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Philosophical argument against compatilibism by Peter van Inwagen
The Consequence Argument is a philosophical argument for the incompatibility of free will and determinism. The argument was most notably introduced by
Consequence_argument
Relationship where one statement follows from another
statements. A valid logical argument is one in which the conclusion is entailed by the premises, because the conclusion is the consequence of the premises. The
Logical_consequence
Logical fallacy
Appeal to consequences, also known as argumentum ad consequentiam (Latin for "argument to the consequence"), is an argument that concludes a hypothesis
Appeal_to_consequences
Rhetorical argument
slippery slope argument is that a specific decision under debate is likely to result in unintended consequences. The strength of such an argument depends on
Slippery_slope
Attempt to persuade or to determine the truth of a conclusion
the terminology used with arguments. A deductive argument asserts that the truth of the conclusion is a logical consequence of the premises: if the premises
Argument
Contradiction of free will and determinism
actions are free and not determined. Peter van Inwagen proposed his consequence argument to argue that free will is not compatible with determinism. He assumes
Incompatibilism
Threat of force to make a conclusion accepted
the negative consequences of holding the contrary position, regardless of the contrary position's truth value—particularly when the argument-maker himself
Argumentum_ad_baculum
Form of reasoning
bad. One consequence of this approach is that deductive arguments cannot be identified by the law of inference they use. For example, an argument of the
Deductive_reasoning
American philosopher (born 1942)
Inwagen's central argument (the consequence argument) for this view is that "If determinism is true, then our acts are the consequences of the laws of nature
Peter_van_Inwagen
Form of incorrect argument and informal fallacy
(sometimes written as strawman) is the informal fallacy of refuting an argument different from the one actually under discussion, while not recognizing
Straw_man
Argument whose conclusion must be true if its premises are
a necessary consequence of its premises. An argument that is not valid is said to be "invalid". An example of a valid (and sound) argument is given by
Validity_(logic)
Logical fallacy in which the conclusion provides the premise
defect in an argument whereby the premises are just as much in need of proof or evidence as the conclusion. As a consequence, the argument becomes a matter
Circular_reasoning
Type of argument
In argumentation theory, an argumentation scheme or argument scheme is a template that represents a common type of argument used in ordinary conversation
Argumentation_scheme
Ability to make choices voluntarily
will. This is called the consequence argument. Peter van Inwagen remarks that C. D. Broad had a version of the consequence argument as early as the 1930s
Free_will
Study of fundamental reality
transcendental idealism and absolute idealism. For example, the consequence argument by Peter van Inwagen says that people have no power over the future
Metaphysics
Argument for the existence of God
which attempted to show the absurd consequences of the ontological argument. Later, Thomas Aquinas rejected the argument on the basis that humans cannot
Ontological_argument
Mathematical logical symbol of 3 dots
In logical argument and mathematical proof, the therefore sign, ∴, is generally used before a logical consequence, such as the conclusion of a syllogism
Therefore_sign
Method of deriving conclusions
the conclusion is a logical consequence of the premises. Rules of inference belong to deductive logic and describe argument forms that fulfill this requirement
Rule_of_inference
Argument for the existence of God
In philosophy of religion, a cosmological argument is an argument for the existence of God based on observational statements concerning the universe and
Cosmological_argument
use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument. All forms of human communication can contain fallacies. Because of their
List_of_fallacies
Study of correct reasoning
ampliative arguments make their conclusion very likely while weak ones are less certain. As a consequence, the line between correct and incorrect arguments is
Logic
Philosophical question
religion and theology. A wide variety of arguments for and against the existence of God (with the same or similar arguments also generally being used when talking
Existence_of_God
Theorem in complex analysis
In complex analysis, the argument principle (or Cauchy's argument principle) is a theorem relating the difference between the number of zeros and poles
Argument_principle
Term in logic and deductive reasoning
sound argument is an argument that is valid and all of its premises are true (and as a consequence its conclusion is true as well). An argument is valid
Soundness
Doomsday scenario on human births
The doomsday argument (DA), or Carter catastrophe, is a probabilistic argument that aims to predict the total number of humans who will ever live. It
Doomsday_argument
Philosophical concept about free will
will. A prominent criticism of compatibilism is Peter van Inwagen's consequence argument. Critics of compatibilism often focus on the definitions of free
Compatibilism
Attacking the person rather than their argument
('an argument to the person'), refers to when a speaker attacks the character, motive, or some other attribute of the person making an argument rather
Ad_hominem
Proof in set theory
Cantor's diagonal argument (among various similar names) is a mathematical proof that there are infinite sets which cannot be put into one-to-one correspondence
Cantor's_diagonal_argument
Logical fallacy
Wikiquote has quotations related to Argument from authority. An argument from authority (Latin: argumentum ab auctoritate, also called an appeal to authority
Argument_from_authority
Argument that leads to a logical absurdity
argumentum ad absurdum, (Latin for "argument to absurdity") apagogical argument, or proof by contradiction, is the form of argument that attempts to establish
Reductio_ad_absurdum
Type of argument
Semantic argument is a type of argument in which one fixes the meaning of a term in order to support their argument. Semantic arguments are commonly used
Semantic_argument
Concept in propositional logic
∴ c {\displaystyle {\therefore c}} The conclusion of this argument is a logical consequence of the premises because it is impossible for all the premises
Tautological_consequence
Logical reasoning method
question. Finally, Hume provides many possible "unintended consequences" of the argument. For instance, objects such as watches are often the result
Argument_from_analogy
Informal fallacy that the truth is always a compromise
Argument to moderation (Latin: argumentum ad temperantiam)—also known as the false compromise, argument from middle ground, fallacy of gray, middle ground
Argument_to_moderation
Input to a mathematical function
In mathematics, an argument of a function is a value provided to obtain the function's result. It is also called an independent variable. For example,
Argument_of_a_function
Branch of logic
precisely specify valid arguments. This is done by defining a valid argument as one in which its conclusion is a logical consequence of its premises, which
Propositional_logic
Method in artificial intelligence
a logic based argumentation framework is a set of formulae (the consequences of the accepted arguments). The value-based argumentation frameworks come
Argumentation_framework
Informal logical fallacy
from the facts of the argument (a so-called "red herring") and encompasses several logical fallacies, including appeal to consequences, appeal to fear, appeal
Appeal_to_emotion
Fallacy of claiming the majority is always correct
In argumentation theory, an argumentum ad populum (Latin for 'appeal to the people') is an informal fallacy that asserts a claim is true, good, or correct
Argumentum_ad_populum
Fallacy that since an argument contains a logical fallacy, its conclusion must be false
Argument from fallacy is the formal fallacy of analyzing an argument and inferring that, since it contains a fallacy, its conclusion must be false. It
Argument_from_fallacy
Set of statements constructed to describe a set of facts which clarifies causes
constructed to describe a set of facts that clarifies the causes, context, and consequences of those facts. It may establish rules or laws, and clarifies the existing
Explanation
English philosopher (1887–1971)
formulated an excellent version of what van Inwagen has called the "Consequence Argument" in defence of incompatibilism. Broad distinguished between critical
C._D._Broad
Internet adage about Nazi comparisons
censorship, when miscasting an opponent's argument as hyperbole even when the comparison made by the argument is appropriate. Godwin has criticized the
Godwin's_law
Evidence relying on personal testimony
requires statistical evidence. Misuse of anecdotal evidence in the form of argument from anecdote is an informal fallacy and is sometimes referred to as the
Anecdotal_evidence
Informal fallacy
Argument from ignorance (Latin: argumentum ad ignorantiam), or appeal to ignorance, is an informal fallacy where something is claimed to be true or false
Argument_from_ignorance
2025 single by Sabrina Carpenter
featuring a B-side track titled "Inside of Your Head When You've Just Won an Argument with a Man". To support the release, fans hosted a drive-in theater experience
Manchild (Sabrina Carpenter song)
Manchild_(Sabrina_Carpenter_song)
Formal fallacy
of ad hominem arguments which attack the speaker rather than addressing the claims, but they are a distinct class of fallacious argument, and both are
Association_fallacy
Informal logical fallacy
Argument from incredulity, also known as argument from personal incredulity, appeal to common sense, or the divine fallacy, is a fallacy in informal logic
Argument_from_incredulity
Distraction technique and anti-debate tactic
A tone argument (also called tone policing) is a type of ad hominem aimed at the tone of an argument instead of its factual or logical content in order
Tone_policing
Hypothesis that reality could be a computer simulation
"evil demon". In 2003, philosopher Nick Bostrom proposed the simulation argument suggesting that if a civilization becomes capable of creating conscious
Simulation_hypothesis
20th-century tradition of Western philosophy
free will, in mainstream analytic philosophy. He introduces the consequence argument and the term incompatibilism about free will and determinism, to
Analytic_philosophy
2001 studio album by Fugazi
was included on Consequence of Sound's list of "10 Artists Who Went Out on Their Best Album", with the website writing that The Argument "opens up and reveals
The_Argument_(Fugazi_album)
Type of informal fallacy
motte-and-bailey castle), also called the castle and courtyard, is a form of argument and an informal fallacy where an arguer conflates two positions that share
Motte-and-bailey_fallacy
Argument based on lack of statements
To make an argument from silence (Latin: argumentum ex silentio) is to express a conclusion that is based on the absence of statements in historical documents
Argument_from_silence
Method of logical reasoning
refers to a variety of methods of reasoning in which the conclusion of an argument is supported not with deductive certainty, but at best with some degree
Inductive_reasoning
Type of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning
συλλογισμός, syllogismos, 'conclusion, inference') is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two
Syllogism
Fallacy of incomplete evidence
written: The one-sidedness fallacy does not make an argument invalid. It may not even make the argument unsound. The fallacy consists in persuading readers
Cherry_picking
Fallacy regarding hypocrisy
discredit the opponent's argument by attacking the opponent's own personal behaviour and actions as being inconsistent with their argument, so that the opponent
Tu_quoque
Philosophical argument based on the theory of relativity
In philosophy, the Rietdijk–Putnam argument, named after C. Wim Rietdijk [nl] and Hilary Putnam, uses 20th-century findings in physics – specifically in
Rietdijk–Putnam_argument
Statement supporting a conclusion
is applied, and a conclusion that states the legal consequences. This pattern appears in the argument "If a party breaks a contract, they are liable for
Premise
Argument that uses faulty reasoning
use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument that may appear to be well-reasoned if unnoticed. The term was introduced
Fallacy
premise–conclusion argument, is a two-part system composed of premises and conclusion. An argument is valid if and only if its conclusion is a consequence of its
Argument–deduction–proof distinctions
Argument–deduction–proof_distinctions
Value judgment that procreation is unethical
into existence is always a harm, which is known as Benatar's asymmetry argument. Antinatalism as a philosophical concept is to be distinguished from antinatalist
Antinatalism
Logic founded on unproven premises
when an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion. Historically, begging the question refers to a fault in a dialectical argument in which
Begging_the_question
Type of logical fallacy
errs as to that person's opponent. Taken to its logical consequence, it implies that all arguments are unreliable and hence undermines all rational thought
Bulverism
Process of drawing correct inferences
Such an argument is called a valid argument, for example: all men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal. For valid arguments, it is
Logical_reasoning
Argument in the philosophy of mathematics
The Quine–Putnam indispensability argument is an argument in the philosophy of mathematics for the existence of abstract mathematical objects such as
Quine–Putnam indispensability argument
Quine–Putnam_indispensability_argument
Rhetorical tactic and potential fallacy
appeal to nature is a rhetorical technique for presenting and proposing the argument that "a thing is good because it is 'natural', or bad because it is 'unnatural'
Appeal_to_nature
Fundamental theorem in mathematical logic
expressed more generally in terms of logical consequence. We say that a sentence s is a syntactic consequence of a theory T, denoted T ⊢ s {\displaystyle
Gödel's_completeness_theorem
Type of fallacious argument (logical fallacy)
necessity and sufficiency) is a formal fallacy (or an invalid form of argument) that is committed when, in the context of an indicative conditional statement
Affirming_the_consequent
Hypothesis about sapient life and the universe
that 3-dimensional space was a consequence of the inverse square law of universal gravitation. While Kant's argument is historically important, John
Anthropic_principle
Logical fallacy in which a thesis is deemed correct on the basis of tradition
incorrect because of being traditional. Appeal to novelty Argument from authority Argument to moderation Common sense Conservatism Herd mentality Inductive
Appeal_to_tradition
Mathematical-logic system based on functions
order The leftmost innermost redex is reduced first. As a consequence, a function's arguments are always reduced before they are substituted into the function
Lambda_calculus
Philosophical theory
(this route, however, has serious consequences for selecting between hypotheses about the abstract). This argument has also been criticized by Seyyed
Mind–body_dualism
Thought experiment in physics
Isaac Newton's rotating bucket argument (also known as Newton's bucket) is a thought experiment that was designed to demonstrate that true rotational motion
Bucket_argument
2013 studio album by Grant Hart
2013). "Grant Hart - The Argument". The A.V. Club. Bray, Ryan (July 22, 2013). "Album Review: Grant Hart - The Argument". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved July
The Argument (Grant Hart album)
The_Argument_(Grant_Hart_album)
Discussion that has continued to the point of nausea
Ad nauseam is a Latin term used to describe an argument or a discussion that has been extended to the figurative point of nausea. For example, "this has
Ad_nauseam
2011 EP by Jens Lekman
Austin (21 September 2011). "Album Review: Jens Lekman – An Argument With Myself EP". Consequence of Sound. Archived from the original on 10 October 2011
An_Argument_with_Myself
Hypothesis about life in the universe
be consumed in the first few minutes after the Big Bang. This "diproton argument" is disputed by other physicists, who calculate that as long as the increase
Fine-tuned_universe
Faulty deductive reasoning due to a logical flaw
to a formal fallacy. While "the logical argument is a non sequitur" is synonymous with "the logical argument is invalid", the term non sequitur typically
Formal_fallacy
Logical fallacy
invalidate someone else's argument on the basis that the same idea was promoted or practised by Adolf Hitler or the Nazi Party. Arguments can be termed reductio
Reductio_ad_Hitlerum
Argument for the existence of God
The argument from beauty (also the aesthetic argument) is an argument for the existence of a realm of immaterial ideas or, most commonly, for the existence
Argument_from_beauty
Ethical and physical thought experiment
Adolf Hitler. It presents an ethical dilemma in both the action and its consequences, as well as a temporal paradox in the logical consistency of time. Killing
Killing_baby_Hitler
Idea that refutes itself
self-defeating idea is an idea or statement whose falsehood is a logical consequence of the act or situation of holding them to be true. Many ideas are called
Self-refuting_idea
Argument for the existence of God
The argument from degrees, also known as the degrees of perfection argument or the henological argument, is an argument for the existence of God first
Argument_from_degree
Argument for the existence of God
The argument from miracles is an argument for the existence of God that begins by asserting that there are kinds of possible events the best explanation
Argument_from_miracles
Form of incorrect argument in natural language
are a type of incorrect argument in natural language. The source of the error is not necessarily due to the form of the argument, as is the case for formal
Informal_fallacy
Rhetorical cliché phrase
an appeal to emotion, and therefore may become a logical fallacy. Art, Argument, and Advocacy (2002) argued that the appeal substitutes emotion for reason
Think_of_the_children
Theorem in formal logic
syllogism. An alternate argument for the principle stems from model theory. A sentence P {\displaystyle P} is a semantic consequence of a set of sentences
Principle_of_explosion
Rule of logical inference
"mode that by denying denies") and denying the consequent, is a deductive argument form and a rule of inference. Modus tollens is a mixed hypothetical syllogism
Modus_tollens
Refutation of a logical fallacy
self-esteem. One making an argument based on these two phenomena must however be careful to avoid the fallacy of circular cause and consequence. Poverty is a cause
Correlation does not imply causation
Correlation_does_not_imply_causation
1896 lecture by William James
Will to Believe,' accordingly, is the title of my paper." James' central argument in "The Will to Believe" hinges on the idea that access to the evidence
The_Will_to_Believe
Argument in combinatorial game theory
In combinatorial game theory, the strategy-stealing argument is a general argument that shows, for many two-player games, that the second player cannot
Strategy-stealing_argument
Philosophical thought experiment
the argument produced significant literature, and works such as The Matrix franchise are considered inspired by Putnam's argument. Putnam's argument is
Brain_in_a_vat
Type of informal fallacy
fallacy of assuming that an aspect of nature which has socially unpleasant consequences cannot exist. Its typical form is "if X were true, then Z would happen
Moralistic_fallacy
Formula in complex analysis
equicontinuous on each compact subset; thus, Ascoli's theorem and the diagonal argument give a claimed subsequence. Cauchy's estimate is also valid for holomorphic
Cauchy's_estimate
Logical connective
functional operator which returns "true" unless its first argument is true and its second argument is false. This semantics can be shown graphically in the
Material_conditional
Function with variable number of arguments
attempt to pop more arguments off the stack than were placed there, corrupting the stack and leading to unexpected behavior. As a consequence of this, the CERT
Variadic_function
Rule of logical inference
implication elimination, or affirming the antecedent, is a deductive argument form and rule of inference. It can be summarized as "P implies Q. P is
Modus_ponens
Type of logical fallacy
keeps arguing that because it's legal it must be ethical" Appeal to consequences Argument from authority Legal threat Circular reasoning "'Well, It's Not
Appeal_to_the_law
CONSEQUENCE ARGUMENT
CONSEQUENCE ARGUMENT
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Middle English streit ‘narrow’, ‘strict’ (Anglo-Norman French estreit).German and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : nickname for a quarrelsome person, from Middle High German strīt, German Streit ‘strife’, ‘argument’.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Argument; Reasoning; Proof
Surname or Lastname
English
English : of uncertain origin, probably from the Old Norse byname Strútr (from a vocabulary word referring to a cone-like ornament on a headdress or cap). Alternatively it may be a nickname for an argumentative person, from Middle English strut(t) ‘quarrel’.German : topographic name from Middle High German struot, strūt ‘brush’, ‘thicket’, ‘swamp’, or a habitational name from any of several places named Struth with this word.
Boy/Male
Indian
Argument, Reasoning, Proof
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Result; Consequence
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian, Muslim
Proofs; Arguments
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Sewell.Samuel Sewall (1652–1730) came with his parents from Bishop Stoke, Hampshire, England, to Newbury, MA, as a nine-year-old boy. In 1676 he married Hannah Hull, a wealthy heiress, and in 1681 he was appointed printer to the Council in Boston. He served as a judge in the infamous Salem witchcraft trials of 1692—the only one of the judges to admit publicly that he had been wrong. In 1700 he published The Selling of Joseph, which argues that all men are created equal and presents theological arguments against slavery.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Middle English and Old French personal name Lorens, Laurence (Latin Laurentius ‘man from Laurentum’, a place in Italy probably named from its laurels or bay trees). The name was borne by a saint who was martyred at Rome in the 3rd century ad; he enjoyed a considerable cult throughout Europe, with consequent popularity of the personal name (French Laurent, Italian, Spanish Lorenzo, Catalan Llorenç, Portuguese Lourenço, German Laurenz; Polish Wawrzyniec (assimilated to the Polish word wawrzyn ‘laurel’), etc.). The surname is also borne by Jews among whom it is presumably an Americanized form of one or more like-sounding Ashkenazic surnames.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for an argumentative person, from Old English flītere ‘disputer’, an agent derivative of flītan ‘to wrangle’.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Argument, Reasoning, Proof
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Argument reasoning, proof
Surname or Lastname
English (northern England)
English (northern England) : habitational name from places called Hoole, in Cheshire and Lancashire. The former is so called from the Old English dative case hole of holh ‘hollow’, ‘depression’; the latter from Middle English hule ‘hut’, ‘shelter’ (Old English hulu ‘husk’, ‘covering’). In both cases the final -e is now silent in the place name, but has been retained in the surname, with consequent alteration in the spelling.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Orbit, Eye socket, Argument
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly Kent and Sussex)
English (mainly Kent and Sussex) : from the Middle English personal name Pain(e), Payn(e) (Old French Paien, from Latin Paganus), introduced to Britain by the Normans. The Latin name is a derivative of pagus ‘outlying village’, and meant at first a person who lived in the country (as opposed to Urbanus ‘city dweller’), then a civilian as opposed to a soldier, and eventually a heathen (one not enrolled in the army of Christ). This remained a popular name throughout the Middle Ages, but it died out in the 16th century.Thomas Payne, who was a freeman of the Plymouth Colony in 1639, was the founder of a large American family, which included Robert Treat Paine (1731–1814), one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. The author of the republican treatise The Rights of Man, Thomas Paine (1737–1809), left England for North America in the mid 1770s, where he became involved in the movement that led to independence. His pamphlet of 1776, Common Sense, influenced the Declaration of Independence and furnished some of the arguments justifying it.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Contentious; Inclined to Quarrel; Argumentative
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Reasoning; Proof; Argument
Boy/Male
Indian
Orbit, Eye socket, Argument
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Argument; Proof; Reasoning
CONSEQUENCE ARGUMENT
CONSEQUENCE ARGUMENT
Boy/Male
Hindu
Surname or Lastname
English (Kent)
English (Kent) : from Middle English crust(e), Old French crouste ‘crust of bread’, according to Reaney applied as a nickname for a stubborn or obstinate person.
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly Lancashire and Staffordshire)
English (mainly Lancashire and Staffordshire) : patronymic from Hodge.
Boy/Male
Muslim
One who shows the way, Ewe, Traveler, Path guider
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from a place now in Greater London, so called from Old English stocc ‘tree trunk’, ‘plank bridge’ + well(a) ‘spring’, ‘stream’.
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, British, English
From the Fern Slope
Girl/Female
Indian
Goddess Durga
Girl/Female
Muslim
Thankful one
Boy/Male
Indian, Telugu
God
Boy/Male
Indian
Essence of bliss
CONSEQUENCE ARGUMENT
CONSEQUENCE ARGUMENT
CONSEQUENCE ARGUMENT
CONSEQUENCE ARGUMENT
CONSEQUENCE ARGUMENT
n.
Chain of causes and effects; consecution.
n.
Remote consequence.
n.
The coming as a consequence; contingency; also, an event which comes as a consequence.
n.
That which depends; corollary; consequence.
a.
Inferring no consequence.
adv.
Consequently; by consequence.
conj.
In that case; in consequence; as a consequence; therefore; for this reason.
n.
The quality or state of being inconsequent; want of just or logical inference or argument; inconclusiveness.
a.
Following by consequence; consequent; deducible.
a.
Following as a consequence, result, or logical inference; consequent.
n.
That which follows from propositions by rational deduction; that which is deduced from reasoning or argumentation; a conclusion, or inference.
a.
Following by necessary inference or rational deduction; as, a proposition consequent to other propositions.
n.
Importance with respect to what comes after; power to influence or produce an effect; value; moment; rank; distinction.
n.
Importance; moment; consequence.
adv.
By reduction; by consequence.
n.
A proposition collected from the agreement of other previous propositions; any conclusion which results from reason or argument; inference.
n.
That which follows something on which it depends; that which is produced by a cause; a result.
n.
Inconsequence.
n.
Importance; weight; consequence.
n.
Importance; moment; weight; consequence.