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Form of reasoning
Deductive reasoning is the process of drawing valid inferences. An inference is valid if its conclusion follows logically from its premises, meaning that
Deductive_reasoning
Method of logical reasoning
Inductive reasoning refers to a variety of methods of reasoning in which the conclusion of an argument is supported not with deductive certainty, but at
Inductive_reasoning
Process of drawing correct inferences
they employ and the certainty of the conclusion they arrive at. Deductive reasoning offers the strongest support: the premises ensure the conclusion
Logical_reasoning
Crucial skill in all different fields of work and life
sub-classifications in deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning and abductive reasoning. ‘Deductive reasoning is a basic form of valid reasoning, commencing with
Analytical_skill
faulty inference. In deductive reasoning, a formal fallacy renders an argument invalid. In non-deductive reasoning, fallacious reasoning may make an argument
List_of_fallacies
Interplay between observation, experiment, and theory in science
is being built on deductively. A theory being assumed as true and subsequently built on is a common example of deductive reasoning. Theory building on
Scientific_method
Concept in mathematics
Sanders Peirce held that the most important division of kinds of deductive reasoning is that between corollarial and theorematic. He argued that while
Corollary
Capacity for consciously making sense of things
reasoning to produce logically valid arguments and true conclusions. Reasoning may be subdivided into forms of logical reasoning, such as deductive reasoning
Reason
Proposed description of the scientific method
Will to believe doctrine Strong inference Abductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning Analogy Popper, Karl (1959). The Logic of Scientific
Hypothetico-deductive_model
Type of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning
'conclusion, inference') is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two propositions that are asserted
Syllogism
Type of software system
Many reasoning systems employ deductive reasoning to draw inferences from available knowledge. These inference engines support forward reasoning or backward
Reasoning_system
Method of deriving conclusions
inferences that can be used to guide reasoning, justify conclusions, and criticize arguments. As part of deductive logic, rules of inference are argument
Rule_of_inference
Reasoning that is rationally compelling, though not deductively valid
philosophy of logic, defeasible reasoning is a kind of provisional reasoning that is rationally compelling, though not deductively valid. It usually occurs when
Defeasible_reasoning
Cognitive process independent of the senses
evidence. Types of reasoning can be divided into deductive and non-deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is governed by certain rules of inference, which
Thought
Inference seeking the simplest and most likely explanation
beginning in the latter half of the 19th century. Abductive reasoning, unlike deductive reasoning, yields a plausible conclusion but does not definitively
Abductive_reasoning
Study of correct reasoning
Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and informal logic. Formal logic is the study of deductively valid inferences or logical
Logic
Faulty deductive reasoning due to a logical flaw
Soundness – Term in logic and deductive reasoning Subverted support – Logical fallacy of explanation Also known as a deductive fallacy, logical fallacy, or
Formal_fallacy
Mental process dealing with knowledge
supported by the premises. Logical reasoning encompasses deductive and non-deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning follows strict rules of inference,
Cognition
Test in the study of deductive reasoning
Wason in 1966. It is one of the most famous tasks in the study of deductive reasoning. An example of the puzzle is: You are shown a set of four cards placed
Wason_selection_task
Argument that uses faulty reasoning
the structure of a deductive argument that renders the argument invalid, while an informal fallacy originates in an error in reasoning other than an improper
Fallacy
Statement supporting a conclusion
conclusions. Deductive and non-deductive reasoning are different ways in which the support is established, varying in strength and structure. In deductive arguments
Premise
Conformity to reality
observation and experimentation, whereas the formal sciences rely on deductive reasoning from fundamental principles. Many religious traditions regard truth
Truth
Fictional character from The Apothecary Diaries
toxins, a deadpan personality, sarcasm in her veins, a knack for deductive reasoning, and a secret sense of justice. She still retains her curious, eccentric
Maomao (The Apothecary Diaries)
Maomao_(The_Apothecary_Diaries)
Theory that discusses human intelligence from an epistemological perspective
school years mostly use inductive reasoning, but adolescents start to use deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is when children draw general conclusions
Piaget's theory of cognitive development
Piaget's_theory_of_cognitive_development
Term in logic and deductive reasoning
relevant for introductory deductive reasoning contexts and the latter arises in metalogic and mathematical logic. In deductive reasoning, a sound argument is
Soundness
Fundamental concepts in philosophy
logic. Deductive reasoning concerns the logical consequence of given premises. On a narrow conception of logic, logic concerns just deductive reasoning, although
Logic_and_rationality
Ancient Greek philosopher (c. 626 – c. 545 BC)
referred to as the first to have engaged in mathematics, science, and deductive reasoning. Thales's view that all of nature is based on the existence of a
Thales_of_Miletus
Video game series
patterns to get the Zoombinis to the next level. Similarly, with the deductive reasoning sub-games, these exercises discourage random guessing by giving only
Zoombinis
Study of how people reason
while the later does not . In opposition, deductive reasoning is a basic form of valid reasoning. In this reasoning process a person starts with a known claim
Psychology_of_reasoning
Reasoning for mathematical statements
exhaustive deductive reasoning that establish logical certainty, to be distinguished from empirical arguments or non-exhaustive inductive reasoning that establish
Mathematical_proof
Kind of proof calculus
logical laws of deductive reasoning. Natural deduction grew out of a context of dissatisfaction with the axiomatizations of deductive reasoning common to the
Natural_deduction
Category of game
roles for every player. During gameplay, players can use logic and deductive reasoning to try to deduce one another's roles, while other players can bluff
Social_deduction_game
Ability to look at information and discern patterns
information. Analytical reasoning involves breaking down large problems into smaller components and using deductive reasoning with no specialised knowledge
Analytic_reasoning
Overview of and topical guide to logic
logic Strict conditional Substructural logic Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning Abductive reasoning Mathematical logic Proof theory Set theory Formal
Outline_of_logic
Process of identifying causality
automatic, in complex situations advanced reasoning is necessary. Types of causal reasoning include: Deductive reasoning implies a general rule; an event is
Causal_reasoning
contributor to this emerging tradition, thanks to the development of deductive reasoning, as propounded by his student, Aristotle. In Protagoras (318d–f)
History_of_scientific_method
Relationship where one statement follows from another
(logic) Boolean domain Boolean function Boolean logic Causality Deductive reasoning Logic gate Logical graph Peirce's law Probabilistic logic Propositional
Logical_consequence
Systematic endeavour to gain knowledge
science are typically regarded as separate because they rely on deductive reasoning instead of the scientific method as their main methodology. Meanwhile
Science
Set of logical formulae containing all formulae able to be deduced from itself
logic, a set T {\displaystyle {\mathcal {T}}} of logical formulae is deductively closed if it contains every formula φ {\displaystyle \varphi } that
Deductive_closure
greatly refined the methods (especially through the introduction of deductive reasoning and mathematical rigor in proofs) and expanded the subject matter
History_of_mathematics
Form of argument to test if an act is lawful
argument based on deductive reasoning and seeking to establish whether a specified act is lawful. A syllogism is a form of logical reasoning that hinges on
Legal_syllogism
Concept in philosophy, religion, rhetoric, and psychology
that of a rational form of discourse that relies on inductive and deductive reasoning. Aristotle first systematized the usage of the word, making it one
Logos
Scientific methodology
The deductive-nomological model (DN model) of scientific explanation, also known as Hempel's model, the Hempel–Oppenheim model, the Popper–Hempel model
Deductive-nomological_model
Spoken guessing game using yes–no questions
Twenty questions is a spoken parlor game which encourages deductive reasoning and creativity. The game dates to at least the eighteenth century and, during
Twenty_questions
Fictional DC comics character
and uses various egg-themed weapons. Additionally, Egghead used deductive reasoning to deduce Batman's secret identity. Egghead was one of several characters
Egghead_(DC_Comics)
Comic book character
had a Bachelor of Arts degree in Journalism, and was a master of deductive reasoning and investigation. He was a normal man who engaged in regular exercise
Ned_Leeds
2025 novel by Suzanne Collins
express Hume's philosophy of the distinction between inductive and deductive reasoning. As conveyed through Haymitch and Lenore Dove's disagreement in the
Sunrise_on_the_Reaping
Aspect of the English philosopher's teachings
that underpin his political philosophy. In utilising methods of deductive reasoning and motion science, Hobbes examines human emotion, reason and knowledge
Hobbes's moral and political philosophy
Hobbes's_moral_and_political_philosophy
Steps in reasoning
informative for deductive reasoning. This is demonstrated by the Watson selection task. Another example, involving probabilistic reasoning, is the conjunction
Inference
American psychotherapist and author (1929–1999)
College in 1951 and received a PhD degree in 1960 for research on deductive reasoning in patients with schizophrenia completed at The New School. In addition
Sheldon_B._Kopp
American scientist (1839–1914)
defined the concept of abductive reasoning, as well as rigorously formulating mathematical induction and deductive reasoning. He was one of the founders of
Charles_Sanders_Peirce
Intellectual capacity
specialised, but they also overlap or interact with each other. Deductive reasoning, on the other hand, has been shown to be related to either visual
Cognitive_skill
Mathematics of Ancient Greece and the Mediterranean, 5th BC to 6th AD
development of mathematics as a theoretical discipline and the use of deductive reasoning in proofs is an important difference between Greek mathematics and
Ancient_Greek_mathematics
Bias confirming existing attitudes
confirming or supportive evidence (inductive reasoning) as well as falsifying evidence (deductive reasoning). Many times in the history of science, scientists
Confirmation_bias
Problem or enigma that tests a person's ingenuity
discovery may be solved more easily by those with good deduction skills. Deductive reasoning improves with practice. Mathematical puzzles often involve BODMAS
Puzzle
Overview of and topical guide to thought
redirect targets Syllogism – Type of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning 4. Inquiry and Speculation Conjecture – Proposition in mathematics
Outline_of_thought
Logical fallacy
assumptions of an argument are factual. Unlike deductive reasoning, inductive arguments cannot prove their deductive validity and therefore lead to the problem
Appeal_to_the_stone
Attempt to persuade or to determine the truth of a conclusion
the study of the forms of reasoning in arguments and the development of standards and criteria to evaluate arguments. Deductive arguments can be valid,
Argument
Logically self-contradictory statement
philosophy Fallacy – Argument that uses faulty reasoning Formal fallacy – Faulty deductive reasoning due to a logical flaw Impossible object – Type of
Paradox
Text by Aristotle on logical fallacies
subject of deductive reasoning in ancient Greece (Soph. Ref., 34, 183b34 ff.). In it, he attempts to develop a pattern of sound and genuine reasoning in opposition
Sophistical_Refutations
Japanese literary genre
Japanese detective fiction (推理小説, suiri shōsetsu; literally deductive reasoning fiction), is a popular genre of Japanese literature. When Western detective
Japanese_detective_fiction
must use deductive reasoning and logic in order to win the game. While many games, such as bridge or poker require the use of deductive reasoning to some
Deduction_board_game
Metatheorem in mathematical logic
The deduction theorem holds for all first-order theories with the usual deductive systems for first-order logic. However, there are first-order systems
Deduction_theorem
Marvel Comics superhero
Paul Jenkins, Banner was shown to be a capable fugitive, applying deductive reasoning and observation to figure out the events transpiring around him.
Hulk
Process of extracting design information from anything artificial
process or method through which one attempts to understand through deductive reasoning how a previously made device, process, system, or piece of software
Reverse_engineering
Argument whose conclusion must be true if its premises are
In logic, specifically in deductive reasoning, an argument is valid if and only if it takes a form that makes it impossible for the premises to be true
Validity_(logic)
Process of generating creative ideas
children in which the relationship between divergent thinking and deductive reasoning were observed. Guila Fusi, Sara Lavolpe, Nara Crepaldi, and Maria
Divergent_thinking
Idea that knowledge comes only/mainly from sensory experience
Among Peirce's major contributions was to place inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning in a complementary rather than competitive mode, the latter
Empiricism
Methods in artificial intelligence research
on the other hand, for other cognitive processes (such as serial, deductive reasoning, and generative symbol manipulation processes) the symbolic paradigm
Symbolic artificial intelligence
Symbolic_artificial_intelligence
Intelligence of machines
quantifiers such as "Every X is a Y" and "There are some Xs that are Ys"). Deductive reasoning in logic is the process of proving a new statement (conclusion) from
Artificial_intelligence
Philosophical and scientific system of René Descartes
scientific knowledge can be derived a priori from 'innate ideas' through deductive reasoning. Thus Cartesianism is opposed to both Aristotelianism and empiricism
Cartesianism
Subdiscipline of psychology
example, advocates of mental model theory have sought evidence that deductive reasoning is based on image thinking. In contrast, advocates of mental logic
Cognitive_psychology
Epistemological theory
foundationalism had posited infallibility of basic beliefs and deductive reasoning between beliefs—a strong foundationalism. Around 1975, weak foundationalism
Foundationalism
Form of mathematical proof
to prove a general statement, but it does so by a finite chain of deductive reasoning involving the variable n {\displaystyle n} , which can take infinitely
Mathematical_induction
Study of general and fundamental questions
December 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022. Johnson-Laird, Phil (2009). "Deductive Reasoning". WIREs Cognitive Science. 1 (1): 8–17. doi:10.1002/wcs.20. ISSN 1939-5078
Philosophy
Statement that is taken to be true
mathematics and logic - also have general founding assertions from which a deductive reasoning can be built so as to express propositions that predict properties
Axiom
Fictional character in DC Comics
Elongated Man is a professional detective and highly skilled in deductive reasoning. He is considered one of the most brilliant detectives in the DC
Elongated_Man
Quality of being agreeable to reason
Jonathan (18 April 2005). "8. Deductive reasoning". In Morrison, Robert (ed.). The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning. Cambridge University Press
Rationality
Proposed explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem
experiment. Any useful hypothesis will enable predictions by reasoning (including deductive reasoning). It might predict the outcome of an experiment in a laboratory
Hypothesis
British psychologist
degree. The same year, he began a Ph.D. on human inference titled "Deductive reasoning and linguistic usage (with special reference to negation)", supervised
Jonathan_St_B._T._Evans
Use of science to increase knowledge
implications of principles. The notion of syllogism, a means of deductive reasoning as proceeding from previously established general rules or facts
Scientific_study
consistent throughout the entire game. Solving them typically requires deductive reasoning skills. A physics game is a type of logical puzzle video game where
List_of_video_game_genres
2009 video game
and Tribulations, and Yamazaki had the idea to have it be about deductive reasoning and crime scene investigation. The game was specifically designed
Ace Attorney Investigations: Miles Edgeworth
Ace_Attorney_Investigations:_Miles_Edgeworth
Field of artificial intelligence
knowledge in knowledge-based systems whereas knowledge representation and reasoning (KRR, KR&R, or KR²) also aims to understand, reason, and interpret knowledge
Knowledge representation and reasoning
Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning
To determine validity in non-obvious cases deductive reasoning is required. There is no deductive reasoning in an argument per se; such must come from
Argument–deduction–proof distinctions
Argument–deduction–proof_distinctions
Cosmological dualism in Chinese philosophy
The technology of yin and yang is the foundation of critical and deductive reasoning for effective differential diagnosis of disease and illnesses within
Yin_and_yang
another category, fundamental in syllogistic reasoning. categorical syllogism A form of deductive reasoning in Aristotelian logic consisting of three categorical
Glossary_of_logic
Number that is not a ratio of integers
established the deductive organization on the basis of explicit axioms..." as well as "...reinforced the earlier decision to rely on deductive reasoning for proof"
Irrational_number
Deductive philosophical argument
A transcendental argument is a kind of deductive argument that appeals to the necessary conditions that make something else possible. They are often anti-skeptical
Transcendental_argument
Teaching, learning, and scholarly research in mathematics
Euclidean geometry) as an example of an axiomatic system and a model of deductive reasoning The teaching of selected areas of mathematics (such as calculus)
Mathematics_education
Problem solving method
ethical debate. Brute-force search Depth-first search Labyrinth Deductive reasoning Computer chess J. Hillis Miller Gordian Knot Eight_queens_puzzle#Sample_program
Ariadne's_thread_(logic)
Extension of the Web to facilitate data exchange
combined. Deductive reasoning fails catastrophically when faced with inconsistency, because "anything follows from a contradiction". Defeasible reasoning and
Semantic_Web
Ability to obtain sharp perceptions
normative (discerning value including what ought to be), and formal (deductive reasoning). The process of discernment, within judgment, involves going past
Discernment_(Christianity)
Philosophical position
Apriorism (sometimes a priorism or a-priorism) in modern times, refers to epistemological positions that assume that certain knowledge can be justified
Apriorism
Rule of logical inference
(Latin for "mode that by denying denies") and denying the consequent, is a deductive argument form and a rule of inference. Modus tollens is a mixed hypothetical
Modus_tollens
True when either but not both inputs are true
Mathematical Analysis of Logic, Being an Essay Towards a Calculus of Deductive Reasoning. Cambridge/London: Macmillan, Barclay, & Macmillan/George Bell. p
Exclusive_or
Evidence that a belief is false
a central role in modern developments of defeasible reasoning. In traditional deductive reasoning the only way the conclusion of a valid argument can
Defeater
Subdivisions of science defined by their scope
the logical forms; the validity and soundness of deductive reasoning; the strength of inductive reasoning; the study of formal proofs and inference (including
Branches_of_science
Study of the development of philosophy
Descartes used various rationalist principles, particularly the focus on deductive reasoning, to build a comprehensive philosophical system upon this foundation
History_of_philosophy
Symbol in mathematical logic
In mathematical logic and computer science the symbol ⊢ ( ⊢ {\displaystyle \vdash } ) has taken the name turnstile because of its resemblance to a typical
Turnstile_(symbol)
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