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In U.S. law, practices with adverse impacts on specific protected groups
Disparate impact in the law of the United States refers to practices in employment, housing, and other areas that adversely affect one group of people
Disparate_impact
Form of discrimination in housing services
parties have dealt with discrimination is by bringing disparate impact claims. In disparate impact claims, a prima facie case of discrimination is established
Source of income discrimination
Source_of_income_discrimination
Form of unlawful discrimination in US labor law
Title VII of the United States Civil Rights Act. This contrasts with disparate impact, where an employer applies a neutral rule that treats everyone equally
Disparate_treatment
Evaluation process for potential renters
Fair housing advocates have long argued for the application of the disparate impact legal theory (historically applied to employment practices) to Title
Tenant_screening
2009 United States Supreme Court case
the United States Supreme Court on unlawful discrimination through disparate impact under the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Twenty city firefighters at the
Ricci_v._DeStefano
Guarantee of law protecting all persons equally in the US
v. DeStefano: The Tensions Between Equal Protection, Disparate Treatment, and Disparate Impact)". University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 165: 692. Herzog
Equal_Protection_Clause
2001 United States Supreme Court case
private right of action to allow private lawsuits based on evidence of disparate impact. In 1990, Alabama added an amendment to its state constitution to make
Alexander_v._Sandoval
2015 United States Supreme Court case
United States Supreme Court case in which the Court analyzed whether disparate impact claims are cognizable under the Fair Housing Act. In Justice Anthony
Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs v. Inclusive Communities Project, Inc.
Texas_Department_of_Housing_and_Community_Affairs_v._Inclusive_Communities_Project,_Inc.
Measures opposing boycotts of Israel
doctrines in labor law have been referred to: disparate treatment or "discriminatory intent" and disparate impact. These laws were not drafted to regulate
Anti-BDS_laws
2000 House of Lords employment law case
European Court of Justice that a two-year qualifying period had a disparate impact on women given that significantly fewer women worked long enough to
R v Secretary of State for Employment, ex p Seymour-Smith
R_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Employment,_ex_p_Seymour-Smith
In the United States, eminent domain is the power of a state or the federal government to take private property for public use while requiring just compensation
Eminent domain in the United States
Eminent_domain_in_the_United_States
Grouping a set of objects by similarity
groups relative to the overall population. Under the legal doctrine of disparate impact, a process is considered discriminatory if it results in disproportionately
Cluster_analysis
studies found no significant impact. Charges of racial discrimination in voter ID laws are founded in the disparate impact doctrine of constitutional law
Voter identification laws in the United States
Voter_identification_laws_in_the_United_States
1971 United States Supreme Court case
December 14, 1970. It concerned employment discrimination and the disparate impact theory, and was decided on March 8, 1971. It is generally considered
Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co.
1974 United States Supreme Court case
since non-English speakers were denied a meaningful education, the disparate impact caused by the school policy violated Title VI of the Civil Rights Act
Lau_v._Nichols
There have been calls for HUD to use disparate impact as a measure of housing discrimination. HUD's disparate impact rule was strengthened in 2013 and upheld
Housing discrimination in the United States
Housing_discrimination_in_the_United_States
1988 United States Supreme Court case
person's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin) rather than disparate impact analysis (which involves the question whether an employer has engaged
Watson v. Fort Worth Bank & Trust
Watson_v._Fort_Worth_Bank_&_Trust
United States anti-discrimination law
Employment Act, where the Supreme Court has recognized disparate-impact liability. The rule preserves disparate-treatment liability, including claims based on
Equal_Credit_Opportunity_Act
disparate impact by race. In a further concurrence, Scalia J said "resolution of this dispute merely postpones the evil day" when a disparate impact might
United_States_labor_law
Catchphrase and internet meme
responded with "OK boomer" as "a sophisticated, mass retaliation" against the impact of past generations. The phrase has been used as a retort for perceived
OK_boomer
US nonprofit organization
Measures for Justice is a United States, 501(c)(3), nonprofit organization designed to gather data from every county in the US on the criminal justice
Measures_for_Justice
Form of discrimination
Discrimination can be intended and involve disparate treatment of a group or be unintended, yet create disparate impact for a group. In neoclassical economics
Employment_discrimination
Field of study to extract knowledge from data
PMID 26002496. Barocas, Solon; Selbst, Andrew D (2016). "Big Data's Disparate Impact". California Law Review. doi:10.15779/Z38BG31 – via Berkeley Law Library
Data_science
2008 United States Supreme Court case
the burden of production and burden of persuasion when defending a disparate impact claim using the "reasonable factors" defense under the Age Discrimination
Meacham v. Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory
Meacham_v._Knolls_Atomic_Power_Laboratory
2005 United States Supreme Court case
Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) and the disparate impact theory. The Court held that although the theory of disparate impact set forth in Griggs v. Duke Power
Smith_v._City_of_Jackson
1976 United States Supreme Court case
examined whether Test 21 had a discriminatory effect. After applying the disparate impact analysis, it held that Test 21 did not have a discriminatory effect
Washington_v._Davis
Potential hazard from consuming fish
commercially important fish species Sustainable seafood Overfishing Environmental impact of fishing Fishing down the food web Destructive fishing practices Future
Mercury_in_fish
Types of disciplinary actions used by schools against students
in schools. There are two groups for these laws: disparate treatment and disparate impact. Disparate treatment laws allow students the right to testify
School_discipline
2022 United States Supreme Court case
held that the Medicare Secondary Payer statute does not authorize disparate-impact liability, and the Marietta Plan's coverage terms for outpatient dialysis
Marietta Memorial Hospital Employee Health Benefit Plan v. DaVita Inc.
Marietta_Memorial_Hospital_Employee_Health_Benefit_Plan_v._DaVita_Inc.
Prejudice, hatred, or bias toward gay men, male homosexuality, or men perceived to be gay
notion of transphobia. In her 2017 text, The Women's Liberation Movement: Impacts and Outcomes, the German gender historian Kristina Schulz [de] noted that
Discrimination against gay men
Discrimination_against_gay_men
employment decision that is questioned because it was found to cause disparate impact. In Griggs v. Duke Power Co. (1971), the United States Supreme Court
Business_necessity
Stock short title used for US legislation
to mean that it does not generally prohibit voting rules that have disparate impact on the groups that it sought to protect, including a rule blocked under
Civil_Rights_Act
Legislation designed to prevent discrimination against particular groups of people
Courts may take into account both discriminatory intent, disparate treatment and disparate impact in determining whether a particular action or policy constitutes
Anti-discrimination_law
case related to whether the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 provides a disparate impact cause of action for plaintiffs alleging disability discrimination,
Doe_v._CVS_Pharmacy,_Inc.
1975 United States Supreme Court case
United States Supreme Court case in which the court held that Title VII disparate impact plaintiffs do not need to prove bad faith to be entitled to backpay
Albemarle_Paper_Co._v._Moody
2020 non-fiction book by Christopher Caldwell
followed from color-blind civil rights". He posits the result are absurd disparate impact rulings, of which "eroding the undeserved 'privilege' of whites is
The Age of Entitlement: America Since the Sixties
The_Age_of_Entitlement:_America_Since_the_Sixties
US labor law passed in 1991
employees to prove that an employer's hiring practices had an unlawful disparate impact on them, they are required to identify the specific employment practice
Civil_Rights_Act_of_1991
Provide various degrees of legal protection against discrimination
with federal protection are questions of facially-neutral laws and disparate impact, state action, whether sex is deemed a suspect classification, and
State_equal_rights_amendments
Landmark U.S. civil rights and labor law
Rights Act of 1964 for all agencies to the extent they contemplate disparate-impact liability". On December 10, 2025, the U.S. Department of Justice issued
Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964
Area in Louisiana with larger than usual clusters of cancer patients
Jeff Landry sued the EPA, challenging the government's use of the disparate impact standard of the Civil Rights Act, which says policies cannot cause
Cancer_Alley
1981 US civil rights court case
for federal employment. The plaintiffs alleged that the exam had a disparate impact on minority applicants, in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights
Luévano_v._Campbell
Chief Justice of the United States from 1986 to 2005
sue for discrimination based on race or national origin involving disparate impact under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Sandoval cited Cannon
William_Rehnquist
American lawyer
against Facebook, Inc., developed sweeping proposed revisions to the disparate impact regulations of HUD and led a team working with the U.S. Department
J._Paul_Compton_Jr.
American politician (born 1989)
immigration reformers and criminal justice reformers to reduce the disparate impact of policing on communities of color. In the first quarter after the
Greg_Casar
Technological phenomenon with social implications
algorithmic impact assessments, risk-based evaluation procedures, and post-deployment monitoring. These processes seek to identify potential disparate impacts before
Algorithmic_bias
Type of interview
of individuals protected under Title VII which is a disparate impact liability. Disparate impact is defined as unintentional discrimination. Some states
Job_interview
infrastructure and water access were likely a factor contributing to disparate impacts of the pandemic. The World Health Organization and UNICEF strongly
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment
Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment
of "disparate treatment", when a lender treats applicants differently based on one of the prohibited factors; and evidence of "disparate impact", when
Mortgage_discrimination
1977 United States Supreme Court case
prove improper intent, a disparate impact, and causation in-fact (i.e. that the improper intent is the cause of the disparate impact). If causation in-fact
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.
Village_of_Arlington_Heights_v._Metropolitan_Housing_Development_Corp.
US federal legislation that prohibits racial discrimination in voting
is often difficult to obtain, but without embracing an unqualified "disparate impact" test that would invalidate many legitimate voting procedures. S. REP
Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965
Field of research and study
implements a feminist approach to understanding and addressing the disparate impact that economic development and globalization have on people based upon
Gender_and_development
Irrational fear of, and aversion to, lesbians
Breaking the Silence: Criminalisation of Lesbians and Bisexual Women and its Impacts. Human Dignity Trust, May 2016. In Some Countries, Being Gay Or Lesbian
Discrimination against lesbians
Discrimination_against_lesbians
Congress by the Federal Trade Commission July 2007 No evidence of disparate impact in Texas due to use of credit information by personal lines insurers
Credit score in the United States
Credit_score_in_the_United_States
Form of unequal treatment
for grand juries in the USA a "small but statistically significant disparate impact on Black defendants", but no taste-based discrimination or statistical
Sentencing_disparity
Kind of contract in labour law
prohibits two theories of employment discrimination: disparate treatment and disparate impact. Disparate treatment occurs when an employer treats an employee
Employment_contract
American judge (born 1953)
to challenge whether disparate impact claims are cognizable under the FHA. The Supreme Court affirmed and held disparate-impact claims are cognizable
James_E._Graves_Jr.
System of bias and prejudice in favor of heterosexuality
Capital punishment for homosexuality Disabilities Catholic Jewish Disparate impact Fagging Gender-based dress codes Cosmetics policy High heel policy
Heterosexism
Interactions between intelligence testing and public policy
others, a phenomenon called "adverse impact" or "disparate impact" in employment law. (In contrast, "disparate treatment" refers to deliberate discrimination
Intelligence and public policy
Intelligence_and_public_policy
Research and development facility for the US Navy in Niskayuna, New York
policies that appear reasonable and neutral but nevertheless have a disparate impact on older workers are discriminatory in practice. In the majority opinion
Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory
Knolls_Atomic_Power_Laboratory
to lack of evidence to prove that the rating system has a racially disparate impact and that Uber intentionally discriminated against the lead plaintiff
Controversies surrounding Uber
Controversies_surrounding_Uber
American activist
studies issues related to inequality and equity, and most recently the disparate impact of national and homeland security laws and policies on protected classes
Ehsan_Zaffar
Body of law in the United Kingdom
policy to their workplace that affects everyone equally, but it has a disparate impact on a greater proportion of people of one group with a protected characteristic
British employment equality law
British_employment_equality_law
Increases in the exposure to risk when insured, or when another bears the cost
the likelihood of risky behaviour. Brinkmanship Conflict of interest Disparate impact Economic inequality Feedback Free rider problem Game theory Information
Moral_hazard
Dutch photographer (born 1975)
St. and darkness below that line—illustrating vividly the storm's disparate impact. It was later turned into a limited edition print sold to benefit Sandy's
Iwan_Baan
Numerical expression representing a person's creditworthiness
insurance scores: Impacts on consumers of automobile insurance Archived 11 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine "No Evidence of Disparate Impact in Texas Due to
Credit_score
Nonprofit organization in Maryland, U.S.
and Xenophobic Political Rhetoric (2018) Unequal Consequences: The Disparate Impact of Covid-19 Across South Asian Communities (2020) SAALT, Timeline of
South Asian Americans Leading Together
South_Asian_Americans_Leading_Together
reconfiguration of the districts, and that even if the new districts have a disparate impact on Black voters, that doesn’t mean lawmakers acted with discriminatory
2026 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina
2026_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_North_Carolina
2009 United States Supreme Court case
because of their suspected link to the attacks would produce a disparate, incidental impact on Arab Muslims, even if the policy's purpose was to target neither
Ashcroft_v._Iqbal
2026 U.S. Supreme Court case
United States Solid South Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee Disparate impact The case was appealed through the Supreme Court's jurisdiction under
Louisiana_v._Callais
Occupational therapy concept
room Disparate impact Disparate treatment Economic inequality Exploitation of labour Milieu control Occupational injustice Psychological impact of discrimination
Occupational_apartheid
Texas state law governing AI
discrimination, which requires proof of purposeful conduct rather than disparate impact. Commentators have described this approach as more closely aligned
TRAIGA
Measurement of algorithmic bias
Krishna P. Gummadi, Fairness Beyond Disparate Treatment & Disparate Impact: Learning Classification without Disparate Mistreatment. Retrieved 1 December
Fairness_(machine_learning)
only prove that the rule or regulation in question had disparate impact. While disparate impact is much easier to demonstrate than discriminatory intent
Environmental racism in the United States
Environmental_racism_in_the_United_States
Process of identification of a person, for security concerns
religion, sex or national origin, as analyzed under the disparate treatment and disparate impact frameworks. There are several types of criminal record
Background_check
1987 United States Supreme Court case
or likely to explain a racially disparate impact. Without a plausible basis for inferring that a racially disparate effect was circumstantial evidence
McCleskey_v._Kemp
South Carolina civil rights agency
EEOC to fund SCHAC investigations of disparate-impact claims, as both federal and state law outlawed disparate-impact discrimination and authorized the respective
South Carolina Human Affairs Commission
South_Carolina_Human_Affairs_Commission
biological characteristics, such as obesity and short stature, that adversely impact athletic ability. As well, other factors, such as mitochondrial variations
Sex_verification_in_sports
American multinational law firm
against the DNC's legal challenge to Arizona voting laws that had a disparate impact on racial minorities. In 2022, it served as outside counsel for the
Jones_Day
American civil rights attorney (born 1974)
excessive force, and enforcement strategies that produced an unjustified disparate impact on African-American residents. On January 7, 2021, President Joe Biden
Vanita_Gupta
Ethics of mass data analytics
PMID 26925395. Gellman, Barton; Adler-Bell, Sam (December 21, 2017). "The Disparate Impact of Surveillance". The Century Foundation. Retrieved December 11, 2024
Big_data_ethics
Feeling or expression of hate towards Catalan people
Capital punishment for homosexuality Disabilities Catholic Jewish Disparate impact Fagging Gender-based dress codes Cosmetics policy High heel policy
Anti-Catalan_sentiment
Methodical process used to hire
selection systems as fair as possible legal issues—such as disparate treatment and disparate impact—and overall compliance with laws the generalizability of
Personnel_selection
Legacy of the 1994 album
Illmatic, the 1994 debut album by Nas, made a significant impact on the hip hop genre. The album has been credited as one of the pivotal works that returned
Impact_and_legacy_of_Illmatic
Discrimination in basis of race and ethnicity
characteristic, such as skin, eye or hair color, and certain facial features; Disparate Impact: Although an employer may not intend to discriminate based on racial
Racial_discrimination
Human rights for intersex people
Capital punishment for homosexuality Disabilities Catholic Jewish Disparate impact Fagging Gender-based dress codes Cosmetics policy High heel policy
Intersex_human_rights
identified by the EEOC as having a disparate impact on national origin minorities. When defending against a disparate impact claim that alleges age discrimination
Employment discrimination law in the United States
Employment_discrimination_law_in_the_United_States
Systemic denial of services to some areas
factors Sallie Mae used to underwrite private student loans caused a disparate impact on students attending schools with higher minority populations. The
Redlining
federal agencies stop using the longstanding legal tool known as "disparate-impact liability" a measurement of practices that adversely affect one group
Timeline of the second Trump presidency (2025 Q2)
Timeline_of_the_second_Trump_presidency_(2025_Q2)
Anti-discrimination act in the US
get tested. Some legal scholars have called for the addition of a "disparate impact" theory of action to strengthen GINA as a law. On 8 March 2017 during
Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
Genetic_Information_Nondiscrimination_Act
Rights Act in cases of "disparate impact" on minorities. According to Civil rights groups, not being able to use disparate impact analysis would result
Racial_views_of_Donald_Trump
descriptions include only essential expectations, drawing upon a "disparate impact" model. This opened up the door for suits against police departments
Women in policing in the United States
Women_in_policing_in_the_United_States
2021 United States Supreme Court case
stated that the respondents had failed to show that the law had a disparate impact: "Limiting the classes of persons who may handle early ballots to those
Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee
Brnovich_v._Democratic_National_Committee
Cultural impact of American filmmaker
Montana". J. Hoberman wrote, "Like Frank Capra and Franz Kafka, two widely disparate 20th-century artists whose work Mr. Lynch much admired and might be said
Cultural impact of David Lynch
Cultural_impact_of_David_Lynch
Mexican political party
Labastida lost that election. The improvement of the economy had a disparate impact in different social sectors and discontent started growing within the
Institutional Revolutionary Party
Institutional_Revolutionary_Party
2021 employee unrest movement at Apple Inc.
instead asking for salary expectations, which it states "has had a disparate impact on women," and, separately, that the performance review system is biased
AppleToo
Practice of a wife selling her husband
Capital punishment for homosexuality Disabilities Catholic Jewish Disparate impact Fagging Gender-based dress codes Cosmetics policy High heel policy
Husband_selling
Municipal police department in Tennessee, U.S.
written tests used in the police hiring and promotion process had a disparate impact on blacks. In 2002, a test used in the promotion process resulted in
Memphis_Police_Department
Ethnic group
representation within higher and lower paying jobs were insufficient to prove disparate impact. Despite centuries of Filipino presence in Alaska, an Alaskero named
Filipinos_in_Alaska
Collection of parks originally owned by the royal family
December last year and ongoing difference in other conditions have a 'disparate impact' on black and ethnic minority workers, as they are more likely to be
The_Royal_Parks
Aspect of United States Supreme Court case evaluation
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 Disparate impact Louisiana v. Callais Allen v. Milligan Mullin v. Doe Noem v. Vasquez
Constitutional_colorblindness
travel, tourism, insurance
DISPARATE IMPACT
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travel, tourism, insurance