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Earth's surface where water is frozen
The cryosphere is an umbrella term for those portions of Earth's surface where water is in solid form. This includes sea ice, ice on lakes or rivers, snow
Cryosphere
Peer-reviewed scientific journal
The Cryosphere is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal focusing on all aspects of frozen water and ground (especially glaciers) on Earth and on other
The_Cryosphere
Earth's southernmost continent
improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica". The Cryosphere. 7 (1): 375–393. Bibcode:2013TCry....7..375F. doi:10.5194/tc-7-375-2013
Antarctica
2019 IPCC report
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC) is a report about the effects of climate
Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
Special_Report_on_the_Ocean_and_Cryosphere_in_a_Changing_Climate
Autonomous territory of Denmark
Hemer, M.; Kopp, R.E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). "Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change" (PDF). In Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani
Greenland
Fields of natural science related to Earth
synergistic linkages of Earth's four spheres: the biosphere, hydrosphere/cryosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere (or lithosphere). Earth science can be generalized
Earth_science
Geologic formation in China
intraclasts as dropstones and diamictites to the oasis bottom. This active cryosphere prevailed under high elevations in which cryospheric processes were possible
Chishan_Formation
Critical thresholds in climate science
systems, for example in the cryosphere, within ocean currents, and in terrestrial systems. The tipping points in the cryosphere include: Greenland ice sheet
Tipping points in the climate system
Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system
Human-caused changes to climate on Earth
the last decades, global warming has led to widespread shrinking of the cryosphere, with mass loss from ice sheets and glaciers (very high confidence), reductions
Climate_change
Third planet from the sun
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the planet Earth: Earth – third planet from the Sun, the densest planet in the
Outline_of_Earth
Organization
UNAVCO was a non-profit university-governed consortium that facilitated geology research and education using geodesy. UNAVCO was funded by the National
UNAVCO
American geologist and academic (born 1957)
refereed scientific publications about the relationships between Earth's cryosphere and global climate change, and is recognized by the Institute for Scientific
Richard_Alley
Glacier on Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
century of ice retreat on Kilimanjaro: the mapping reloaded" (PDF). The Cryosphere. 7 (2). Copernicus Publications: 419–431. Bibcode:2013TCry....7..419C
Furtwängler_Glacier
Macroscopic marine algae
reducing local ocean acidification. The IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate recommends "further research attention" for the
Seaweed
Research institute
scientists study the Earth system, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, and geosphere, and communicate these findings to decision
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences
Cooperative_Institute_for_Research_in_Environmental_Sciences
Scientific study of the Earth's spheres and their natural integrated systems
sub-systems' cycles, processes and "spheres"—atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, pedosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, and even the magnetosphere—as
Earth_system_science
Valley landform on other planets (mostly Mars)
pressure beneath a thick cryosphere (layer of frozen ground), then the water was suddenly released, perhaps when the cryosphere was broken by a fault. Nirgal
Vallis_(planetary_geology)
Canadian cryosphere researcher
Natalya Gomez is a professor, researcher, cryosphere and sea level expert whose research primarily centers around the interactions between ice sheets,
Natalya_Gomez
Chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen
Villard E, Fedorova A, Fussen D, et al. (2007). "A warm layer in Venus' cryosphere and high-altitude measurements of HF, HCl, H2O and HDO" (PDF). Nature
Water
Change in the statistical distribution of climate elements for an extended period
Climate variability includes all the variations in the climate that last longer than individual weather events, whereas the term climate change only refers
Climate variability and change
Climate_variability_and_change
Era of Mars' geologic history
forming a thick cryosphere overlying a deeper zone of liquid water. Subsequent volcanic or tectonic activity occasionally fractured the cryosphere, releasing
Hesperian
Regions around Earth's geographical poles
complex of living creatures from penguins to blue whales.[citation needed] Cryosphere Polar climate "Arctic FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions about the Arctic"
Polar_regions
Earth, minus the oceans and atmosphere
Geosphere – Collective name for the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, and the atmosphere Journal of Geophysical Research - section B (Solid
Solid_earth
Impacts of climate change on the Arctic
Peter (25 January 2021). "Review article: Earth's ice imbalance". The Cryosphere. 15 (1): 233–246 Material was copied from this source, which is available
Climate_change_in_the_Arctic
Impacts of climate change on Antarctica
Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; et al. (eds.). "Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change" (PDF). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science
Climate_change_in_Antarctica
Freshwater fluxes into and out of the world's oceans
other components of the Earth's system (the lands, the atmosphere and the cryosphere). These fluxes have an impact on the local ocean properties (on sea surface
Oceanic_freshwater_flux
Body of salt water covering most of Earth
ISBN 978-1-118-34909-0. OCLC 781078031. "Summary for Policymakers". The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (PDF). 2019. pp. 3–36. doi:10.1017/9781009157964
Ocean
Indian climate scientist
He was involved in writing the IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate and the Sixth Assessment Report. Koll completed
Roxy_Mathew_Koll
Directional mass flow of oceanic water
team. Retrieved 2024-09-12. State of the Cryosphere 2024 Lost Ice, Global Damage (PDF). International Cryosphere Climate Initiative. November 2024. pp. x
Ocean_current
Scientific intergovernmental body
Report on Climate Change and Land, and the Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate came out. The IPCC also updated its methodologies
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change
Earth's southern polar ice cap
improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica". The Cryosphere. 7 (1): 375–393. Bibcode:2013TCry....7..375F. doi:10.5194/tc-7-375-2013
Antarctic_ice_sheet
Observation facility of JAXA
environmental phenomena of Earth including El Niño, Greenhouse Gases, and the cryosphere as well as environmental disasters such as fires, typhoons, and floods
Earth_Observation_Center
American meteorologist
William pioneered the use of remote sensing techniques to observe the cryosphere. Since the polar regions are dark six months of the year and largely cloud
William Joseph Campbell (meteorologist)
William_Joseph_Campbell_(meteorologist)
Outcome of seawater as it freezes
Arctic sea-ice ridge keels from repeated multibeam sonar surveys". The Cryosphere. 17 (11): 4873–4887. Bibcode:2023TCry...17.4873S. doi:10.5194/tc-17-4873-2023
Sea_ice
Collective name for the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, and the atmosphere
taken as the collective name for the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, and the atmosphere. The different collectives of the geosphere are able
Geosphere
Volcano on Heard Island
an Acceleration of Heard Island Glacier Loss over Recent Decades". The Cryosphere. 19 (7): 2677–2694. Bibcode:2025TCry...19.2677T. doi:10.5194/tc-19-2677-2025
Mawson_Peak
IPCC report
Warming of 1.5 °C, and the third is the Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC) released on 25 September 2019. The AR6 cycle
Special Report on Climate Change and Land
Special_Report_on_Climate_Change_and_Land
Interactions that create Earth's climate
interacting components: the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), the cryosphere (ice and permafrost), the lithosphere (earth's upper rocky layer) and
Climate_system
Glacier in Indonesia
Puncak Jaya (Irian Jaya/West Papua, Indonesia) close to extinction". The Cryosphere. 19 (12): 6629–6637. Bibcode:2025TCry...19.6629I. doi:10.5194/tc-19-6629-2025
Carstensz_Glacier
Physical quantity of hot and cold in ocean water
2022-10-18 at the Wayback Machine. In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate Archived 2021-07-12 at the Wayback Machine [H.-O
Ocean_temperature
uk/data/our-data/maps/thematic-maps/bedmap2/ https://www.the-cryosphere.net/7/375/2013/tc-7-375-2013.pdf article in The Cryosphere, 7, 375–393, 2013
Geography_of_Antarctica
Planet with an icy surface
such as water, ammonia, and methane. Ice planets consist of a global cryosphere. Under a geophysical definition of planet, the small icy worlds of the
Ice_planet
Decrease of pH levels in the ocean
2014. "Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate – Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate". IPCC. 25 September
Ocean_acidification
Gradual destruction of land
sources (2012) Extreme events and disasters (2012) Global Warming of 1.5 °C (2018) Climate Change & Land (2019) Ocean & Cryosphere (2019) UNFCCC WMO UNEP
Land_degradation
2022 British nature documentary series
regions, this follow-up series broadened the scope to include the entire cryosphere, whilst also placing a greater emphasis on the threats the inhabitants
Frozen_Planet_II
Persistent body of ice that moves downhill under its own weight
is called glaciology. Glaciers are important components of the global cryosphere. Glaciers are categorized by their morphology, thermal characteristics
Glacier
Organization of early career scientists interested in the polar regions and the cryosphere
postdocs, and early career faculty) interested in the polar regions and the cryosphere generally. Its mission is to raise the profile of polar scientists by
Association of Polar Early Career Scientists
Association_of_Polar_Early_Career_Scientists
Global sum of all ecosystems on Earth
relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. The biosphere is postulated to have evolved
Biosphere
Physics of the Earth and its vicinity
Earth-system and planetary perspective, including the oceans, atmosphere, cryosphere, ionosphere, magnetosphere, as well as solar–terrestrial interactions
Geophysics
Diverse group of photosynthetic organisms
for climate change mitigation. The IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate recommends "further research attention" as a mitigation
Algae
Biogeochemical cycling of chlorine
to chloride ions' solubility and reactivity within water systems. The cryosphere is able to retain some chlorine deposited by rainfall and snow, but the
Chlorine_cycle
American physics research center
divisions goal is to conduct leading research to understand ocean and cryosphere changes and variability; their interactions with weather, climate, sea
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
Geophysical_Fluid_Dynamics_Laboratory
Salt or ester of carbonic acid
"Summary for Policymakers" (PDF). IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. pp. 3–35. Kemper, F., Molster, F.J., Jager, C.
Carbonate
Storing carbon in a carbon pool
ocean for long-term burial. The IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate recommends "further research attention" on seaweed
Carbon_sequestration
Vast body of ice in Greenland, Northern Hemisphere
1038/s41586-020-2742-6. PMID 32999481. S2CID 222147426. "Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate: Executive Summary". IPCC. Archived from the original
Greenland_ice_sheet
Natural disaster in Switzerland
comparable landslide in the Alps. According to Jan Beutel, professor of alpine cryosphere at the University of Innsbruck, extreme events occur in the context of
2025_Blatten_glacier_collapse
Outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite
(3 mi) below Earth's surface. Carbonate–silicate cycle Climate system Cryosphere Geosphere Kola Superdeep Borehole Mohorovičić discontinuity Pedosphere
Lithosphere
Academic journal
research on the interactions among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, and lithosphere, including, but not limited to, research on human impacts
Earth_Interactions
Academic journal
scales, including variability of the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and cryosphere; past, present, and projected future changes in the climate system; and
Journal_of_Climate
All Latin and Greek roots beginning with G
cryomicroscopy, cryoneurolysis, cryonics, cryopreservation, cryoprotectant, cryosphere, cryosurgery, cryotherapy, cryovolcano -cry wail, shriek Latin critare
List of Greek and Latin roots in English/A–G
List_of_Greek_and_Latin_roots_in_English/A–G
Study of effects of extreme low temperatures on life
studies the effects of low temperatures on living things within Earth's cryosphere or in science. The word cryobiology is derived from the Greek words κρῧος
Cryobiology
1990 IPCC report
sources (2012) Extreme events and disasters (2012) Global Warming of 1.5 °C (2018) Climate Change & Land (2019) Ocean & Cryosphere (2019) UNFCCC WMO UNEP
IPCC_First_Assessment_Report
Large platform of glacial ice
shelf. The effects of climate change are visible in the changes to the cryosphere, such as reduction in sea ice and ice sheets, and disruption of ice shelves
Ice_shelf
Aspects of fluid mechanics involving fluid flow
flight-capable machines Astrophysical fluid dynamics – Branch of modern astronomy Cryosphere science – Earth's surface where water is frozenPages displaying short
Fluid_dynamics
List of scientists who are Christians
and nutrient cycling between terrestrial and aquatic systems, and the cryosphere and atmosphere. She is a professor at the University of Alaska Fairbanks
List of Christians in science and technology
List_of_Christians_in_science_and_technology
Oceanic division
Machine. Nsidc.org. Retrieved on 6 March 2011. Polar Sea Ice Cap and Snow – Cryosphere Today Archived 23 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Arctic.atmos.uiuc
Arctic_Ocean
American scientist
Climate Change (IPCC), retrieved 2025-12-08 In 2008 Lundquist received the Cryosphere Young Investigator Award from the American Geophysical Union. She was
Jessica_Lundquist
First epoch of the Neogene Period
September 2004). "Middle Miocene Southern Ocean Cooling and Antarctic Cryosphere Expansion". Science. 305 (5691): 1766–1770. Bibcode:2004Sci...305.1766S
Miocene
International leader in the study of present-day tectonics in Antarctica
(POLENET), to investigate the interactions between the Earth's crust and the cryosphere in Antarctica. Wilson received her BS from the University of Michigan
Terry_Wilson_(scientist)
Difference between accumulation and melting on a glacier
alpine glacier survival from accumulation zone observations" (PDF). The Cryosphere. 4 (1): 67–75. Bibcode:2010TCry....4...67P. doi:10.5194/tc-4-67-2010.
Glacier_mass_balance
Antarctic glacier
kilometres (31 and 62 mi) east of Mount Murphy. Like many other parts of the cryosphere, it has been adversely affected by climate change, and provides one of
Thwaites_Glacier
Mountainous region near the Tibetan Plateau
increased at an elevated altitude, indicating a greater susceptibility of the cryosphere environment to climate change. This trend is expected to continue. Climate
Third_Pole
Climatic and oceanographic cycle affecting Southeast Asia, Australia and Africa
change Cloud feedback Cloud forcing Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis Cryosphere Earth's energy budget Extreme event attribution Feedbacks Global warming
Indian_Ocean_Dipole
aquatic animals by weight Marine pollution Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (2019) Sustainable fisheries This article incorporates
Climate_change_and_fisheries
Biome with frigid temperatures
1038/s41612-020-0130-4. Fox-Kemper, B; et al. (2021). "Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change" (PDF). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science
Tundra
improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica" (PDF). The Cryosphere Journal. 7 (1): 390. Bibcode:2013TCry....7..375F. doi:10.5194/tc-7-375-2013
Lists_of_places_in_Antarctica
Ocean current that flows clockwise from west to east around Antarctica
2022. Glover et al. 2013 State of the Cryosphere 2024 Lost Ice, Global Damage (PDF). International Cryosphere Climate Initiative. November 2024. pp. x
Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current
Mountain range in Peru
of the tropical glaciers throughout Peru between 2000 and 2016". The Cryosphere. 13: 2537–2538. doi:10.5194/tc-13-2537-2019. hdl:20.500.12543/4372. McFadden
Raura_mountain_range
change Cloud feedback Cloud forcing Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis Cryosphere Earth's energy budget Extreme event attribution Feedbacks Global warming
2025_in_climate_change
Surface shaking on interstellar bodies in general
of tremors, ground cracking, and thundering sounds. Within the glacial cryosphere, glacial cryoseisms arise from internal cracking, ocean calving, or basal
Quake_(natural_phenomenon)
System of surface and deep currents in the Atlantic Ocean
Retrieved 21 November 2024. State of the Cryosphere 2024 Lost Ice, Global Damage (PDF). International Cryosphere Climate Initiative. November 2024. pp. x
Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation
Irregular groups of large blocks of rock
idea of a cryosphere is that an aquifer was created along with the cryosphere. As more and more ice was added resulting in a thicker cryosphere, the water
Martian_chaos_terrain
Mountain massif in Austria
lidar-based high-resolution glacier inventory in Austria" (PDF). The Cryosphere. 9: 753–766. doi:10.5194/tc-9-753-2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015. Hochkonig
Hochkönig
3rd-highest mountain on Earth
studies for assessing the impacts of the global warming on the Himalayan cryosphere, 1994–1998 (Report). Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Sciences,
Kangchenjunga
Long-term weather pattern of a region
components of the climate system, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere and biosphere and the interactions between them. The climate
Climate
Atmospheric constituent and greenhouse gas
Change. ISBN 978-92-9169-158-6. "Summary for Policymakers". The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (PDF). 2019. pp. 3–36. doi:10.1017/9781009157964
Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Earth
Carbon_dioxide_in_the_atmosphere_of_Earth
Tourist complex in Yakutsk, Sakha Republic, Russia
v t e Permafrost Overview Active layer Cryosphere Ice wedge Palsa Patterned ground Rock glacier Solifluction Types Periglacial lake Periglaciation Yedoma
Permafrost_Kingdom
Geologic event in which sea level falls relative to the land
and episodes of glaciation. As the balance shifts between the global cryosphere and hydrosphere, more of the planet's water in ice sheets means less in
Marine_regression
Slow response of complex feedback systems
and elsewhere. For example, heat transport and storage in the ocean, cryosphere, land and atmosphere are elements within a lumped thermal analysis. Response
Climate_inertia
British physicist
has authored more than 200 refereed scientific publications about the cryosphere and its interaction with the rest of the Earth System, and is recognized
Jonathan_Bamber
Type of natural disaster
detachments of low-angle mountain glaciers – more frequent than thought?". The Cryosphere. 15 (4): 1751–1785. doi:10.5194/tc-15-1751-2021. hdl:10150/659979. Retrieved
Glacier_collapse
Academic journal
modeling research on the structure and behavior of the atmosphere, oceans, cryosphere, biomass, and land surface as interacting components of the dynamics of
Climate_Dynamics
Topics referred to by the same term
of superconductivity under cryogenic conditions and its applications Cryosphere, those portions of Earth's surface where water ice naturally occurs Cryotron
Cryo
Measurement of the spatial extent of sea ice
and 2005. Sea ice concentration Sea ice growth processes "State of the Cryosphere, Sea Ice". NSIDC. Archived from the original on 2012-12-26. Retrieved
Sea_ice_thickness
"Chapter 3: Polar Regions" (PDF). IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. p. 212. Rintoul, S. R.; Chown, S. L.; DeConto,
History of climate change science
History_of_climate_change_science
Body of water between Great Britain and France
Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities — Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate". Retrieved 22 June 2023. Robinson, Debbie. "University
English_Channel
crust and continental crust, both of which "float" on top of the mantle. cryosphere The totality of water in the solid phase on the Earth's surface, including
Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
Organization
the cryosphere. The primary observing systems contributing to the GCOS are the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS), the Global Cryosphere Watch
Global Climate Observing System
Global_Climate_Observing_System
Mountain in Indonesia
Puncak Jaya (Irian Jaya/West Papua, Indonesia) close to extinction". The Cryosphere. 19 (12): 6629–6637. Bibcode:2025TCry...19.6629I. doi:10.5194/tc-19-6629-2025
Carstensz_East
High discharge perennial spring on Ellesmere Island, Canada
surface, and circulated deep into the Earth before returning through the cryosphere. The spring flows year-round, even in the middle of winter when surface
Ice_River_Spring
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