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Process of creating new atomic nuclei from existing nucleons
the ejection of elements produced during stellar nucleosynthesis; through explosive nucleosynthesis during the supernova explosion; and from the r-process
Nucleosynthesis
Creation of chemical elements within stars
astrophysics, stellar nucleosynthesis is the creation of chemical elements by nuclear fusion reactions within stars. Stellar nucleosynthesis has occurred since
Stellar_nucleosynthesis
Process during the early universe
In physical cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (also known as primordial nucleosynthesis, and abbreviated as BBN) is a model for the production of light
Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis
Production of the elements in a supernova explosion
Supernova nucleosynthesis is the nucleosynthesis of chemical elements in supernova explosions. In sufficiently massive stars, the nucleosynthesis by fusion
Supernova_nucleosynthesis
English astronomer (1915–2001)
"Fred Hoyle, primary nucleosynthesis and radioactivity", New Astronomy Reviews 52, 360–363 (2008) "Fred Hoyle, primary nucleosynthesis and radioactivity"
Fred_Hoyle
Everything in space and time
a process known as Big Bang nucleosynthesis, nuclei formed from the primordial protons and neutrons. This nucleosynthesis formed lighter elements, those
Universe
Problem in astronomy
that should theoretically exist due to Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN). The Big Bang nucleosynthesis and WMAP constitute cosmic baryon density predictions
Cosmological_lithium_problem
during Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Remaining elements, making up only about 2% of the universe, were largely produced by supernova nucleosynthesis. Elements with
Abundance of the chemical elements
Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements
Hypothesized early universe process
predictions of Big Bang nucleosynthesis depend upon the value of the baryon asymmetry factor (see § Relation to Big Bang nucleosynthesis). The match between
Baryogenesis
American theoretical physicist (1904–1968)
worked on radioactive decay, star formation, stellar nucleosynthesis, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (which he collectively called nucleocosmogenesis), and
George_Gamow
Branch of physics that studies mathematical models of the universe
created during the Big Bang through the process of nucleosynthesis. In a sequence of stellar nucleosynthesis reactions, smaller atomic nuclei are then combined
Physical_cosmology
Scientific theory of the origin of chemical elements
formation of heavy elements, subsequent developments showed that Big Bang nucleosynthesis is consistent with the observed constraints on all primordial elements
Alpher–Bethe–Gamow_paper
Isotope of iron
Because of this, it is among the heaviest elements formed in stellar nucleosynthesis reactions in massive stars. These reactions fuse lighter elements like
Iron-56
American cosmologist (1921–2007)
1948 dealt with a subject that came to be known as Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Nucleosynthesis is the explanation of how more complex elements are created
Ralph_Alpher
Relative abundance of chemical elements
carbon produced by stellar nucleosynthesis but not true for the lightest elements below carbon produced by big bang nucleosynthesis and cosmic ray spallation
Oddo–Harkins_rule
History and future of the universe
the initial particles cool and coalesce, dark matter forms, Big bang nucleosynthesis, combining nucleons create the cores of the first atoms, Gravity builds
Chronology_of_the_universe
Chemical substance not composed of simpler ones
Bang nucleosynthesis happened only once; the other processes are ongoing. Nuclear fusion inside stars produces elements through stellar nucleosynthesis, including
Chemical_element
1957 paper on stellar origins of elements
paper reviewed stellar nucleosynthesis theory and supported it with astronomical and laboratory data. It identified nucleosynthesis processes that are responsible
B2FH_paper
Process of combining atomic nuclei
lighter than iron. This includes most types of Big Bang nucleosynthesis and stellar nucleosynthesis. Non-fusion processes that contribute include the s-process
Nuclear_fusion
Chemical element with atomic number 79 (Au)
identified three main cosmic sources for gold formation: supernova nucleosynthesis, neutron star collisions, and magnetar flares. All three sources involve
Gold
Isotope of beryllium
nature of 5He and 5Li, creates a bottleneck in Big Bang nucleosynthesis and stellar nucleosynthesis, for it necessitates a very fast reaction rate. This
Beryllium-8
Two nucleosynthesis pathways
Neutron capture nucleosynthesis describes two nucleosynthesis pathways: the r-process and the s-process, for rapid and slow neutron captures, respectively
Neutron capture nucleosynthesis
Neutron_capture_nucleosynthesis
Physical theory of the cosmos
universe's deuterium and helium nuclei in a process called Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN). Most protons remained uncombined as hydrogen nuclei. As the
Big_Bang
Isotope of hydrogen with one neutron
deuterium. Through much of the few minutes after the Big Bang during which nucleosynthesis could have occurred, the temperature was high enough that the mean
Deuterium
Hypothetical dark matter made of baryons
amount of baryonic dark matter can be inferred from models of Big Bang nucleosynthesis, and observations of the cosmic microwave background. Both indicate
Baryonic_dark_matter
Rutherfordium (104Rf) is a synthetic element and thus has no stable isotopes. A standard atomic weight cannot be given. The first isotope to be synthesized
Isotopes_of_rutherfordium
Nucleosynthesis pathway
preexisting iron. Primary stellar nucleosynthesis begins earlier in the galaxy than does secondary nucleosynthesis. Alternatively the high density of
R-process
Naturally occurring cobalt, Co, consists of a single stable isotope, 59Co (thus, cobalt is a mononuclidic element). Twenty-eight radioisotopes have been
Isotopes_of_cobalt
Group of alloys
during the final stage of stellar nucleosynthesis in massive stars. Heavier elements require other forms of nucleosynthesis, such as during a supernova or
Iron–nickel_alloy
Chemical element with atomic number 10 (Ne)
understood. In contrast, 20Ne (the chief primordial isotope made in stellar nucleosynthesis) is not known to be nucleogenic or radiogenic, except from the decay
Neon
Radioactive isotope of Americium
Americium-241 (241Am, Am-241) is an isotope of americium. Like all isotopes of americium, it is radioactive, with a half-life of 432.6 years. 241Am is
Americium-241
Planetary system consisting of the Sun and objects orbiting it
Quasi-star Gravastar Thorne–Żytkow object Iron Blitzar White hole Nucleosynthesis Deuterium burning Lithium burning Proton–proton chain CNO cycle Helium
Solar_System
Chemical element with atomic number 54 (Xe)
lower-mass noble gases, the normal stellar nucleosynthesis process inside a star does not form xenon. Nucleosynthesis consumes energy to produce nuclides more
Xenon
Chemical element with atomic number 95 (Am)
Americium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Am and atomic number 95. It is radioactive and a transuranic member of the actinide series in
Americium
Period in the evolution of the early universe
seconds after the Big Bang. Atomic nuclei were created in the process of nucleosynthesis, which occurred during the first few minutes of the photon epoch. For
Photon_epoch
Natural reactions causing nucleosynthesis
This process (cosmogenic nucleosynthesis) was discovered somewhat by accident during the 1970s: models of Big Bang nucleosynthesis suggested that the amount
Cosmic_ray_spallation
Hypothesis about sapient life and the universe
(levels of elements besides hydrogen and helium) especially carbon, by nucleosynthesis. Small rocky planets did not yet exist. If the universe were 10 times
Anthropic_principle
Hypothetical vacuum, less stable than true vacuum
the universe Chronology of the universe Early universe Inflation · Nucleosynthesis Backgrounds Gravitational wave (GWB) Microwave (CMB) · Neutrino (CNB)
False_vacuum
Ununennium (119Uue) has not yet been synthesised, so there is no experimental data and a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements
Isotopes_of_ununennium
Concept in cosmology
the universe Chronology of the universe Early universe Inflation · Nucleosynthesis Backgrounds Gravitational wave (GWB) Microwave (CMB) · Neutrino (CNB)
Large-scale structure of the universe
Large-scale_structure_of_the_universe
Universe's background particle radiation composed of neutrinos
to its effect on the expansion rate of the universe during Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN), the theoretical expectations for the primordial abundances of
Cosmic_neutrino_background
Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements
elements shown, elements 119 and 120, have not yet been synthesized. Nucleosynthesis – Process of creating new atomic nuclei from existing nucleons Periodic
Periodic_table
Nuclides predating the Earth's formation (found on Earth)
which the Solar System was formed, and were formed in the Big Bang, by nucleosynthesis in stars and supernovae followed by mass ejection, by cosmic ray spallation
Primordial_nuclide
Cosmological model in which the observable universe is the interior of a black hole
the universe Chronology of the universe Early universe Inflation · Nucleosynthesis Backgrounds Gravitational wave (GWB) Microwave (CMB) · Neutrino (CNB)
Black_hole_cosmology
Relative abundance of heavy elements in a star or other astronomical object
chemistry. The presence of heavier elements is the result of stellar nucleosynthesis. The majority of elements that are heavier than hydrogen and helium
Metallicity
Processes that could produce lepton-antilepton asymmetry
and baryon asymmetries affect the much better understood Big Bang nucleosynthesis at later times, during which light atomic nuclei began to form. Successful
Leptogenesis
American astrophysicist
of elements in stars; he is author of the monograph Supernovae and Nucleosynthesis which deals with these topics. Arnett pioneered the application of
W._David_Arnett
Very old dust in space
that came into being earlier than 4.6 billion years ago. The stellar nucleosynthesis that took place within these stars lent distinct isotopic signatures
Presolar_grains
Hypothetical invisible cosmic material
dust would be visible when backlit by stars. The theory of Big Bang nucleosynthesis predicts the observed abundance of the chemical elements. If there
Dark_matter
Star at the centre of the Solar System
most of the helium in the Sun would have been produced by Big Bang nucleosynthesis in the first 20 minutes of the universe, and the heavier elements were
Sun
Hypothetical group of multiple universes
the universe Chronology of the universe Early universe Inflation · Nucleosynthesis Backgrounds Gravitational wave (GWB) Microwave (CMB) · Neutrino (CNB)
Multiverse
neutrons. Produced in Big Bang nucleosynthesis; one of the few stable odd–odd nuclei. Produced in Big Bang nucleosynthesis, but its short life ensures that
Isotopes_of_hydrogen
Hypothetical scenario for the ultimate fate of the universe
the universe Chronology of the universe Early universe Inflation · Nucleosynthesis Backgrounds Gravitational wave (GWB) Microwave (CMB) · Neutrino (CNB)
Big_Crunch
Relative proportion of an isotope as found in nature
given isotope is also affected by the probability of its creation in nucleosynthesis (as in the case of samarium; radioactive 147Sm and 148Sm are much more
Natural_abundance
Large self-illuminated object in space
neutron star, or—if it is sufficiently massive—a black hole. Stellar nucleosynthesis in stars or their remnants creates almost all naturally occurring chemical
Star
Atomic nuclear process
electrostatically. Neutron capture plays a significant role in the cosmic nucleosynthesis of heavy elements. In stars it can proceed in two ways: as a rapid
Neutron_capture
Indian-American astronomer
astronomy to study the nucleosynthesis of elements heavier than iron, in processes that go beyond the more common stellar nucleosynthesis, including supernovae
Mansi_Kasliwal
Nuclides with atomic number of 113 but with different mass numbers
Nihonium (113Nh) is a synthetic element. Being synthetic, a standard atomic weight cannot be given and like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes
Isotopes_of_nihonium
Chemical element with atomic number 39 (Y)
form hydrocarbons. Yttrium in the Solar System was created by stellar nucleosynthesis, mostly by the s-process (≈72%), but also the r-process (≈28%). The
Yttrium
Possible fate of the universe
the universe Chronology of the universe Early universe Inflation · Nucleosynthesis Backgrounds Gravitational wave (GWB) Microwave (CMB) · Neutrino (CNB)
Heat_death_of_the_universe
American astrophysicist (1945–1997)
research field. He was particularly well known for the study of Big Bang nucleosynthesis and its use as a probe of dark matter (both baryonic and non-baryonic)
David Schramm (astrophysicist)
David_Schramm_(astrophysicist)
Atoms of the same element, but different mass
postprimordial. Primordial isotopes were a product of stellar nucleosynthesis or another type of nucleosynthesis such as cosmic ray spallation, and have persisted
Isotope
(TNN). Intermediate in the proton–proton chain Produced in Big Bang nucleosynthesis This and 1H are the only stable nuclei with more protons than neutrons
Isotopes_of_helium
Disintegration of atomic nuclei from high-energy EM radiation
nuclei heavier than iron. Photodisintegration is responsible for the nucleosynthesis of at least some heavy, proton-rich elements via the p-process in supernovae
Photodisintegration
against atomic number can reveal patterns relating abundance to stellar nucleosynthesis and geochemistry. The alternation of abundance between even and odd
Abundance of elements in Earth's crust
Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth's_crust
Grouping of stars by similar metallicity
evolved through the generations of stars by the process of stellar nucleosynthesis. Under current cosmological models, all matter created in the Big Bang
Stellar_population
Smallest unit of a chemical element
the Big Bang. Atomic nuclei forms in nucleosynthesis reactions. In about three minutes Big Bang nucleosynthesis produced most of the helium, lithium,
Atom
Continuous band of stars that appears on plots of stellar color versus brightness
Clayton, Donald D. (1983). Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-10953-4. "The Brightest
Main_sequence
Hypothetical hybrid star type
than it does in ordinary stellar nucleosynthesis, and some astronomers have proposed that the rapid proton nucleosynthesis that occurs in X-ray bursts also
Thorne–Żytkow_object
Oganesson (118Og) is a synthetic element created in particle accelerators, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements
Isotopes_of_oganesson
Thermodynamic process that absorbs energy from its surroundings
Evaporation Sublimation Cracking of alkanes Thermal decomposition Hydrolysis Nucleosynthesis of elements heavier than nickel in stellar cores High-energy neutrons
Endothermic_process
Flerovium (114Fl) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The
Isotopes_of_flerovium
Vast empty spaces between filaments with few or no galaxies
the universe Chronology of the universe Early universe Inflation · Nucleosynthesis Backgrounds Gravitational wave (GWB) Microwave (CMB) · Neutrino (CNB)
Void_(astronomy)
Mathematician and astronomer (1473–1543)
the universe Chronology of the universe Early universe Inflation · Nucleosynthesis Backgrounds Gravitational wave (GWB) Microwave (CMB) · Neutrino (CNB)
Nicolaus_Copernicus
American astrophysicist (1945–2025)
the universe Chronology of the universe Early universe Inflation · Nucleosynthesis Backgrounds Gravitational wave (GWB) Microwave (CMB) · Neutrino (CNB)
George_Smoot
Matter and radiation in the space between the star systems in a galaxy
of primordial nucleosynthesis, while the heavier elements in the ISM are mostly a result of enrichment (due to stellar nucleosynthesis) in the process
Interstellar_medium
Chemical element with atomic number 18 (Ar)
common argon isotope, as it is the most easily produced by stellar nucleosynthesis in supernovas. The name "argon" is derived from the Ancient Greek word
Argon
Canadian astrophysicist (1925–2005)
Cameron would receive this award for his 50-year-old work on stellar nucleosynthesis, which was still an area of active research. After learning about the
Alastair_G._W._Cameron
American astronomer (1889–1953)
the universe Chronology of the universe Early universe Inflation · Nucleosynthesis Backgrounds Gravitational wave (GWB) Microwave (CMB) · Neutrino (CNB)
Edwin_Hubble
Processes in astrophysics
independently realized the necessity to add another nucleosynthesis process to neutron capture nucleosynthesis but simply mentioned proton captures without assigning
P-process
Hypothetical substance in nuclear physics
very nearly enough to make them so. This has some consequences on nucleosynthesis and the abundance of the chemical elements. A trineutron state consisting
Neutronium
Supernova that ejects a large mass at unusually high velocity
2024-07-05. Nomoto, Ken'Ichi; Moriya, Takashi; Tominaga, Nozomu (2009). "Nucleosynthesis of the Elements in Faint Supernovae and Hypernovae". Proceedings of
Hypernova
American astrophysicist (1935–2024)
came onto the field early, when nucleosynthesis was a vibrant, modern frontier. Citations are in the Nucleosynthesis section below. A historic connection
Donald_D._Clayton
centered on determining 60Fe variations due to processes accompanying nucleosynthesis (e.g., meteorite studies) and ore formation. In the last decade however
Isotopes_of_iron
English theoretical physicist (1942–2018)
the universe Chronology of the universe Early universe Inflation · Nucleosynthesis Backgrounds Gravitational wave (GWB) Microwave (CMB) · Neutrino (CNB)
Stephen_Hawking
Hypothetical original substance or state of matter
primordial plasma, formed in baryogenesis, which underwent Big Bang nucleosynthesis and was opaque to radiation. Recombination of the charged plasma into
Ylem
Grouping of evolved cool luminous stars
1007/s00159-017-0106-5. ISSN 1432-0754. Lattanzio, J.; Forestini, M. (1999). "Nucleosynthesis in AGB Stars". In Le Bertre, T.; Lebre, A.; Waelkens, C. (eds.). Asymptotic
Asymptotic_giant_branch
Cosmological model
the universe Chronology of the universe Early universe Inflation · Nucleosynthesis Backgrounds Gravitational wave (GWB) Microwave (CMB) · Neutrino (CNB)
Big_Rip
All of space observable from the Earth at the present
the universe Chronology of the universe Early universe Inflation · Nucleosynthesis Backgrounds Gravitational wave (GWB) Microwave (CMB) · Neutrino (CNB)
Observable_universe
Scientific field of study
the Big Bang. The Big Bang was confirmed by the success of Big Bang nucleosynthesis and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background in 1964. The Big
Physics
neighboring nuclides (TNN). Intermediate product of CNO-I in stellar nucleosynthesis as part of the process producing helium from hydrogen The ratio between
Isotopes_of_oxygen
Subatomic particle with no charge
Sievert radiation scale Neutronium Nuclear reaction Nucleosynthesis Neutron capture nucleosynthesis R-process S-process Thermal-neutron reactor Neutron
Neutron
Chemical enriched dwarf galaxy
ultra-diffuse galaxies. The chemical enrichment of Grus ll is from the stellar nucleosynthesis of core collapse supernovas from high mass stars over 20 solar masses
Grus_II
Theory of rapid universe expansion
that the final temperature be above 1 MeV, necessary for Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Many reheating scenarios first begin with a period of preheating,
Cosmic_inflation
Study of the chemical composition and chemical processes in stars
chemical evolution. Stellar chemistry encompasses both the internal nucleosynthesis reactions that create new elements and the observable atmospheric signatures—such
Stellar_chemistry
Nucleosynthesis pathway
giant branch stars. The s-process is responsible for the creation (nucleosynthesis) of approximately half the atomic nuclei heavier than iron. In the
S-process
Italian astrophysicist and researcher
complete her doctorate at Monash University. Her research considered nucleosynthesis in asymptotic giant branch stars. Lugaro worked as a postdoctoral researcher
Maria_Lugaro
Collapsed core of a massive star
neutron star. As the star evolves away from the main sequence, stellar nucleosynthesis produces an iron-rich core. When all nuclear fuel in the core has been
Neutron_star
Tennessine (117Ts) is the most-recently synthesized synthetic element, and much of the data is hypothetical. As for any synthetic element, a standard atomic
Isotopes_of_tennessine
beryllium present in the universe is thought to be formed by cosmic ray nucleosynthesis from cosmic ray spallation in the period between the Big Bang and the
Isotopes_of_beryllium
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
Girl/Female
Teutonic
Adventuresome.
Boy/Male
French, Indian, Telugu
Lord Shiva; From the Green Hill
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Beauty
Girl/Female
Arabic
Served
Boy/Male
Tamil
Lover
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from places in Hertfordshire and Hampshire, both named from the Old English personal name C̄ma + Old English tūn ‘settlement’.English : variant of Kempton.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Purity, Clarity, Serenity
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Union with Guru
Boy/Male
Hindu
Human, Born of Manu, Man (Son of Manu)
Girl/Female
American, British, English
Youthful; Jove's Child
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS