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Philosophical argument against compatilibism by Peter van Inwagen
The Consequence Argument is a philosophical argument for the incompatibility of free will and determinism. The argument was most notably introduced by
Consequence_argument
Relationship in which one statement follows from another
statements. A valid logical argument is one in which the conclusion is entailed by the premises, because the conclusion is the consequence of the premises. The
Logical_consequence
Logical fallacy
Appeal to consequences, also known as argumentum ad consequentiam (Latin for "argument to the consequence"), is an argument that concludes a hypothesis
Appeal_to_consequences
Form of reasoning
bad. One consequence of this approach is that deductive arguments cannot be identified by the law of inference they use. For example, an argument of the
Deductive_reasoning
Attempt to persuade or to determine the truth of a conclusion
the terminology used with arguments. A deductive argument asserts that the truth of the conclusion is a logical consequence of the premises: if the premises
Argument
Rhetorical argument
slippery slope argument is that a specific decision under debate is likely to result in unintended consequences. The strength of such an argument depends on
Slippery_slope
Threat of force to make a conclusion accepted
the negative consequences of holding the contrary position, regardless of the contrary position's truth value—particularly when the argument-maker himself
Argumentum_ad_baculum
Contradiction of free will and determinism
actions are free and not determined. Peter van Inwagen proposed his consequence argument to argue that free will is not compatible with determinism. He assumes
Incompatibilism
Form of incorrect argument and informal fallacy
(sometimes written as strawman) is the informal fallacy of refuting an argument different from the one actually under discussion, while not recognizing
Straw_man
Argument whose conclusion must be true if its premises are
a necessary consequence of its premises. An argument that is not valid is said to be "invalid". An example of a valid (and sound) argument is given by
Validity_(logic)
Attacking the person rather than their argument
Ad hominem, short for argumentum ad hominem ('argument directed at the person'), is a rhetorical tactic of attacking the character, motive, or some other
Ad_hominem
American philosopher (born 1942)
Inwagen's central argument (the consequence argument) for this view is that "If determinism is true, then our acts are the consequences of the laws of nature
Peter_van_Inwagen
Logical fallacy
Wikiquote has quotations related to Argument from authority. An argument from authority (Latin: argumentum ab auctoritate, also called an appeal to authority
Argument_from_authority
Argument for the existence of God
which attempted to show the absurd consequences of the ontological argument. Later, Thomas Aquinas rejected the argument on the basis that humans cannot
Ontological_argument
reasoning that undermines an argument's support for its conclusion. In academic usage, the term usually applies to arguments, although it is sometimes used
List_of_fallacies
Logical fallacy in which the conclusion provides the premise
defect in an argument whereby the premises are just as much in need of proof or evidence as the conclusion. As a consequence, the argument becomes a matter
Circular_reasoning
Type of argument
In argumentation theory, an argumentation scheme or argument scheme is a template that represents a common type of argument used in ordinary conversation
Argumentation_scheme
Study of correct reasoning
ampliative arguments make their conclusion very likely while weak ones are less certain. As a consequence, the line between correct and incorrect arguments is
Logic
Argument for the existence of God
In philosophy of religion, a cosmological argument is an argument for the existence of God based on observational statements concerning the universe and
Cosmological_argument
Term in logic and deductive reasoning
sound argument is an argument that is valid and all of its premises are true (and as a consequence its conclusion is true as well). An argument is valid
Soundness
Philosophical question
religion and theology. A wide variety of arguments for and against the existence of God (with the same or similar arguments also generally being used when talking
Existence_of_God
Doomsday scenario on human births
The doomsday argument (DA), or Carter catastrophe, is a probabilistic argument that aims to predict the total number of humans who will ever live. It
Doomsday_argument
Logical reasoning method
question. Finally, Hume provides many possible "unintended consequences" of the argument. For instance, objects such as watches are often the result
Argument_from_analogy
Mathematical logical symbol of 3 dots
In logical argument and mathematical proof, the therefore sign, ∴, is generally used before a logical consequence, such as the conclusion of a syllogism
Therefore_sign
Ability to make choices voluntarily
will. This is called the consequence argument. Peter van Inwagen remarks that C. D. Broad had a version of the consequence argument as early as the 1930s
Free_will
Philosophical concept about free will
will. A prominent criticism of compatibilism is Peter van Inwagen's consequence argument. Critics of compatibilism often focus on the definitions of free
Compatibilism
Argument that leads to a logical absurdity
absurdum arguments (known as prasaṅga, "consequence" in Sanskrit). In the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā, Nāgārjuna's reductio ad absurdum arguments are used to
Reductio_ad_absurdum
Concept in propositional logic
∴ c {\displaystyle {\therefore c}} The conclusion of this argument is a logical consequence of the premises because it is impossible for all the premises
Tautological_consequence
premise–conclusion argument, is a two-part system composed of premises and conclusion. An argument is valid if and only if its conclusion is a consequence of its
Argument–deduction–proof distinctions
Argument–deduction–proof_distinctions
Fallacy of claiming the majority is always correct
In argumentation theory, an argumentum ad populum (Latin for 'appeal to the people') is an informal fallacy that asserts a claim is true, good, or correct
Argumentum_ad_populum
Study of fundamental reality
transcendental idealism and absolute idealism. For example, the consequence argument by Peter van Inwagen says that people have no power over the future
Metaphysics
Proof in set theory
Cantor's diagonal argument (among various similar names) is a mathematical proof that there are infinite sets which cannot be put into one-to-one correspondence
Cantor's_diagonal_argument
Informal logical fallacy
from the facts of the argument (a so-called "red herring") and encompasses several logical fallacies, including appeal to consequences, appeal to fear, appeal
Appeal_to_emotion
Theorem in complex analysis
In complex analysis, the argument principle (or Cauchy's argument principle) is a theorem relating the difference between the number of zeros and poles
Argument_principle
English philosopher (1887–1971)
formulated an excellent version of what van Inwagen has called the "Consequence Argument" in defence of incompatibilism. Broad distinguished between critical
C._D._Broad
Informal fallacy
Argument from ignorance (Latin: argumentum ad ignorantiam), or appeal to ignorance, is an informal fallacy where something is claimed to be true or false
Argument_from_ignorance
Formal fallacy
of ad hominem arguments which attack the speaker rather than addressing the claims, but they are a distinct class of fallacious argument, and both are
Association_fallacy
Evidence relying on personal testimony
requires statistical evidence. Misuse of anecdotal evidence in the form of argument from anecdote is an informal fallacy and is sometimes referred to as the
Anecdotal_evidence
Informal fallacy that the truth is always a compromise
Argument to moderation (Latin: argumentum ad temperantiam)—also known as the false compromise, argument from middle ground, fallacy of gray, middle ground
Argument_to_moderation
Fallacy that since an argument contains a logical fallacy, its conclusion must be false
Argument from fallacy is the formal fallacy of analyzing an argument and inferring that, since it contains a fallacy, its conclusion must be false. It
Argument_from_fallacy
Type of argument
Semantic argument is a type of argument in which one fixes the meaning of a term in order to support their argument. Semantic arguments are commonly used
Semantic_argument
Type of fallacious argument (logical fallacy)
necessity and sufficiency) is a formal fallacy (or an invalid form of argument) that is committed when, in the context of an indicative conditional statement
Affirming_the_consequent
Fallacy regarding hypocrisy
discredit the opponent's argument by attacking the opponent's own personal behaviour and actions as being inconsistent with their argument, so that the opponent
Tu_quoque
2001 studio album by Fugazi
was included on Consequence of Sound's list of "10 Artists Who Went Out on Their Best Album", with the website writing that The Argument "opens up and reveals
The_Argument_(Fugazi_album)
Discussion that has continued to the point of nausea
Ad nauseam is a Latin term used to describe an argument or a discussion that has been extended to the figurative point of nausea. For example, "this has
Ad_nauseam
Informal logical fallacy
Argument from incredulity, also known as argument from personal incredulity, appeal to common sense, or the divine fallacy, is a fallacy in informal logic
Argument_from_incredulity
Logical fallacy in which a thesis is deemed correct on the basis of tradition
incorrect because of being traditional. Appeal to novelty Argument from authority Argument to moderation Common sense Conservatism Herd mentality Inductive
Appeal_to_tradition
Type of informal fallacy
motte-and-bailey castle), also called the castle and courtyard, is a form of argument and an informal fallacy where an arguer conflates two positions that share
Motte-and-bailey_fallacy
Philosophical argument based on the theory of relativity
In philosophy, the Rietdijk–Putnam argument, named after C. Wim Rietdijk [nl] and Hilary Putnam, uses 20th-century findings in physics – specifically in
Rietdijk–Putnam_argument
Hypothesis that reality could be a computer simulation
"evil demon". In 2003, philosopher Nick Bostrom proposed the simulation argument suggesting that if a civilization becomes capable of creating conscious
Simulation_hypothesis
Method in artificial intelligence
a logic based argumentation framework is a set of formulae (the consequences of the accepted arguments). The value-based argumentation frameworks come
Argumentation_framework
Argument that uses faulty reasoning
use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument that may appear to be well-reasoned if unnoticed. The term was introduced
Fallacy
Method of logical reasoning
refers to a variety of methods of reasoning in which the conclusion of an argument is supported with some degree of probability, but not deductive certainty
Inductive_reasoning
Internet adage about Nazi comparisons
censorship, when miscasting an opponent's argument as hyperbole even when the comparison made by the argument is appropriate. Godwin has criticized the
Godwin's_law
Branch of logic
precisely specify valid arguments. This is done by defining a valid argument as one in which its conclusion is a logical consequence of its premises, which
Propositional_logic
Logic founded on unproven premises
when an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion. Historically, begging the question refers to a fault in a dialectical argument in which
Begging_the_question
2023 book by Anton Jäger
Politicization without Political Consequences is a book by Belgian historian Anton Jäger. It examines the growth of political argument and protest alongside the
Hyperpolitics
Theorem in formal logic
syllogism. An alternate argument for the principle stems from model theory. A sentence P {\displaystyle P} is a semantic consequence of a set of sentences
Principle_of_explosion
Input to a mathematical function
In mathematics, an argument of a function is a value provided to obtain the function's result. It is also called an independent variable. For example,
Argument_of_a_function
Philosophical question
definitions. Generally, a defense refers to attempts to address the logical argument of evil that says "it is logically impossible – not just unlikely – that
Problem_of_evil
Type of logical fallacy
keeps arguing that because it's legal it must be ethical" Appeal to consequences Argument from authority Legal threat Circular reasoning "'Well, It's Not
Appeal_to_the_law
2011 EP by Jens Lekman
Austin (21 September 2011). "Album Review: Jens Lekman – An Argument With Myself EP". Consequence of Sound. Archived from the original on 10 October 2011
An_Argument_with_Myself
Bias towards recently acquired information
action's consequences is positively related to those consequences' perceived magnitude. In other words, the easier it is to recall the consequences of something
Availability_heuristic
Argument for the belief in God
philosophical argument advanced by Blaise Pascal (1623–1662), a French mathematician, philosopher, physicist, and theologian. This argument posits that
Pascal's_wager
Idea that refutes itself
self-defeating idea is an idea or statement whose falsehood is a logical consequence of the act or situation of holding them to be true. Many ideas are called
Self-refuting_idea
Value judgment that procreation is unethical
into existence is always a harm, which is known as Benatar's asymmetry argument. Antinatalism as a philosophical concept is to be distinguished from antinatalist
Antinatalism
Logical paradox from vague predicates
sand from which grains are removed individually. One might construct the argument from the following premises: 1,000,000 grains of sand is a heap of sand
Sorites_paradox
Logical fallacy
invalidate someone else's argument on the basis that the same idea was promoted or practised by Adolf Hitler or the Nazi Party. Arguments may be termed reductio
Reductio_ad_Hitlerum
Canadian academic and author (1942–2020)
Some common schemes are argument from goal-based reasoning, argument from negative consequences, argument from positive consequences, inference to the best
Douglas_N._Walton
Claim that human mathematicians are not describable as formal proof systems
The Penrose–Lucas argument is a logical argument partially based on Kurt Gödel's first incompleteness theorem. In 1931, Gödel proved that every effectively
Penrose–Lucas_argument
Distraction technique and anti-debate tactic
tone argument or tone policing is an informal fallacy or rhetorical tactic in which someone focuses on the tone or emotional expression of an argument rather
Tone_policing
Fundamental theorem in mathematical logic
expressed more generally in terms of logical consequence. We say that a sentence s is a syntactic consequence of a theory T, denoted T ⊢ s {\displaystyle
Gödel's_completeness_theorem
Method of deriving conclusions
the conclusion is a logical consequence of the premises. Rules of inference belong to deductive logic and describe argument forms that fulfill this requirement
Rule_of_inference
Thought experiment in physics
Isaac Newton's rotating bucket argument (also known as Newton's bucket) is a thought experiment that was designed to demonstrate that true rotational motion
Bucket_argument
Ethical and physical thought experiment
Adolf Hitler. It presents an ethical dilemma in both the action and its consequences, as well as a temporal paradox in the logical consistency of time. Killing
Killing_baby_Hitler
Philosophical view that consiousness and the body are fundamentally different
"modal argument," or the "clear and distinct perception argument," and secondly the "indivisibility" or "divisibility" argument. The argument is distinguished
Mind–body_dualism
Type of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning
συλλογισμός, syllogismos, 'conclusion, inference') is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two
Syllogism
Fallacious approach to mislead an audience
something that misleads or distracts from an important question, a relevant argument, or the solving of a mystery or crime. It may be a deliberate literary
Red_herring
Form of incorrect argument in natural language
are a type of incorrect argument in natural language. The source of the error is not necessarily due to the form of the argument, as is the case for formal
Informal_fallacy
Hypothesis about life in the universe
be consumed in the first few minutes after the Big Bang. This "diproton argument" is disputed by other physicists, who calculate that as long as the increase
Fine-tuned_universe
Formula in complex analysis
from Cauchy's integral formula in polydiscs. § Related estimate and its consequence also continue to be valid in several variables with the same proofs.
Cauchy's_estimate
Logical fallacy
an argument as untrue or absurd. The dismissal is made by stating or reiterating that the argument is absurd, without providing further argumentation. This
Appeal_to_the_stone
Set whose elements all belong to another set
is an element of B. The validity of this technique can be seen as a consequence of universal generalization: the technique shows (c∈A)⇒(c∈B) for an arbitrarily
Subset
Argument for the existence of God
The argument from miracles is an argument for the existence of God that begins by asserting that there are kinds of possible events the best explanation
Argument_from_miracles
Logical fallacy of inconsistency
Wronger than wrong Phillips, Harry; Bostian, Patricia (2014). The Purposeful Argument: A Practical Guide, Brief Edition (Second ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 129
False_equivalence
Parable by French economist Frédéric Bastiat
seeks to show how opportunity costs, as well as the law of unintended consequences, affect economic activity in ways that are unseen or ignored. The belief
Parable_of_the_broken_window
Philosophical thought experiment
the argument produced significant literature, and works such as The Matrix franchise are considered inspired by Putnam's argument. Putnam's argument is
Brain_in_a_vat
2025 single by Sabrina Carpenter
featuring a B-side track titled "Inside of Your Head When You've Just Won an Argument with a Man". To support the release, fans hosted a drive-in theater experience
Manchild (Sabrina Carpenter song)
Manchild_(Sabrina_Carpenter_song)
Fallacy of incomplete evidence
written: The one-sidedness fallacy does not make an argument invalid. It may not even make the argument unsound. The fallacy consists in persuading readers
Cherry_picking
Function with variable number of arguments
attempt to pop more arguments off the stack than were placed there, corrupting the stack and leading to unexpected behavior. As a consequence of this, the CERT
Variadic_function
Limitative results in mathematical logic
such system can demonstrate its own consistency. Employing a diagonal argument, Gödel's incompleteness theorems were among the first of several closely
Gödel's incompleteness theorems
Gödel's_incompleteness_theorems
Argument for the existence of God
The argument from beauty (also the aesthetic argument) is an argument for the existence of a realm of immaterial ideas or, most commonly, for the existence
Argument_from_beauty
Refutation of a logical fallacy
self-esteem. One making an argument based on these two phenomena must however be careful to avoid the fallacy of circular cause and consequence. Poverty is a cause
Correlation does not imply causation
Correlation_does_not_imply_causation
Type of trolling or harassment
described as an insincere pretense of ignorance as a way to disassemble an argument, saying "[i]n contemporary internet slang, eironeia is «sealioning»." Use
Sealioning
Informal fallacy in comparing actualities with ideals
perfect solution fallacy is a related informal fallacy that occurs when an argument assumes that a perfect solution exists or that a solution should be rejected
Nirvana_fallacy
unpatriotic act. Many children died of easily treatable ailments. As a consequence, "more German refugees died in Danish camps, "than Danes did during the
Consequences_of_Nazism
Philosophical movement
his first edition of Political Justice (1793), William Godwin included arguments favoring the possibility of "earthly immortality" (what would now be called
Transhumanism
Hypothesis about sapient life and the universe
that 3-dimensional space was a consequence of the inverse square law of universal gravitation. While Kant's argument is historically important, John
Anthropic_principle
Dialogue by Plato
under the name given to it by Aristotle: that is, as the Third Man Argument. Argument 3. (132b–c) To the suggestion that each Form is a thought existing
Parmenides_(dialogue)
Rule of logical inference
"mode that by denying denies") and denying the consequent, is a deductive argument form and a rule of inference. Modus tollens is a mixed hypothetical syllogism
Modus_tollens
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