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Photosynthetic process in some plants
C4 carbon fixation or the Hatch–Slack pathway is one of three known photosynthetic processes of carbon fixation in plants. It owes the names to the 1960s
C4_carbon_fixation
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
C3 carbon fixation is the most common of three metabolic pathways for carbon fixation in photosynthesis, the other two being C4 and CAM. This process converts
C3_carbon_fixation
In botany, C4 carbon fixation is one of three known methods of photosynthesis used by plants. C4 plants increase their photosynthetic efficiency by reducing
List_of_C4_plants
Light-independent reactions in photosynthesis
available independent of the kind of photosynthesis (C3 carbon fixation, C4 carbon fixation, and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)); CAM plants store
Calvin_cycle
Biological process to convert light into chemical energy
three-carbon 3-phosphoglyceric acids directly in the Calvin-Benson cycle. Over 90% of plants use C3 carbon fixation, compared to 3% that use C4 carbon fixation;
Photosynthesis
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
Biological carbon fixation, or carbon assimilation, is the process by which living organisms convert inorganic carbon (particularly carbon dioxide, CO2)
Biological_carbon_fixation
Key enzyme of photosynthesis involved in carbon fixation
light-independent (or "dark") part of photosynthesis, including the carbon fixation by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is converted by plants and other photosynthetic
RuBisCO
C4 carbon fixation, which represents about 3% of all terrestrial species of plants. All these 7600 species are angiosperms. C4 plants evolved carbon concentrating
Evolution_of_photosynthesis
compared to C3 plants with low water-use efficiency. C4 plants have developed the C4 carbon fixation pathway to conserve water loss, thus are more prevalent
Fractionation of carbon isotopes in oxygenic photosynthesis
Fractionation_of_carbon_isotopes_in_oxygenic_photosynthesis
Topics referred to by the same term
Therapeutic Chemical Classification System C4 carbon fixation, a pathway for carbon fixation in photosynthesis that produces C4 plants Cervical spinal nerve 4, a
C4
Less abundant (~1%) stable isotope of carbon
12C is slightly higher in plants employing C4 carbon fixation than in plants employing C3 carbon fixation. Because the different isotope ratios for the
Carbon-13
Metabolic process
Crassulacean acid metabolism, also known as CAM photosynthesis, is a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions
Crassulacean_acid_metabolism
Tribe of plants
smaller number pointing downward. It includes five genera that use C4 carbon fixation: Chrysanthellum, Eryngiophyllum, Glossocardia (including Guerreroia)
Coreopsideae
Long-term future of planet Earth
to sustain C3 carbon fixation photosynthesis used by trees. Some plants use the C4 carbon fixation method to persist at carbon dioxide concentrations
Future_of_Earth
Species of deciduous tree classified in its own family
in carbon capture.[unreliable source?] Inaccurate citation practices have led to circulating claims that P. tomentosa performs C4 carbon fixation. However
Paulownia_tomentosa
Genus of aquatic plants
members of the new genus. The genus includes plants using either C3 or C4 carbon fixation. The latter pathway evolved independently three times in the genus
Suaeda
5800–5400 BC Chinese archaeological culture
that dogs living at Dadiwan from 7900 to 4900 cal BP likely consumed C4 carbon fixation plants throughout the year. Because all other wild animals (like deer
Dadiwan_culture
Chemical element with atomic number 6 (C)
process of carbon fixation. Some of this biomass is eaten by animals, while some carbon is exhaled by animals as carbon dioxide. The carbon cycle is considerably
Carbon
Subfamily of flowering plants
southern North America. C4 carbon fixation evolved independently in the genera Alternathera, which also contains C3 and C3–C4 intermediate species, and
Gomphrenoideae
Species of grass
emissions. Usually, C4 carbon fixation plants have higher root exudation and rhizodeposition than Miscanthus. This suggests that the carbon dynamics in Miscanthus
Miscanthus_sinensis
Plant organelle that conducts photosynthesis
carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms, or CCMs. These include Crassulacean acid metabolism, C4 carbon fixation, and pyrenoids. Chloroplasts in C4 plants
Chloroplast
Set of chemical reactions in organisms
photosynthesis occur in plants, C3 carbon fixation, C4 carbon fixation and CAM photosynthesis. These differ by the route that carbon dioxide takes to the Calvin
Metabolism
Variation of photosynthesis
atmosphere. Photosynthesis Crassulacean acid metabolism C4 carbon fixation C3 carbon fixation Tooulakou, Georgia; Giannopoulos, Andreas; Nikolopoulos
Alarm_photosynthesis
Species of plant in the mustard family
introduced to France, Corsica, and Sardinia. It has an intermediate C3–C4 carbon fixation system, known as C2 photosynthesis. "Moricandia arvensis (L.) DC"
Moricandia_arvensis
Rose-like flowering plant
grandiflora is one of the few plants that is a C4/CAM intermediate, utilizing both C4 carbon fixation and Crassulacean acid metabolism pathways in different
Portulaca_grandiflora
Species of flowering plant
and uses C4 carbon fixation but lacks the characteristic leaf anatomy of other C4 plants (known as kranz anatomy). Carrying out complete C4 photosynthesis
Suaeda_aralocaspica
Genus of flowering plants
northern Australia. At least four species in the genus have acquired the C4 carbon fixation pathway. Six species are accepted. Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss.
Aerva
Independent evolution of similar features
independently up to 40 times. About 7,600 plant species of angiosperms use C4 carbon fixation, with many monocots including 46% of grasses such as maize and sugar
Convergent_evolution
Genus of plants
evolutionary lineage of around 90 species within the genus has acquired the C4 carbon fixation pathway, which increases their photosynthetic efficiency. This probably
Amaranth
Evolutionary biologist
research into C4 carbon fixation has examined how climate change alters the distribution of the C4 grasses and revealed that the C4 carbon fixation pathway
Erika_Edwards
Cereal grain and staple food
fertiliser. C4 rice is a proposed rice that uses C4 carbon fixation to improve the efficiency of photosynthesis and hence crop yield. The C4 Rice Consortium
Rice
Process in plant metabolism
Phosphoglycolate, however, inhibits certain enzymes involved in photosynthetic carbon fixation (hence is often said to be an 'inhibitor of photosynthesis'). It is
Photorespiration
Mathematical ratio used in analysis of radioactive materials
biochemical pathways; the C3 carbon fixation, where the isotope separation effect is more pronounced, C4 carbon fixation, where the heavier 13C is less
Isotopic_signature
Species of grass cultivated as a food crop
As a plant that uses C4 carbon fixation, maize is a considerably more water-efficient crop than plants that use C3 carbon fixation such as alfalfa and
Maize
Species of flowering plant
narrow. The florets are generally purple in color. This plant uses C4 carbon fixation as its method of energy metabolism. It is native to northern Mexico
Tridentopsis_mutica
Tribe of grasses
classified in supertribe Andropogonodae. All species in this tribe use C4 carbon fixation. Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romaschenko, Konstantin; Davidse
Arundinelleae
Dicarboxylic acid responsible for apple acidity
D-Malic acid (R) Malate plays an important role in biochemistry. In the C4 carbon fixation process, malate is a source of CO2 in the Calvin cycle. In the citric
Malic_acid
Genus of plants in the amaranth family
Species of this genus have acquired an unusual, single-cell type of C4 carbon fixation without Kranz anatomy, also found in some species of the closely related
Bienertia
Tribe of grasses
maize (corn), sugarcane, and sorghum. All species in this tribe use C4 carbon fixation, which makes them competitive under warm, high-light conditions. Andropogoneae
Andropogoneae
Kortschak, father of Alice M Kortschak and Nonnie Winifred Kortschak. C4 carbon fixation Photorespiration Biology Plant physiology Phytochemistry "Hugo P.
Hugo_P._Kortschak
Storing carbon in a carbon pool
Carbon sequestration is a natural process of storing carbon in a carbon pool. It plays a crucial role in effectively managing the global carbon cycle
Carbon_sequestration
Family of flowering plants
have C3 carbon fixation. The only exceptions are a few Moricandia species, which have a hybrid system between C3 and C4 carbon fixation, C4 fixation being
Brassicaceae
Species of plant
reduce accumulated dead matter. Because Muhlenbergia rigens uses C4 carbon fixation, it gains an advantage in conditions of drought and high temperature
Muhlenbergia_rigens
Species of flowering plant
whitish ray floret and 0-2 yellow disc florets. This plant exhibits C4 carbon fixation. Phototoxic secondary metabolites have been found in the flower head
Flaveria_trinervia
Natural processes of carbon exchange
and the lithosphere as well as organic carbon fixation and oxidation processes together regulate ecosystem carbon and dioxygen (O2) pools. Riverine transport
Carbon_cycle
Sub-discipline of archaeology
The three photosynthesis pathways are C3 carbon fixation, C4 carbon fixation and Crassulacean acid metabolism. C4 plants are mainly grasses from tropical
Bioarchaeology
Enzyme
inorganic carbon concentrating mechanisms of C4 and CAM plants. The others are NADP-malic enzyme and NAD-malic enzyme. In C4 carbon fixation, carbon dioxide
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
Phosphoenolpyruvate_carboxykinase
Area of land where little precipitation occurs
to allow CO2 to enter, and close them during the day, or by using C4 carbon fixation. Many desert plants have reduced the size of their leaves or abandoned
Desert
Genus of grass-like plants
photosynthetic adaptations, such as the ability to switch between C3 and C4 carbon fixation in response to different environmental stimuli. In all Eleocharis
Eleocharis
Family of dicotyledonous flowering plants
acid metabolism as pathway for carbon fixation. Some species in the subfamily Sesuvioideae instead use C4 carbon fixation, which might have evolved multiple
Aizoaceae
Fertilization from increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide
The CO2 fertilization effect or carbon fertilization effect causes an increased rate of photosynthesis while limiting leaf transpiration in plants. Both
CO2_fertilization_effect
Species of flowering plant
or a dense cluster of many. It and other Hawaiian euphorbs perform C4 carbon fixation. This rare plant grows in moist forested slopes on Kauaʻi. The forests
Euphorbia_halemanui
Species of plant
Asia. In section Acanthodium, there are 13–15 species that use the C4 carbon fixation pathway. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that this pathway evolved
Blepharis
Species of plant
local farmer who had failed to upkeep his paddock. Hairy panic uses C4 carbon fixation, giving it an advantage in conditions of drought and high temperature
Panicum_effusum
British geneticist and academic
lycophytes and monilophytes the evolution and development of kranz anatomy in C4 plants, Langdale's research has been funded by the Biotechnology and Biological
Jane_A._Langdale
Enterprises dealing with sugar
cane. One way is by isotope analysis of carbon. Cane uses C4 carbon fixation, and beet uses C3 carbon fixation, resulting in a different ratio of 13C and
Sugar_industry
Study of plant life
and the C4 carbon fixation pathway for photosynthesis which avoid the losses resulting from photorespiration in the more common C3 carbon fixation pathway
Botany
Removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide through human activity
atmosphere. Biological carbon fixation – Series of interconnected biochemical reactions Carbon dioxide scrubber – Device which absorbs carbon dioxide from circulated
Carbon_dioxide_removal
Species of grass-like plant
it is aquatic it uses C3 carbon fixation pathways for photosynthesis. When it grows out of the water it switches to the C4 mechanism.[citation needed]
Eleocharis_vivipara
Species of flowering plant
that independently acquired the C4 pathway of carbon fixation. A species close to C. angustifolia, Cleome paradoxa, is C3–C4 intermediate. Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica
Cleome_angustifolia
Species of plant
30–90 cm (12–35 in) long, with a prominent midrib. Switchgrass uses C4 carbon fixation, giving it an advantage in conditions of drought and high temperature
Panicum_virgatum
Chemical compound
the enzyme DAHP synthase. In addition, in C4 plants, PEP serves as an important substrate in carbon fixation. The chemical equation, as catalyzed by phosphoenolpyruvate
Phosphoenolpyruvic_acid
Indian agronomist (1925–2023)
foundational to the green revolution. Efforts towards growing rice with C4 carbon fixation capabilities, which would allow a better photosynthesis and water
M._S._Swaminathan
Species of cultivated grass
tetraploid (4n), to hexaploid (6n). Like many other grasses, fonio has a C4 carbon fixation, which makes it drought tolerant. The ploughing is done by the men
Fonio
C3 carbon fixation mechanism of rice into a supercharged photosynthetic mechanism, C4 carbon fixation. Converting rice from a C3 plant into a C4 plant
Science and technology in the Philippines
Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines
Photosynthetic part of a vascular plant
surfaces (e.g. Fenestraria). Kranz leaf anatomy in plants that perform C4 carbon fixation Succulent leaves store water and organic acids for use in CAM photosynthesis
Leaf
Sum of the inorganic carbon species
Total inorganic carbon (CT or TIC) is the sum of the inorganic carbon species. Carbon compounds can be distinguished as either organic or inorganic, and
Total_inorganic_carbon
Species of flowering plant
daughter plants are exact clones of the mother. The species uses C4 carbon fixation. It is dioecious, meaning male and female flowers are produced on
Aerva_javanica
Class of enzymes
form the four-carbon compound oxaloacetate and inorganic phosphate: PEP + HCO3– → oxaloacetate + Pi This reaction is used for carbon fixation in CAM (crassulacean
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
Phosphoenolpyruvate_carboxylase
Species of grass
to be controversially discarded. Rottboellia cochinchinensis uses C4 carbon fixation during photosynthesis and as such is mostly found in warm tropical
Rottboellia_cochinchinensis
for his research that is attempting to replace C3 carbon fixation in rice with C4 carbon fixation. This would greatly increase the efficiency of photosynthesis
Julian_Hibberd
Study of adaptation of an organism's physiology to environmental conditions
within their leaves using C4 carbon fixation or Crassulacean acid metabolism. However, most species used C3 carbon fixation and must open their stomata
Ecophysiology
Species of flowering plant
interest for being an alpine plant utilizing C4 carbon fixation, reported at higher altitudes than any other C4 plant in North America. It occurs at 3,670
Muhlenbergia_richardsonis
Roman city
discovered next to it. Exact dating will be conducted applying the C4 carbon fixation technique. The geologist will survey the dug to establish the timeline
Viminacium
Geochemical transformation of silicate rocks
The carbonate–silicate geochemical cycle, also known as the inorganic carbon cycle, describes the long-term transformation of silicate rocks to carbonate
Carbonate–silicate_cycle
Chemical process produced by soil and the organisms within it
other. The two stable carbon isotopes are 12C and 13C. The C3 pathway will discriminate against the heavier isotope more than the C4 pathway. This will make
Soil_respiration
Species of plant
ends of the inflorescences are often flexuose. This species uses a C4 carbon fixation pathway in its photosynthesis. Its very succulent, subterete or terete
Suaeda_aegyptiaca
Species of flowering plant
harvesting, and can also slow the drying process. The plant utilizes C4 carbon fixation. Romand-Monnier, F. (2014). "Brachiaria texana". IUCN Red List of
Urochloa_texana
Cofactor of nitrogenase
the interstitial carbon participate in substrate activation, but the terminal molybdenum is also a candidate for nitrogen fixation. X-ray crystallographic
FeMoco
American geochemist and geologist
1038/361344a0. S2CID 4345173. (See C4 carbon fixation.) Cerling, T. E.; Quade, J.; Wang, Y. (1994). "Expansion and emergence of C4 plants". Nature. 371 (6493):
Jay_Quade
German computational biologist
Lercher's works span the evolution of bacterial metabolic networks and of C4 carbon fixation in plants, the optimal organization of bacterial cells, and the evolution
Martin_J._Lercher
Type of climate engineering
Direct deep-sea carbon dioxide injection was a (now abandoned) technology proposal with the aim to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by direct
Direct deep-sea carbon dioxide injection
Direct_deep-sea_carbon_dioxide_injection
Component of fine particulate matter
Black carbon (BC) is the light-absorbing refractory form of elemental carbon remaining after pyrolysis (e.g., charcoal) or produced by incomplete combustion
Black_carbon
Enzyme
metabolism and carbon fixation. NADP-malic enzyme is one of three decarboxylation enzymes used in the inorganic carbon concentrating mechanisms of C4 and CAM
Malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) (NADP+)
Malate_dehydrogenase_(oxaloacetate-decarboxylating)_(NADP+)
Enzyme
metabolism and carbon fixation. NAD-malic enzyme is one of three decarboxylation enzymes used in the inorganic carbon concentrating mechanisms of C4 and CAM
Malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating)
Malate_dehydrogenase_(decarboxylating)
Transformation of atmospheric carbon between various forms
The atmospheric carbon cycle accounts for the exchange of gaseous carbon compounds, primarily carbon dioxide (CO2), between Earth's atmosphere, the oceans
Atmospheric_carbon_cycle
Sum of inorganic carbon species in a solution
form of particulate inorganic carbon, by fixing bicarbonate. This fixation of DIC is an important part of the oceanic carbon cycle. Ca2+ + 2 HCO− 3 → CaCO3
Dissolved_inorganic_carbon
Collaborative research group for the classification of flowering plants
Evolution of the angiosperms according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2013) Key: C3 – C3 carbon fixation; C4 – C4 carbon fixation
Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group
Ocean/atmosphere carbon exchange process
carbon) and organic carbon (carbon that is incorporated into molecules with carbon-carbon bonds). Part of the marine carbon cycle transforms carbon between
Oceanic_carbon_cycle
Study of the transformations involving carbon within the systems of the Earth
The geochemistry of carbon is the study of the transformations involving the element carbon within the systems of the Earth. To a large extent this study
Geochemistry_of_carbon
The carbon cycle is an essential part of life on Earth. About half the dry weight of most living organisms is carbon. It plays an important role in the
Terrestrial biological carbon cycle
Terrestrial_biological_carbon_cycle
Process of releasing energy from nutrients using inorganic electron acceptors
acetyl-CoA (2 carbons) + oxaloacetate (4 carbons) yields citrate (6 carbons), which is rearranged to a more reactive form called isocitrate (6 carbons). Isocitrate
Cellular_respiration
Solid carbon stored in global soils
nitrogen fixation, agricultural practices, and land use and other management practices are some anthropogenic activities that have altered soil carbon. Soil
Soil_carbon
Energy-carrying molecule in living cells
attached by the #9-nitrogen atom to the 1′ carbon atom of a sugar (ribose), which in turn is attached at the 5' carbon atom of the sugar to a triphosphate group
Adenosine_triphosphate
Chemical energy animals derive from food
carbohydrates and proteins) lies mainly in their varying proportions of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates that are not easily absorbed
Food_energy
Concentration of organic carbon in a sample
Total organic carbon (TOC) is an analytical parameter representing the concentration of organic carbon in a sample. TOC determinations are made in a variety
Total_organic_carbon
8 °F) of global warming reduces maize yields by 7.4%. It is also a C4 carbon fixation plant, meaning that it experiences little benefit from the increased
Effects of climate change on agriculture
Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture
Chemical compound
inhibitor for the enzyme rubisco, which regulates the net activity of carbon fixation. When RuBP is bound to an active site of rubisco, the ability to activate
Ribulose_1,5-bisphosphate
Shower of organic detritus in the ocean
from the microbial carbon demand in the deep ocean and the carbon export from the surface ocean. Dissolved inorganic carbon fixation is on similar orders
Marine_snow
Genus of flowering plants
species undergo C3 carbon fixation, one clade of 17 species has acquired the C4 pathway, and yet other species have an intermediate C3-C4 pathway. It is not
Alternanthera
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