
Vertical_integration
Commerce phenomenon
Barriers to entry Competition Effective competition Competition law theory Economic moat History of competition law Market concentration Monopoly and oligopoly
Cornering_the_market
American multinational conglomerate holding company
developed an ecosystem and level of brand loyalty that provides it with an economic moat, and that consumers appear to have a degree of price insensitivity when
Berkshire_Hathaway
Loans with unfairly high interest rate
Encyclopedia of Economic and Business History. Economic History Association. Koehler, Benedikt (2023). "The Talmud on Usury". Economic Affairs. 43 (3):
Usury
Monopoly with legal enforcement
Barriers to entry Competition Effective competition Competition law theory Economic moat History of competition law Market concentration Monopoly and oligopoly
Legal_monopoly
Economics of regulation
the application of law by government or regulatory agencies for various economic purposes, including remedying market failure and protecting the environment
Regulatory_economics
Form of political corruption
retard the rate of growth of new firms. — George Stigler, The Theory of Economic Regulation (1971) Regulatory capture theory is a core focus of the branch
Regulatory_capture
Form of government regulation on professions or vocations for compensation
prices and reducing innovation by new market entrants, and may slow overall economic growth. Some occupational licensing can violate competition law due to
Occupational_licensing
Concept in antitrust law
conduct was lawful per se, since it constituted the normal operation of economic forces that a free economy should encourage. At the same time, courts condemned
Monopolization
Form of non-compete clause used in the live music industry
Barriers to entry Competition Effective competition Competition law theory Economic moat History of competition law Market concentration Monopoly and oligopoly
Radius_clause
Law maintaining market competition
combat economic cartels, prevent market abuse, regulate mergers and acquisitions, encourage innovation, protect consumers, and increase overall economic productivity
Competition_law
Price increases perceived as excessive
necessary products at "unconscionable" prices. Scholars have studied the economic impact of anti-price gouging law during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on
Price_gouging
Measure of firm's market power
Concept of Monopoly and the Measurement of Monopoly Power". The Review of Economic Studies. 1 (3): 157–175. doi:10.2307/2967480. JSTOR 2967480. https://journal
Lerner_index
Concept in economics
are creations of the state that limit the rights of the individual. An economic liberal argument against artificial scarcity is that, in the absence of
Artificial_scarcity
Barriers to entry Competition Effective competition Competition law theory Economic moat History of competition law Market concentration Monopoly and oligopoly
Australian_Consumer_Law
American academic and political movement
early 20th century United States Supreme Court Justice who called high economic concentration “the Curse of Bigness” and believed monopolies were inherently
New_Brandeis_movement
Deliberately undercutting prices to eliminate competition
aspect of predatory pricing is that the seller in the market has a certain economic or technical strength which distinguishes it from price discrimination
Predatory_pricing
Economic scenario
In economics, competition is a scenario where different economic firms are in contention to obtain goods that are limited by varying the elements of the
Competition_(economics)
Processes through which companies combine or transfer ownership
target companies seeing positive returns. This suggests that M&A creates economic value, likely by transferring assets to more efficient management teams
Mergers_and_acquisitions
Type of secondary boycott (anti-competitive)
Barriers to entry Competition Effective competition Competition law theory Economic moat History of competition law Market concentration Monopoly and oligopoly
Group_boycott
1936 US law prohibiting price discrimination
Barriers to entry Competition Effective competition Competition law theory Economic moat History of competition law Market concentration Monopoly and oligopoly
Robinson–Patman_Act
Term in market economics
an industry is competitive or not, it is employed in antitrust law land economic regulation. When market concentration is high, it indicates that a few
Market_concentration
Business process
Barriers to entry Competition Effective competition Competition law theory Economic moat History of competition law Market concentration Monopoly and oligopoly
Horizontal_integration
Concept in economics
Cost Tests for Natural Monopoly in a Multiproduct Industry", American Economic Review 67, 809–22. W. J. Baumol, 1976. "Scale Economies, Average Cost and
Natural_monopoly
Acting as a lawyer
to be lawyer (in Texas, for example, this is a felony if done to obtain economic benefit). Criminal laws and enforcement of "Unauthorized Practice of Law
Practice_of_law
1890 U.S. anti-monopoly law
Antitrust. Richard Posner, Economic Analysis of Law, p. 295 et seq. (explaining the optimal antitrust regime from an economic point of view) Douglas, William
Sherman_Antitrust_Act
American businessperson
Money. "What is it that allows them to have what the world calls 'the economic moat'?" The investment portfolio is quite tight: Akre's FBR Focus fund often
Charles_T._Akre
Market structure with a single firm dominating the market
a particular good or service. A monopoly is characterized by a lack of economic competition to produce a particular thing, a lack of viable substitute
Monopoly
Type of oligopoly
symmetric marginal cost, firms price at the level of marginal cost and make no economic profits. In contrast to the Cournot model, the Bertrand duopoly model assumes
Duopoly
State-sanctioned monopoly by a private company
replace private corporations with public ownership. Under mercantilist economic systems, European governments with colonial interests often granted large
Government-granted_monopoly
than would be optimal for a monopolist, but might still produce higher economic profits than would be earned under perfect competition. The problem with
Limit_price
Investment strategy
categories:[page needed] Market positioning: quality company possesses an economic moat, which distinguishes it from peers and allows to conquer leading market
Quality_investing
US federal law
sections, the Act thoroughly discusses the following four principles of economic trade and business: price discrimination between different purchasers if
Clayton_Antitrust_Act_of_1914
Restriction of an occupation to only qualified practitioners
Barriers to entry Competition Effective competition Competition law theory Economic moat History of competition law Market concentration Monopoly and oligopoly
Occupational_closure
Market structure with few buyers
Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16, 155–174. Bhaskar, V. and T. To (2003) 'Oligopsony and the Distribution of Wages,' European Economic Review, 47,
Oligopsony
Term in contract law where a person agrees not to compete
Starr, Evan (2026). "The Economics of Noncompete Clauses". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 40 (1): 139–166. doi:10.1257/jep.20251457. ISSN 0895-3309
Non-compete_clause
Setting prices artificially low to discourage competition
March 2017. India Times, Economic Times. "India has initiated 353 anti-dumping cases as on November 28". Economic Times. Economic Times. Retrieved 8 March
Dumping_(pricing_policy)
1976 American law
denied to the general population." "No one individual had a sufficient economic stake to bear the litigation burden necessary to maintain a private suit
Hart–Scott–Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act
Hart–Scott–Rodino_Antitrust_Improvements_Act
United States government agency
Competition and Consumer Protection by providing expert knowledge related to the economic impacts of the FTC's legislation and operation. The FTC maintains an Office
Federal_Trade_Commission
Anti-competitive practice
assertion that minimum resale price maintenance is indistinguishable in economic effect from naked horizontal price fixing by a cartel. Subsequent decisions
Resale_price_maintenance
Agreements between firms at different levels of a supply chain
occur due to financial, technical or logistical issues), helping to solve economic problems such as double marginalization, inefficient input substitution
Vertical_agreement
Barriers to entry Competition Effective competition Competition law theory Economic moat History of competition law Market concentration Monopoly and oligopoly
Independent Communications Authority of South Africa
Independent_Communications_Authority_of_South_Africa
Measure of the strength of a brand, product, service or firm
Market dominance is the control of an economic market by a firm. A dominant firm possesses the power to affect competition and influence market price.
Market_domination
Economics term
manipulating either the supply or demand of the product or service to increase economic profit. In other words, market power occurs if a firm does not face a perfectly
Market_power
Legal concept
have used these guidelines to convince courts to adopt a more explicitly economic approach to antitrust policy. In the European Union, in 1997 the European
Relevant_market
Principle in antitrust law in the United States
Barriers to entry Competition Effective competition Competition law theory Economic moat History of competition law Market concentration Monopoly and oligopoly
Parker_immunity_doctrine
Barriers to entry Competition Effective competition Competition law theory Economic moat History of competition law Market concentration Monopoly and oligopoly
Third_line_forcing
Practices that prevent or reduce competition in a market by a business or government
type of activity is forbidden by the Uniform Trade Secrets Act and the Economic Espionage Act of 1996. Trade libel, the spreading of false information
Anti-competitive_practices
Anticompetitive agreement to control prices
and services to increase, and it will also affect consumers' choices. Economic liberals believe that price fixing is a voluntary and consensual activity
Price_fixing
Barriers to entry Competition Effective competition Competition law theory Economic moat History of competition law Market concentration Monopoly and oligopoly
List_of_price_fixing_cases
Nations (1776), argued that laws "ought not to facilitate" the creation of economic cartels but nonetheless believed that there was no way the law could intervene
Competition_law_theory
American legal doctrine
Standard Oil that analysis under the rule of reason should focus on the economic but not the social consequences of a restraint (National Society of Professional
Rule_of_reason
Cooperation between firms to limit competition
should face no penalties even though their actions would have a similar economic impact as explicit conspiracy. Collusion results from less competition
Collusion
Switching costs inhibiting a change of vendor
Economic Journal. 97 (394): 642–665. doi:10.2307/2234208. JSTOR 2234208. David, P. A. (1985). "Clio and the economics of QWERTY". American Economic Review
Vendor_lock-in
Act of the Parliament of Australia
Barriers to entry Competition Effective competition Competition law theory Economic moat History of competition law Market concentration Monopoly and oligopoly
Competition and Consumer Act 2010
Competition_and_Consumer_Act_2010
Commerce practice
affected. For at least three decades, the Supreme Court defined the required "economic power" to include just about any departure from perfect competition, going
Tying_(commerce)
Economics term
which is called monopoly profits. According to classical and neoclassical economic thought, firms in a perfectly competitive market are price takers because
Monopoly_profit
2025), and protected by consolidated spectrum holdings that act as an "economic moat" against any future competition. The failure to enforce the price conditions
True–DTAC_merger
Type of claim of monopolization made under competition laws
Barriers to entry Competition Effective competition Competition law theory Economic moat History of competition law Market concentration Monopoly and oligopoly
Essential_facilities_doctrine
Barriers to entry Competition Effective competition Competition law theory Economic moat History of competition law Market concentration Monopoly and oligopoly
Second_request
average cost (keeping output constant)." Since then, a considerable body of economic literature and some caselaw accumulated. But it was inconclusive. Scheffman
Raising_rivals'_costs
Principle in US antitrust law
Barriers to entry Competition Effective competition Competition law theory Economic moat History of competition law Market concentration Monopoly and oligopoly
Noerr–Pennington_doctrine
Legal history
cartels of German industry had made it easier for the Nazis to assume total economic control simply by bribing or blackmailing the heads of a small number of
History_of_competition_law
Collusion between competitors
firms being motivated to collude and taking actions against their own economic self-interests. This procedure of the courts is sometimes called as setting
Tacit_collusion
Concept in competition law
over a sufficiently long period (generally over at least two years). In economic terms, what the SSNIP test does is to calculate the residual elasticity
Small but significant and non-transitory increase in price
Small_but_significant_and_non-transitory_increase_in_price
American anti-monopoly government bureau
(also has civil enforcement responsibilities) Washington Criminal Section Economic Analysis Group Executive Office Paralegal Unit Appellate Section Competition
United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division
United_States_Department_of_Justice_Antitrust_Division
Anti-competitive business practice where a supplier limits the rights of the buyer
David E. (July 2017). "Buyer-Induced Exclusive Dealing" (PDF). Southern Economic Journal. 84 (1): 66–81. doi:10.1002/soej.12218. Retrieved January 20, 2023
Exclusive_dealing
Offering several products as one
G. Wuebker, eds. Optimal Bundling: Marketing Strategies for Improving Economic Performance. New York: Springer, 1999. Janiszewski, C., and M. Chuha, Jr
Product_bundling
Barriers to entry Competition Effective competition Competition law theory Economic moat History of competition law Market concentration Monopoly and oligopoly
Dividing_territories
Type of monopoly
institute them. Some conservative think tanks, such as the Foundation for Economic Education, define coercive monopolies solely as those established by the
Coercive_monopoly
Australian review body
Barriers to entry Competition Effective competition Competition law theory Economic moat History of competition law Market concentration Monopoly and oligopoly
Australian Competition Tribunal
Australian_Competition_Tribunal
consumers, the antitrust authority faces the challenge of applying various economic theories and rules in a legally binding procedure. The vast majority of
Merger_control
Form of procurement fraud
"share the spoils" among themselves. Bid rigging almost always results in economic harm to the agency which is seeking the bids, and to the public, who ultimately
Bid_rigging
Barriers to entry Competition Effective competition Competition law theory Economic moat History of competition law Market concentration Monopoly and oligopoly
Copyright_misuse
Tax on monopoly profits
normal returns. The concept of excess profit is very similar to that of economic rent. Excess profit taxes are usually imposed on monopoly profits. Excess
Excess_profits_tax
Legal doctrine in antitrust law
standard was influenced by microeconomic theory and is related to the economic theories of the Chicago school of economics. The adoption of the consumer
Consumer_welfare_standard
Australian regulatory body
Barriers to entry Competition Effective competition Competition law theory Economic moat History of competition law Market concentration Monopoly and oligopoly
National_Competition_Council
Potentially unlawful anti-competitive practice
or business, such as a competitor, for the purpose of inflicting some economic loss on the target or otherwise force them out of the market. A refusal
Refusal_to_deal
Park in Belfast, Northern Ireland
Moat Park (/məʊt/) is a large public park located in Church Quarter, Dundonald, Belfast, Northern Ireland. The Moat Park area also includes residential
Moat_Park
Chinese-American investor and art collector
ecosystem/platform models (3.0). In this framework, intelligence itself becomes the economic moat (the "edge") and scalable digital labor the core output. These capabilities
Christopher_Tsai
Government bodies enforcing fair competition
government agency, typically a statutory authority, sometimes called an economic regulator, that regulates and enforces competition laws and may sometimes
Competition_regulator
U.S. competition rules
management as to when and how mergers would be examined and brought new economic ideas into antitrust enforcement, specifically the "structure-conduct-performance"
Merger_guidelines
Improper use of patent rights
has lost the right to enforce the patent. Patent misuse that restrains economic competition substantially can also violate United States antitrust law
Patent_misuse
priest who immigrated to South Africa in 1895. The temple, surrounded by a moat, was dedicated to the war like god Jagannathi. Tongaat Inanda Provincial
List of heritage sites in KwaZulu-Natal
List_of_heritage_sites_in_KwaZulu-Natal
American security analyst
Force and Chapter 6: Countering China's Gray-Zone Activities, in The Boiling Moat: Urgent Steps to Defend Taiwan, 2024 (edited by Matthew Pottinger) America
Ivan_Kanapathy
1993 novel by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle
authorized sequel entitled Outies). In the United Kingdom, it was released as The Moat around Murcheson's Eye (sometimes misspelled "The Mote around Murchison's
The_Gripping_Hand
Legislative capital of Sri Lanka
forming two long sides; along the shorter third (land) side a large moat (the 'inner moat') was dug. The fortress was nearly 2.5 km2 (0.97 sq mi) in area
Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte
travel, tourism, insurance
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travel, tourism, insurance