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Concept in international relations
Complex interdependence in international relations and international political economy is a concept put forth by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye in the
Complex_interdependence
Study of international relations from a theoretical perspective
developed an opposing theory they dubbed "complex interdependence." They explain that "... complex interdependence sometimes comes closer to reality than
International relations theory
International_relations_theory
Theory in international relations
views of complex interdependence, which primarily saw it as a source of cooperation and mutual benefit. Instead, weaponized interdependence posits that
Weaponized_interdependence
International relations theory
an opposing theory they dub "Complex interdependence." Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye explain, "... complex interdependence sometimes comes closer to reality
Liberal_institutionalism
American political scientist (1937–2025)
1977 book Power and Interdependence. Together with Keohane, he developed the concepts of asymmetrical and complex interdependence. They also explored
Joseph_Nye
Interdisciplinary study of systems
theory became a widespread term used for instance to describe the interdependence of relationships created in organizations. A system in this frame of
Systems_theory
Movement towards political cooperation among transnational actors
have been used for the dynamics of global governance, such as complex interdependence, international regimes, multilevel governance, global constitutionalism
Global_governance
German drummer (born 1970)
"he has been instrumental in developing the advanced concept of complex interdependence", a drum technique allowing him to play varying patterns with each
Marco_Minnemann
Concepts in political science
simple interdependence scheme based on national security (high politics); nowadays the international relations are ruled by a complex interdependence based
High_and_low_politics
Fictional Dwarf in The Lord of the Rings
which to build and [to] ally against Sauron and illustrate how complex interdependence can reduce perceptions of insecurity and create opportunities for
Gimli_(Middle-earth)
Politics as self-interested competition
theory. Kenneth Waltz claims that Vasquez misunderstand Lakatos. Complex interdependence Consensus reality Consequentialism International legal theory Game
Realism (international relations)
Realism_(international_relations)
Transmission of a symbiont from parent to offspring
produce neurological or chemical signals that alter social behavior. Complex interdependence occurs between host and symbiont. The genetic pool of the symbiont
Vertical_transmission
Evolutionary theory
history including some models of eukaryogenesis, the emergence of complex interdependence in microbial communities, and de novo formation of functional elements
Constructive neutral evolution
Constructive_neutral_evolution
Processes of interacting with people and making decisions
have been used for the dynamics of global governance, such as complex interdependence, international regimes, multilevel governance, global constitutionalism
Governance
Study of global economic governance
scholars have argued for a "new interdependence approach", which restores insights from the complex interdependence of the 1970s, but emphasizes network
International political economy
International_political_economy
Change in the heritable traits of populations
applied in areas ranging from the origins of the spliceosome to the complex interdependence of microbial communities. The time it takes a neutral allele to
Evolution
International relations theory
strongest. Due to the way adjacency works there is often intense security interdependence within an RSC, but interaction with outsiders is much less active.
Regional security complex theory
Regional_security_complex_theory
April 2020. Andrew Walter. "Political Populism : Eroding Asia's Complex Interdependence?" (PDF). Rsis.edu.sg. Retrieved 16 January 2022. Park, S. Nathan
2022 South Korean presidential election
2022_South_Korean_presidential_election
Spread of world views, products, ideas, capital and labor
Globalization is the process of increasing interdependence and integration among the economies, markets, societies, and cultures of different countries
Globalization
political party in South Korea. "Political Populism: Eroding Asia's Complex Interdependence? – Analysis". Eurasia Review. 1 November 2019. The South Korean
List of political parties in South Korea
List_of_political_parties_in_South_Korea
Political ideology within liberalism
labour caused more opportunity and individualism and inspired more complex interdependence. They argued that the individual had a debt to society, promoting
Social_liberalism
School of thought on cognition and problem-solving
they represented the frontier of our emerging knowledge about the complex interdependence of cellular structures and biochemical systems.... Today, the word
General_semantics
American academic
United States. Along with Joseph Nye, Keohane coined the concept of complex interdependence to capture the ways in which power had been fragmented and diffused
Robert_Keohane
Political party in South Korea
Walter (31 October 2019). "Political Populism: Eroding Asia's Complex Interdependence?" (PDF). Nanyang Technological University. S. Rajaratnam School
Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)
Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_2015)
Cluster of interneurons in the medulla oblongata
PMID 29845107. Baertsch NA, Baertsch HC, Ramirez JM (February 2018). "The interdependence of excitation and inhibition for the control of dynamic breathing rhythms"
Pre-Bötzinger_complex
American political scientist
importance of state power in international economic affairs amid complex interdependence. Gilpin argued that states were still the key actors in the realm
Robert_Gilpin
quantum computing, extended to the subatomic level, revealing the complex interdependence of quarks and gluons within protons. 9 December – Google Quantum
Timeline of quantum computing and communication
Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication
Ability to understand natural systems and their interactions
element functions. Systems thinking is necessary to understand complex interdependence of ecological systems, social systems and other systems on all
Ecological_literacy
Socioeconomic concept
perceptions. An alternative term to describe the interdependence between the military-industrial complex and the entertainment industry is coined by James
Industrial_complex
Walter (31 October 2019). "Political Populism: Eroding Asia's Complex Interdependence?" (PDF). Nanyang Technological University. S. Rajaratnam School
Liberalism_in_South_Korea
Theme in Tolkien's writing
which to build and [to] ally against Sauron and illustrate how complex interdependence can reduce perceptions of insecurity and create opportunities for
Economy_of_Middle-earth
Form of hierarchical political organization in non-industrial societies
political leadership (the chief), centralized decision-making, economic interdependence, and social hierarchy. Chiefdoms are described as intermediate between
Chiefdom
wrote, "In Flee, Dara returns to his most consistent theme: the complex interdependence of ecology and economy, of community and commerce. Flee begins
Flee_(novel)
Statistical framework for analyzing data from dyads
The actor–partner interdependence model (APIM) is a statistical framework for analyzing data from dyads such as romantic partners, parents and children
Actor–partner interdependence model
Actor–partner_interdependence_model
Study of changes in DNA and RNA over time
applied in areas ranging from the origins of the spliceosome to the complex interdependence of microbial communities. The Society for Molecular Biology and
Molecular_evolution
Types of social solidarity formulated by Durkheim
tasks. Thus, social solidarity is maintained in more complex societies through the interdependence of its component parts. Farmers, for example, produce
Mechanical and organic solidarity
Mechanical_and_organic_solidarity
Japanese scholar
Hedley Bull's new medievalism and Robert Keohane's and Joseph Nye's complex interdependence, and classifies the world order into three spheres (new medieval
Akihiko_Tanaka
Application of complexity theory to strategy
treated as complex adaptive systems (CAS) as they exhibit fundamental CAS principles like self-organization, complexity, emergence, interdependence, space
Complexity theory and organizations
Complexity_theory_and_organizations
Dutch academic
Oblivion: Interdependence Theory in the First Half of the Twentieth Century. A Study on the Causality between War and Complex Interdependence, Aldershot:
Jaap_de_Wilde
American research institute
of economic market interdependence and systemic risk. arXiv:1011.3707v2 (2010). http://necsi.edu/research/economics/interdependence.html D. Harmon, and
New England Complex Systems Institute
New_England_Complex_Systems_Institute
Degree of interdependence between software modules
In software engineering, coupling is the degree of interdependence between software modules, a measure of how closely connected two routines or modules
Coupling (computer programming)
Coupling_(computer_programming)
relations Balance of power in international relations Complex adaptive system Complex interdependence Coopetition Separation of powers "CIAO". www.ciaonet
Negarchy
American political scientist (born 1933)
of Can Russia Change? that "the main argument for relations of 'complex interdependence' is clear and convincing". In Baltic Independence, Clemens argued
Walter_Clemens
Generalization theory explaining social behaviour regarding society and economics
matrices from game theory and discovered some clues of individuals' interdependence such as the power of a party over each other, also known as the "correspondence"
Social_exchange_theory
Study of relationships between states
neo-realists and other structuralist IR analysts. Preceding the concepts of interdependence and dependence, international relations rely on the idea of sovereignty
International_relations
Reproductive structure in flowering plants
receive less pollen from other plant species. However, this close interdependence increases the risk of extinction, since the extinction of either member
Flower
1964 Australian TV series or program
thoroughly enough to illuminate not so much a social problem as the complex interdependence of ordinary family life." The Bulletin said "this banal story,
A_Sound_of_Trumpets
Argument by proponents of intelligent design
observation was cited as evidence for creation. The idea that the interdependence between parts would have implications for the origins of living things
Irreducible_complexity
regions rather than individual states. Lee et al. (2024) draw on complex interdependence and middle power theories, arguing that Southeast Asia, with its
Kingmaker
Country in East Asia
"China's Party-State Capitalism and International Backlash: From Interdependence to Insecurity". International Security. 47 (2): 135–176. doi:10.1162/isec_a_00447
China
Historic site in Karnataka, India
image of Ardhanarishvara portraying the equivalence and essential interdependence of the masculine left Shiva and feminine right Parvati. Past this fused
Aihole
System of behaviors within or between social groups
therapy groups. Amongst the members of a group, there is a state of interdependence, through which the behaviours, attitudes, opinions, and experiences
Group_dynamics
2009 novel by Suzanne Collins
themes of the novel include survival, authoritarianism, rebellion and interdependence versus independence. The book has sold more than 19 million copies
Catching_Fire
Structuralist method of studying kinship
"marriage-alliance" emerged in this frame, pointing out towards the necessary interdependence of various families and lineages. Marriages themselves are thus seen
Alliance_theory
Vertical and horizontal spread of power
Economic Interdependence and Conflict: Overcoming Methodological Hurdles". In Mansfield, Edward; Pollins, Brian (eds.). Economic Interdependence and International
Multi-level_governance
Ecosystem in which species are interdependent
found in communities structured after this model, as a result of the interdependence and high rates of interaction found among the different populations
Holistic_community
1954 film by Alfred Hitchcock
Osteen, Mark (Fall 2025). "Broken bones : isolation, mobility, and interdependence in Rear Window". Clues : a journal of detection. 43 (2): 39–49. Wikimedia
Rear_Window
Economic policy in which governments raise military spending to boost economic growth
greater discretionary power. This type of economy is linked to the interdependence between welfare and warfare states, in which the latter feeds the former
Military_Keynesianism
Chinese five elements
invoked the theory of the Five Elements to legitimize their reign. The interdependence of zangfu networks in the body was said to be a circle of five things
Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)
Unity of feeling or action on a common interest
to the interdependence of the component parts, and thus social solidarity is maintained in more complex societies through the interdependence of its component
Solidarity
Volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity in leadership
within each sport. Complexity refers to the interconnectivity and interdependence of multiple parts in a system. When conducting research, complexity
VUCA
Field of psychology
understand human-nonhuman animal relationships, namely the profound interdependence between species. Dating from psychology's early beginnings, C.G. Jung
Trans-species_psychology
2006 novel by Peter Watts
consciousness. The crew explore questions of identity, the nature, utility and interdependence of intelligence and consciousness. They theorize that humanity could
Blindsight_(Watts_novel)
British artist and critic
ambiguities of space, rich varieties of colour and texture, and a complex interdependence of fragmented forms', Norbert Lynton, Art International. 'He is
Keith_Sutton_(artist)
Educational approach which arranges students into cooperative groups
students into groups, and it has been described as "structuring positive interdependence." Students must work in groups to complete tasks collectively toward
Cooperative_learning
Major goddess in Hinduism
almost always has both linga and the yoni. The icon represents the interdependence and union of feminine and masculine energies in recreation and regeneration
Parvati
Evolution of the basic supply chain
supply chain can develop this chain into a more complex structure involving a higher level of interdependence and connectivity between more organizations
Supply_chain_network
Historic temples in Madhya Pradesh, India
integrate masculine and feminine deities and symbols highlight the interdependence. The artworks symbolically highlight the four goals of life considered
Khajuraho_Group_of_Monuments
Potawatomi botanist, educator, and author (born 1953)
Sigurd F. Olson Nature Writing Award. Braiding Sweetgrass is about the interdependence of people and the natural world, primarily the plant world. She won
Robin_Wall_Kimmerer
Distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior
context of caring, mutually responsive relationships which are based on interdependence, particularly in parenting but also in social relationships generally
Morality
Problem in object-oriented programming Circular dependency – Problematic interdependence of software modules Constant interface God object – Large or very powerful
List of software anti-patterns
List_of_software_anti-patterns
American economist (born 1954)
ISBN 0-226-73332-7. —; McKibbin, Warwick (1991). Global Linkages: Macroeconomic Interdependence and Co-operation in the World Economy. Brookings Institution. ISBN 0-8157-5600-3
Jeffrey_Sachs
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963
foreign policy problems and for what he called the "Declaration of Interdependence" (a title not used by the Americans who called it the "Declaration
Harold_Macmillan
Historical network of Eurasian trade routes
(2001). "Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan: Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies." Journal of World History, Volume
Silk_Road
1200s–1669 trade confederation in Northern Europe
and protection on affiliated territory and trade routes. Economic interdependence and familial connections among merchant families led to deeper political
Hanseatic_League
Greek island in the Aegean Sea
ISBN 978-0-299-09144-6. Marina Koumanoudi, "The Latins in the Aegean after 1204: Interdependence and Interwoven Interests," in Urbs capta: The Fourth Crusade and its
Santorini
Cultural area of South America
Andean cultural area. This cultural area is the consequence of an interdependence relationship caused by an agricultural-based lifestyle; therefore,
Andean_world
Organizational development approach
space, one in which there is a far greater extent of hierarchical task interdependence. Another concept in sociotechnical theory is the "whole task". A whole
Sociotechnical_system
Exchange across international borders
Bilateral trade flow model Import – Good brought into a jurisdiction Interdependence – Interdisciplinary study of systems International business – Trade
International_trade
Austrian economist and philosopher (1899–1992)
Gunnar Myrdal for work on money and economic fluctuations, and the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena. His account of how
Friedrich_Hayek
presented. The offering of food and joss paper signifies the continuing interdependence between the deceased and their living descendants. Taoist or Buddhist
Chinese_funeral_rituals
Two intertwined, but distinct, social psychological theories
Specifically, "those that derive from interpersonal relationships and interdependence with specific others and those that derive from membership in larger
Social_identity_approach
East Asian Buddhist philosophical concept
provides a spiritual framework for understanding the deep ecological interdependence of the natural world and human beings. The Chinese Buddhist philosophical
Perfect_Interpenetration
Strong, positive emotional/mental states
Figures like Annette Baier and Neera K. Badhwar highlight emotional interdependence, though critics wonder how this distinguishes love from other relationships
Love
Breeding for desired characteristics
intentional selection of larger seeds. Most likely, there has been an interdependence between natural and artificial factors that have resulted in plant
Selective_breeding
American economist and financial advisor (born 1926)
improving mark-to-market regulations to avoid having derivatives or other complex assets marked to a distressed or illiquid market during times of material
Alan_Greenspan
Religious and philosophical tradition
and so on. Cosmically, these two forces exist in mutual harmony and interdependence. Yin and yang are further divided into five phases (Wuxing, or five
Taoism
Sexual but not romantic relationship
RTT was expanded upon to explain concepts of relational uncertainty, interdependence, emotions, avoidance of discussing the relationship, and feelings of
Friends_with_benefits
Musical concept indicating to the speed of interpretation
"perceived" as being repeated at a double tempo. Thus, the loop of interdependence of rhythm and tempo is overcome due to the simplicity criterion, which
Tempo
Concept in sociology
the Internet, are major factors in globalization, generating further interdependence of economic and cultural activities. Like a stratified class system
Social_stratification
Societal collapse in the Late Bronze Age
agricultural goods, as well as diplomatic ties progressively deepened their interdependence. Geopolitical powers of the time relied on variations of the palace
Late_Bronze_Age_collapse
Visitor attraction in Cornwall, United Kingdom
The Eden Project includes environmental education focusing on the interdependence of plants and people; plants are labelled with their medicinal uses
Eden_Project
Process of diminishing global interdependence
Deglobalization or deglobalisation is the process of diminishing interdependence and integration between certain units around the world, typically nation-states
Deglobalization
Sociological theory of society
societies". In modern, complex societies, members perform very different and highly specialized tasks, resulting in a strong interdependence. Based on the metaphor
Structural_functionalism
Separation of tasks in any system so that participants may specialise
division of labour is the motive for trade and the source of economic interdependence. An increasing division of labour is associated with the growth of
Division_of_labour
Canadian philosopher and communications scholar (1911–1980)
panic terrors, exactly befitting a small world of tribal drums, total interdependence, and super-imposed co-existence. In his private life, McLuhan wrote
Marshall_McLuhan
Aggregate of patterned social arrangements in society
describes differentiated parts united through social exchange and material interdependence. As did Marx and Weber, Georg Simmel, more generally, developed a wide-ranging
Social_structure
Variety of Marxism–Leninism in China
Matter always develops through a dialectical contradiction: "The interdependence of the contradictory aspects present in all things and the struggle
Maoism
Indian religion
all souls are responsible for one another and underscores the mutual interdependence of all life forms. Mahavira, the founder of Jainism taught, "One who
Jainism
Structured criminal groups
and their victims; and, organizations open systems: High levels of interdependence between themselves and the environment in which they operate. There
Organized_crime
COMPLEX INTERDEPENDENCE
COMPLEX INTERDEPENDENCE
Girl/Female
Tamil
Complete
Girl/Female
Tamil
Sompurna | ஸோமபà¯à®°à¯à®¨à®¾
Complete
Sompurna | ஸோமபà¯à®°à¯à®¨à®¾
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Complex
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name, probably from Comley in Shropshire or Combley on the Isle of Wight; both are named with Old English cumb ‘valley’ + lēah ‘woodland clearing’.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Complete
Surname or Lastname
English (Yorkshire)
English (Yorkshire) : habitational name from any of various places called Copley, for example in County Durham, Staffordshire, and Yorkshire, from the Old English personal name Coppa (apparently a byname for a tall man) or from copp ‘hilltop’ + lēah ‘woodland clearing’.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Complete
Girl/Female
Muslim
Complex, Zigzag, Curling
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Coppull in Lancashire, recorded in the 13th century as Cophill, from Old English copp ‘peak’ + hyll ‘hill’.English : nickname from Old French curt peil ‘short hair’.Probably an Americanized spelling of German and Jewish Koppel or German and Dutch Kappel.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Complete
Girl/Female
Tamil
Shesha Harani | ஷேஷ ஹரணீÂ
Complete
Shesha Harani | ஷேஷ ஹரணீÂ
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained.Americanized form of German Koppler.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Complete
Girl/Female
Bengali, Indian
Good Complex
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Complex; Zigzag; Curling
Boy/Male
Indian
Complete
Boy/Male
Tamil
Poornan | பூரà¯à®¨à®¾à®¨
Complete
Poornan | பூரà¯à®¨à®¾à®¨
Boy/Male
Indian
Complete
Boy/Male
Tamil
Complete
Girl/Female
Tamil
Complete
COMPLEX INTERDEPENDENCE
COMPLEX INTERDEPENDENCE
Girl/Female
American, Australian
A Bee
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Star; Planet
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of the various places, for example in Derbyshire, County Durham, Gloucestershire, Staffordshire, Wiltshire, and West Yorkshire, so named from Old English stÄn ‘stone’ + lÄ“ah ‘wood’, ‘clearing’.Americanized form of any of various like-sounding names in other European languages, for example Polish Stanislawski and Greek Anastasiou.The explorer and journalist Sir Henry Morton Stanley (1841–1904) was born John Rowlands in Denbigh, Wales, but traveled as a cabin boy in 1858 from Liverpool, England, to New Orleans, LA, where he was adopted by a merchant surnamed Stanley. From the late 1860s he worked as a correspondent for the New York Herald, and traveled extensively in Africa.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : metonymic occupational name for a cutler, from Old French hansard, hansart ‘cutlass’, ‘dagger’ (of Germanic origin, composed of elements meaning ‘hand’ and ‘knife’ (see Sachs)).
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Protector of the House of God
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Spring
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Music of Payal
Boy/Male
Tamil
Srinivasan | à®·à¯à®°à¯€Â நீவாஸநÂ
Gods name
Girl/Female
Indian
Outstanding, Awake
Boy/Male
American, British, English
Noble Leader
COMPLEX INTERDEPENDENCE
COMPLEX INTERDEPENDENCE
COMPLEX INTERDEPENDENCE
COMPLEX INTERDEPENDENCE
COMPLEX INTERDEPENDENCE
a.
Finished; ended; concluded; completed; as, the edifice is complete.
a.
Repeatedly compound; made up of complex constituents.
imp. & p. p.
of Couple
a.
Not complex; uncompounded; simple.
n.
Composed of two or more parts; composite; not simple; as, a complex being; a complex idea.
a.
See Couple-close.
n.
A complex; an aggregate of parts; a complication.
n.
One who complies, yields, or obeys; one of an easy, yielding temper.
a.
Intricate; entangled; complicated; complex.
a.
One of the pairs of plates of two metals which compose a voltaic battery; -- called a voltaic couple or galvanic couple.
adv.
In a complex manner; not simply.
a.
That which joins or links two things together; a bond or tie; a coupler.
n.
Two taken together; a pair or couple; especially two lines of verse that rhyme with each other.
v. t.
To bring to a state in which there is no deficiency; to perfect; to consummate; to accomplish; to fulfill; to finish; as, to complete a task, or a poem; to complete a course of education.
n.
One who couples; that which couples, as a link, ring, or shackle, to connect cars.
a.
Complex, complicated.
pl.
of Couple-close
n.
One who compiles; esp., one who makes books by compilation.
imp. & p. p.
of Compile
imp. & p. p.
of Comply