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Setting prices artificially low to discourage competition
Dumping, in economics, is a form of predatory pricing, especially in the context of international trade. It occurs when manufacturers export a product
Dumping_(pricing_policy)
Topics referred to by the same term
image Dumping (pricing policy) chips (i.e. integrated circuits such as memory chips or processors) into a market, at an apparently uneconomic price This
Chip_dumping
Deliberately undercutting prices to eliminate competition
sanctions for predatory pricing are compensatory damages or administrative penalties, while dumping involves the levying of anti-dumping duties. 3. The objective
Predatory_pricing
2017 petition by Boeing
50 options. On 27 April 2017, The Boeing Company filed a petition for dumping them at $19.6m each, below their $33.2m production cost. On the same day
CSeries dumping petition by Boeing
CSeries_dumping_petition_by_Boeing
Process of determining what a company will receive in exchange for its products
Bait pricing Base point pricing Congestion pricing Contribution margin Cost the limit of price Demand-based pricing Distribution Drip pricing Dumping (pricing
Pricing
Topics referred to by the same term
SQL statements Dumping (pricing policy), in international trade, the pricing of a product below its cost of production Social dumping, using transitory
Dumping
Anti-competitive practice
"there is no definition of the concept of "social dumping" in EC law". Dumping (pricing policy) SUTA dumping "Joint NGO Statement on EU Seasonal Migrant Workers'
Social_dumping
Economic term by Warren Buffett
examples of intangible assets. Cost advantage: Companies that can keep their prices low can maintain market share and discourage competition. Walmart has cost
Economic_moat
Topics referred to by the same term
Bureau of Investigation, US government position Anti-dumping duties; see Dumping (pricing policy) Atatürkist Thought Association (Turkish: Atatürkçü Düşünce
ADD_(disambiguation)
WTO Dispute Settlement case
EU has imposed definitive anti-dumping duties on imports of biodiesel from Argentina and Indonesia. The anti-dumping measures consist of an additional
Anti-Dumping Measures on Biodiesel by the European Union
Anti-Dumping_Measures_on_Biodiesel_by_the_European_Union
Anti-competitive business strategy
Consortium. Microsoft refused to join, citing the group's lack of a patent policy as the reason. With its dominance in the web browser market, Google has
Embrace, extend, and extinguish
Embrace,_extend,_and_extinguish
2013–2019 WTO dispute
against it. List of WTO dispute settlement cases Dumping (pricing policy) "United States – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Measures on Large Residential
Antidumping case about washing machines
Antidumping_case_about_washing_machines
When a company owns its supply chain
Switching cost and product differentiation : based on a new insight that pricing incentive choice of a downstream producer may change by vertical integration
Vertical_integration
Cooperation between firms to limit competition
pricing, which is hard for the consumer to understand (such as risk-based pricing, hidden taxes and fees in the wireless industry, negotiable pricing)
Collusion
Growing one's existing wealth without creating new wealth
Rent-seeking is the act of growing one's existing wealth by manipulating public policy or economic conditions without creating new wealth. Rent-seeking activities
Rent-seeking
Product sold below cost to stimulate other, more profitable sales
Bait-and-switch Competition law Dumping (pricing policy) Freebie marketing Parallel importing Predatory pricing Pricing strategies Product bundling Razor
Loss_leader
Loans with unfairly high interest rate
questioner and Cato: ...of whom, when inquiry was made, what was the best policy in the management of one's property, he answered "Good grazing." "What was
Usury
Ratio between turnover and profit
their pricing strategies for goods and services. The pricing is influenced by the cost of their products and the expected profit margin. Pricing errors
Profit_margin
Market dominated by a small number of sellers
ὀλίγος (olígos) 'few' and πωλέω (pōléō) 'to sell') is a market in which pricing control lies in the hands of a few sellers. As a result of their significant
Oligopoly
Practices that prevent or reduce competition in a market by a business or government
raise prices for a greater profit. For example, many developing countries have accused China of dumping. In 2006, the country was accused of dumping silk
Anti-competitive_practices
US-Mexico Trade Dispute: Stainless Steel (2006, USA/Mexico)
Import Administration Anti-dumping Manual The method employed by the US department of Commerce to decide the space of dumping for the original product under
Anti-dumping measures on stainless steel from Mexico
Anti-dumping_measures_on_stainless_steel_from_Mexico
Price increases perceived as excessive
regulations against price gouging are unconstitutional in the online marketplace since online merchants are unable to control pricing by state. Judge Gregory
Price_gouging
Trade dispute between Canada and the United States
expired, although the anti-dumping duty remained. On April 25, 2002, U.S. DoC announced it had determined subsidy and anti-dumping rates, of 18.79% and an
Canada–United States softwood lumber dispute
Canada–United_States_softwood_lumber_dispute
1993 European Court of Justice case
Mithouard were prosecuted in France under anti-dumping retail laws for selling Picon liqueur at below cost price. The Court distinguished the case from its
Keck_and_Mithouard
Commerce phenomenon
control of enough of the supply of the commodity to be able to set the price for it. Cornering a market can be attempted through several mechanisms.
Cornering_the_market
Market structure with one buyer
while the gray-area redistribution effect could be reversed by fiscal policy (i.e., taxing employers and transferring the tax revenue to the workers)
Monopsony
Switching costs inhibiting a change of vendor
Non-compete clause Misuse of patents and copyrights Predatory pricing Dumping (pricing policy) Product bundling and tying Raising rivals' costs Refusal to
Vendor_lock-in
Rules and guidelines of trade
Commercial court Trade justice Socially responsible investing Dumping (pricing policy) Economic development Fair trade Commercial revolution Trade and
Commercial_law
Concept in economics
the sufficient capacity for sharing. The most common causes are monopoly pricing structures, such as those enabled by laws that restrict competition or
Artificial_scarcity
Mutually beneficial collusion among competing corporations
may lead to falling prices for all members. Advancements in technology or the emergence of substitutes can undermine cartel pricing power, leading to the
Cartel
over Indonesian paper imports. South Korea accused Indonesia of "dumping" (pricing below cost) paper export, and forced some Indonesian paper producers
Korea — Anti-Dumping Duties on Imports of Certain Paper from Indonesia
Korea_—_Anti-Dumping_Duties_on_Imports_of_Certain_Paper_from_Indonesia
General term for rules, including delegated legislation and self-regulation
government intervention in the private market in an attempt to implement policy and produce outcomes which might not otherwise occur, ranging from consumer
Regulation
Measure of the relative size of firms
Canadian Competition Policy". In Mathewson, Frank; Trebilcock, Michael; Walker, Michael (eds.). The Law and Economics of Competition Policy. Vancouver, B.C
Herfindahl–Hirschman_index
Form of political corruption
interests in the outcome of policy or regulatory decisions can be expected to focus their resources and energies to gain the policy outcomes they prefer, while
Regulatory_capture
Business process
may also allow the horizontally integrated firm to engage in monopoly pricing, which is disadvantageous to society as a whole and which may cause regulators
Horizontal_integration
Acting as a lawyer
of Law and Consumer Choice". The Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy Studies. Retrieved April 29, 2011. New Jersey General Assembly. "N.J.S.A
Practice_of_law
Market structure with a single firm dominating the market
efficient market. To reduce prices and increase output, regulators often use average cost pricing. By average cost pricing, the price and quantity are determined
Monopoly
Concept in economics
"Scale Economies, Average Cost and the Profitability of Marginal-Cost Pricing" Principles of Political Economy, Book IV 'Influence of the progress of
Natural_monopoly
Anticompetitive agreement to control prices
coordinate pricing for mutual benefit of the traders. For example, manufacturers and retailers may conspire to sell at a common "retail" price; set a common
Price_fixing
Form of procurement fraud
pursue every firm suspected of involvement in cover pricing." Cover pricing involves high price bidding, intended "to give the appearance of genuine
Bid_rigging
Term in contract law where a person agrees not to compete
savings that could in theory be passed on to customers in the form of lower prices and to investors as higher returns. Non-competes are more common for technical
Non-compete_clause
Concept in antitrust law
include exclusive dealing, price discrimination, refusing to supply an essential facility, product tying and predatory pricing. Monopolization is a federal
Monopolization
Monopoly with legal enforcement
specific region (e.g. patented inventions) while agreeing to have their policies and prices regulated. This type of monopoly is usually contrasted with de facto
Legal_monopoly
Law maintaining market competition
territories; price fixing among cartels; and the deprivation of essential facilities. Forms of abuse relating directly to pricing include price exploitation
Competition_law
1890 U.S. anti-monopoly law
strikebreakers, 49 Stat. 1899 (1936), 18 U.S.C. § 407a; destruction or dumping of farm products received in interstate commerce, 44 Stat. 1355 (1927)
Sherman_Antitrust_Act
Economics of regulation
effect Banded forbearance Constitutional economics Liberalization Policy uncertainty Price-cap regulation Natural monopoly Public choice theory Regulated
Regulatory_economics
State-sanctioned monopoly by a private company
monopoly often point out that such a firm is able to set its pricing and production policies without fear of breeding potential competition. They[who?]
Government-granted_monopoly
Concept in competition law
intervention, the test of small but significant and non-transitory increase in price (SSNIP) is used to define the relevant market in a consistent way. It is
Small but significant and non-transitory increase in price
Small_but_significant_and_non-transitory_increase_in_price
Processes through which companies combine or transfer ownership
offer competitive pricing, causing prices to fall once again. As a result, these cartels did not succeed in maintaining high prices for a period of more
Mergers_and_acquisitions
Collusion between competitors
aggressive price competition will inflict on them all. In concentrated markets, the firms may thus have pricing strategies that keep their prices higher and
Tacit_collusion
Form of government regulation on professions or vocations for compensation
for 53 occupations in 2004 as a natural experiment. It finds that this policy change increased the propensity to work as self-employed substantially.
Occupational_licensing
Economic theory
at a lower price than the incumbents. This, however, is ineffective with price-insensitive consumers. Predatory pricing – Predatory pricing is the practice
Barriers_to_entry
United States government agency
making retroactive changes to its privacy policy without informing customers and by violating its own privacy policy by selling customer information when it
Federal_Trade_Commission
Form of non-compete clause used in the live music industry
Non-compete clause Misuse of patents and copyrights Predatory pricing Dumping (pricing policy) Product bundling and tying Raising rivals' costs Refusal to
Radius_clause
US federal law
discusses the following four principles of economic trade and business: price discrimination between different purchasers if such a discrimination substantially
Clayton_Antitrust_Act_of_1914
"consumer", and it includes anyone who acquires: goods or services that are priced at less than $100,000, or goods or services of a kind ordinarily acquired
Australian_Consumer_Law
Term in market economics
increases the likelihood of collusion between firms which, resulting in higher pricing. In contrast, market concentration occurs as a result of the efficiency
Market_concentration
Measure of firm's market power
degree of regulation — the more actively the state conducts an antitrust policy, the lower the value of L. The Lerner Rule or Lerner Condition is that if
Lerner_index
Act of the Parliament of Australia
ACCC allowing it to prosecute. This policy recognises the difficulty in gaining information/evidence about price-fixing behaviours. Part IVB allows the
Competition and Consumer Act 2010
Competition_and_Consumer_Act_2010
Tax on monopoly profits
Policy". Tax Foundation. Retrieved 2024-04-29. Tagaris, Karolina (2022-10-03). "Greece to tax power firms on windfall profits from higher gas prices"
Excess_profits_tax
Offering several products as one
strategies on bundling. In bundle pricing, companies sell a package or set of goods or services for a lower price than they would charge if the customer
Product_bundling
American academic and political movement
profits. They use predatory pricing to capture markets and establish dominance. Because these companies maintain consumer prices low, their actions usually
New_Brandeis_movement
Type of oligopoly
32044024354821. Retrieved January 18, 2023. Motta, Massimo (2004). Competition Policy: Theory and Practice. Cambridge University Press. Vives, Xavier (October
Duopoly
Anti-competitive practice
overruled Dr. Miles and held instead that such vertical price restraints as Minimum Advertised Pricing are not per se unlawful but, rather, must be judged
Resale_price_maintenance
Measure of the strength of a brand, product, service or firm
in high-speed Internet access - Predatory pricing. Case T-340/03. Kwoka, J. E. "Large firm dominance and price-cost margins in manufacturing industries
Market_domination
Type of secondary boycott (anti-competitive)
Non-compete clause Misuse of patents and copyrights Predatory pricing Dumping (pricing policy) Product bundling and tying Raising rivals' costs Refusal to
Group_boycott
1976 American law
Accordingly, wholesalers or retailers might be able to sue in federal court in a price-fixing case, even though they passed overcharges on to ultimate consumers
Hart–Scott–Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act
Hart–Scott–Rodino_Antitrust_Improvements_Act
Area of applied ethics
include: Bid rigging Dumping (pricing policy) Predatory pricing Price gouging Price fixing Supra competitive pricing List of pricing practices which may
Marketing_ethics
A limit price (or limit pricing) is a price, or pricing strategy, where products are sold by a supplier at a price low enough to make it unprofitable for
Limit_price
1936 US law prohibiting price discrimination
discriminatory pricing against bookstores by publishers, but enforcement has declined again since the 1990s. On the other hand, over 20 states have price discrimination
Robinson–Patman_Act
Economics term
In particular, firms with market power are accused of limit pricing, predatory pricing, holding excess capacity and strategic bundling. A firm usually
Market_power
International treaty of the World Trade Organization
rural development". Agricultural policy of the United States Cairns Group Common Agricultural Policy Dumping (pricing policy) Peace Clause UN Sustainable
Agreement_on_Agriculture
Restriction of an occupation to only qualified practitioners
Non-compete clause Misuse of patents and copyrights Predatory pricing Dumping (pricing policy) Product bundling and tying Raising rivals' costs Refusal to
Occupational_closure
American legal doctrine
cards in France — Decision finding an infringement of Article 81 EC — Pricing measures applicable to ‘new entrants’ — Membership fee, mechanism for ‘regulating
Rule_of_reason
Waste management payment model
throw (PAYT) (also called trash metering, unit pricing, variable rate pricing, or user-pay) is a usage-pricing model for disposing of municipal solid waste
Pay_as_you_throw
Overview of and topical guide to marketing
Drip pricing Dumping (pricing policy) Everyday low price Fire sale Geographic pricing High–low pricing Loss leader Parity pricing: Export parity price Import
Outline_of_marketing
Legal concept
convince courts to adopt a more explicitly economic approach to antitrust policy. In the European Union, in 1997 the European Commission adopted a Market
Relevant_market
Economics term
competition can provide a producer with disproportionate pricing power. Withholding production to drive prices higher produces additional profit, which is called
Monopoly_profit
Type of monopoly
Specifically, in the U.S. monopoly pricing is not regulated. Whereas the European Community (EC) considers excessive pricing as an abuse of dominance and those
Coercive_monopoly
Market structure with few buyers
Non-compete clause Misuse of patents and copyrights Predatory pricing Dumping (pricing policy) Product bundling and tying Raising rivals' costs Refusal to
Oligopsony
Commerce practice
Richard; Bailey, David (2018). "Chapter 17 Abuse of Dominance (1): non-pricing practices". Competition Law (9 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 705.
Tying_(commerce)
Agreements between firms at different levels of a supply chain
according to which the latter would promote their products in return for lower prices. Franchising is a form of vertical agreement, and under European Union competition
Vertical_agreement
worldwide International Competition Network OECD Competition/Antitrust Policy Division Institute of Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (MANDA) M&A An
Merger_control
Legal history
on the two concepts of prohibiting agreements that ran counter to public policy, unless the reasonableness of an agreement could be shown. A restraint of
History_of_competition_law
Principle in US antitrust law
Non-compete clause Misuse of patents and copyrights Predatory pricing Dumping (pricing policy) Product bundling and tying Raising rivals' costs Refusal to
Noerr–Pennington_doctrine
Economic scenario
price whereas price setters are able to influence market price and enjoy pricing power. Aside from being willing to pay higher prices, in a seller's
Competition_(economics)
Potentially unlawful anti-competitive practice
Non-compete clause Misuse of patents and copyrights Predatory pricing Dumping (pricing policy) Product bundling and tying Raising rivals' costs Refusal to
Refusal_to_deal
Non-compete clause Misuse of patents and copyrights Predatory pricing Dumping (pricing policy) Product bundling and tying Raising rivals' costs Refusal to
Second_request
following policy grounds – The plaintiff has violated antitrust laws The plaintiff used the copyright in a manner violative of the public policy of copyright
Copyright_misuse
as of 7 May 2002. In August 2001, the Minister of Communications issued policy directions which were amended in April 2002, setting out the process in
Independent Communications Authority of South Africa
Independent_Communications_Authority_of_South_Africa
Principle in antitrust law in the United States
acting pursuant to state policy . . . the term "state action" in antitrust adjudication refers only to government policies that are articulated with
Parker_immunity_doctrine
particularly with respect to product innovation and introduction, expansion, and pricing. The subsequent literature has not contributed much to drawing that line
Raising_rivals'_costs
American anti-monopoly government bureau
Competition Policy and Advocacy Section International Section State Relations Competition Bureau (Canadian counterpart) Competition policy Competition
United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division
United_States_Department_of_Justice_Antitrust_Division
Equitable trade reform campaign
investment rights sections of trade deals. Corporate development Dumping (pricing policy) Economic development Fair trade International development Social
Trade_justice
Government bodies enforcing fair competition
agencies, there is often another body responsible for formulating competition policy. Many nations implement competition laws, and there is general agreement
Competition_regulator
Anti-competitive business practice where a supplier limits the rights of the buyer
competition to drive wholesale prices down as well as manufacturers costs. Anti-competitive practices Competition policy Fair Trading Act Vertical restraints
Exclusive_dealing
Form of business rivalry
accelerated pricing interactions in comparison to the usual pace a downward direction of pricing unsustainable pricing interplay. The main reasons that price wars
Price_war
U.S. competition rules
on August 19, 2010. These guidelines introduced the concept of "upward pricing pressure" resulting from a merger between competing firms. The 2010 revisions
Merger_guidelines
assisting the OFT. The allegations centre around "cover pricing", in which firms secretly agreed the prices they would submit during a tender process. A firm
List_of_price_fixing_cases
Australian review body
Non-compete clause Misuse of patents and copyrights Predatory pricing Dumping (pricing policy) Product bundling and tying Raising rivals' costs Refusal to
Australian Competition Tribunal
Australian_Competition_Tribunal
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