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Measure of ionizing radiation in the environment
Background radiation is a measure of the level of ionizing radiation present in the environment at a particular location which is not due to deliberate
Background_radiation
Electromagnetic radiation from the Big Bang
Cosmic background radiation is electromagnetic radiation that fills all space. The origin of this radiation depends on the region of the spectrum that
Cosmic_background_radiation
Trace radiation from the early universe
The cosmic microwave background (CMB, CMBR), or relic radiation, is microwave radiation that fills all space in the observable universe. With a standard
Cosmic_microwave_background
Harmful high-frequency radiation
of natural ionizing radiation on Earth, contributing to background radiation. Ionizing radiation is also generated artificially by X-ray tubes, particle
Ionizing_radiation
Steel produced prior to the 1940s
such as those used in gas tungsten arc welding. World anthropogenic background radiation, caused by atmospheric nuclear testing, peaked at a level 0.11 mSv/yr
Low-background_steel
Aspect of the history of modern physical cosmology
The discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation constitutes a major development in modern physical cosmology. In 1964, American physicist Arno Allan
Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation
Discovery_of_cosmic_microwave_background_radiation
NASA satellite of the Explorer program
1989 to 1993. Its goals were to investigate the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB or CMBR) of the universe and provide measurements that would
Cosmic_Background_Explorer
Background radiation equivalent time (BRET) or background equivalent radiation time (BERT) is a unit of measurement of ionizing radiation dosage amounting
Background radiation equivalent time
Background_radiation_equivalent_time
Network traffic lacking a routable destination
Internet background noise (IBN), also known as Internet background radiation (IBR, by analogy with natural background radiation), consists of data packets
Internet_background_noise
Photon field that fills our universe
The diffuse extragalactic background radiation (DEBRA) refers to the photon field of extragalactic origin that fills our Universe. It contains photons
Diffuse extragalactic background radiation
Diffuse_extragalactic_background_radiation
Accumulated radiation in the universe
The diffuse extragalactic background light (EBL) is all the accumulated radiation in the universe due to star formation processes, plus a contribution
Extragalactic background light
Extragalactic_background_light
Random background of gravitational waves permeating the Universe
leading candidates. Physics portal Cosmic background radiation Cosmic microwave background Cosmic neutrino background Gravitational-wave astronomy O'Callaghan
Gravitational_wave_background
Topics referred to by the same term
Cosmic background may refer to: Cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) Cosmic neutrino background (CνB) Cosmic gravitational wave background (GWB)
Cosmic_background
Topics referred to by the same term
extinction rate Background independence, a condition in theoretical physics Background noise Background radiation, the natural radiation that is always
Background
First US orbital surveillance program
Galactic Radiation and Background (GRAB) was the first successful United States orbital surveillance program, comprising a series of five Naval Research
Galactic Radiation and Background
Galactic_Radiation_and_Background
Waves or particles moving through space
particle radiation consisting of particles of non-zero rest energy, such as alpha radiation (α), beta radiation (β), proton radiation and neutron radiation acoustic
Radiation
Penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation
A gamma ray, also known as gamma radiation (symbol γ), is a penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation arising from high-energy interactions like the
Gamma_ray
Physical theory of the cosmos
including the abundance of light elements, the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, the redshift of galaxies and the large-scale structure of the
Big_Bang
Electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of particles
microwave background radiation is another example of thermal radiation. Black-body radiation is a concept used to analyze thermal radiation in idealized
Thermal_radiation
Thermal electromagnetic radiation
Black-body radiation is the thermal electromagnetic radiation emitted from a body in thermodynamic equilibrium with its environment. A black body is an
Black-body_radiation
Cancer caused by ionizing radiation exposure
ionizing radiation increases linearly with effective radiation dose at a rate of 5.5% per sievert; if correct, natural background radiation is the most
Radiation-induced_cancer
Measure of ionization of air by ionizing radiation
amount of background radiation a person is exposed to in 1 year. Background radiation is from naturally radioactive materials and cosmic radiation from space
Radiation_exposure
Unproven hypothesis regarding low doses of ionizing radiation on health
Radiation hormesis is the hypothesis that low doses of ionizing radiation (within the region of and just above natural background levels) are beneficial
Radiation_hormesis
Emissions from unstable atomic nuclei
disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation. A material containing unstable nuclei is considered radioactive. Three
Radioactive_decay
Fluctuations in the energy spectrum of the microwave background
S2CID 18615251. Sunyaev, R. A.; Zeldovich, Ya. B. (1969). "Distortions of the Background Radiation Spectrum". Nature. 223 (5207): 721. Bibcode:1969Natur.223..721S.
Cosmic microwave background spectral distortions
Cosmic_microwave_background_spectral_distortions
Comparison of a wide range of radiation dosages
of Ionizing Radiation. Vol. 1 Sources. Orvieto town, Italy Tao Z, Cha Y, Sun Q (July 1999). "[Cancer mortality in high background radiation area of Yangjiang
Orders of magnitude (radiation)
Orders_of_magnitude_(radiation)
American physicist (1933–2024)
with Robert Woodrow Wilson "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation". Penzias was born in Munich, Germany, the son of Justine (née Eisenreich)
Arno_Allan_Penzias
Topics referred to by the same term
Background level may refer to: Background (astronomy) Background radiation Journalism sourcing Background (disambiguation) This disambiguation page lists
Background_level
Theory of rapid universe expansion
the same in all directions (isotropic), why the cosmic microwave background radiation is distributed evenly, why the universe is flat, and why no magnetic
Cosmic_inflation
American astrophysicist (1945–2025)
the cosmic microwave background radiation". This work helped further the Big Bang theory of the universe using the Cosmic Background Explorer. According
George_Smoot
Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from 1 m to 1 mm
Microwave is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than other radio waves but longer than infrared waves. Its wavelength ranges
Microwave
Form of electromagnetic radiation
An X-ray is a form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than those of ultraviolet rays and longer than those of gamma rays
X-ray
Topics referred to by the same term
Terrestrial radiation may refer to: Terrestrial radiation, electromagnetic thermal radiation emitted by Earth's surface Terrestrial background radiation, environmental
Terrestrial_radiation
death to learn of the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, the remnant radiation of a dense and hot phase in the early universe. Hubble's
History of the Big Bang theory
History_of_the_Big_Bang_theory
All of space observable from the Earth at the present
current comoving distance to particles from which the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) was emitted, which represents the radius of the visible universe
Observable_universe
Lowest quantity observable with sufficient confidence above the background
Limit (PQL). Background noise – Sound other than the sound being monitored (primary sound) Background radiation – Measure of ionizing radiation in the environment
Detection_limit
Informal measurement of ionizing radiation exposure
technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive material. Background radiation Background radiation equivalent time Flight-time equivalent dose List of humorous
Banana_equivalent_dose
Quantitative study of the energy spectra of gamma-ray sources
present everywhere (i.e., background radiation), the spectrum should be analyzed when no source is present. The background radiation must then be subtracted
Gamma_spectroscopy
Hierarchical outline list of articles related to the physical sciences
including supernovae explosions, gamma-ray bursts, and cosmic microwave background radiation. Branches of astronomy Chemistry – studies the composition, structure
Outline_of_physical_science
Branch of physics focused on radiation protection
as the science of radiation protection, is the profession devoted to protecting people and their environment from potential radiation hazards, while making
Health_physics
Physics theory
measure the cosmic background radiation to have exactly the same properties in all directions (that is, they measure the background radiation to be isotropic)
Ehlers–Geren–Sachs_theorem
Anomaly in cosmic microwave background
data and found no evidence for anisotropy. The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation signature presents a direct large-scale view of the universe that
Axis_of_evil_(cosmology)
Physical phenomenon from outside of the Earth's atmosphere
ionizing surrounding gases and producing radio waves. Cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) from outer space is also a form of cosmic noise. CMBR is thought
Cosmic_noise
Void between celestial bodies
electromagnetic radiation, cosmic rays, neutrinos, magnetic fields and dust. The baseline temperature of outer space, as set by the background radiation from the
Outer_space
Measurement of radiation doses or contamination
description of each. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Radiation safety. Background Radiation § Radiation metrology for a list of environmental monitoring sites
Radiation_monitoring
American theoretical physicist (1904–1968)
nucleocosmogenesis), and predicted the existence of the cosmic microwave background radiation and molecular genetics. In his middle and late career, Gamow directed
George_Gamow
Hypothetical astrophysical effect
Hawking radiation is radiation released outside a black hole's event horizon due to quantum effects according to a model developed by Stephen Hawking in
Hawking_radiation
Structure covering destroyed unit 4 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant
required. Internal radiation levels were estimated to be as high as 10000 röntgens per hour in certain areas (normal background radiation in cities is usually
Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant sarcophagus
Chernobyl_Nuclear_Power_Plant_sarcophagus
Universe's background particle radiation composed of neutrinos
The cosmic neutrino background is a proposed background particle radiation composed of neutrinos. They are sometimes known as relic neutrinos or sometimes
Cosmic_neutrino_background
Dose measurement of radiation
exposed to radiation at doses lower than about 100 mSv. "Backgrounder on Biological Effects of Radiation". Biological Effects of Radiation. United States
Flight-time_equivalent_dose
universe could be explained by the big bang model, predicted cosmic background radiation Aristarchus of Samos (310–230 BC) early proponent of heliocentrism
List_of_cosmologists
American astronomer (born 1936)
Physics with Arno Penzias "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation". While doing tests and experiments with the Holmdel Horn Antenna
Robert_Woodrow_Wilson
Elementary particle with extremely low mass
thought that, just like the cosmic microwave background radiation leftover from the Big Bang, there is a background of low-energy neutrinos in our Universe
Neutrino
Theory of gravitation as curved spacetime
thus leading to the discovery of the Big Bang and cosmic microwave background radiation. Despite the introduction of a number of alternative theories, general
General_relativity
detected a "diffuse background radiation" of X-ray flux spanning all directions covered by the rocket's rotation. This X-ray background flux was understood
X-ray_background
Overview of and topical guide to physics
that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth (such as the cosmic background radiation). Astrodynamics – application of ballistics and celestial mechanics
Outline_of_physics
Phenomenon of redshift in cosmology
Sachs and Arthur M. Wolfe, is a property of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) in which photons from the CMB are gravitationally redshifted
Sachs–Wolfe_effect
History and future of the universe
and the Cosmic Microwave Background, Gravity builds cosmic structure, reduced density allows matter to dominate over radiation for control of expansion
Chronology_of_the_universe
Infrared radiation caused by stellar dust
Cosmic infrared background is infrared radiation caused by stellar dust. Recognizing the cosmological importance of the darkness of the night sky (Olbers'
Cosmic_infrared_background
Sound other than the sound being monitored (primary sound)
reproduction. Background noise can also affect concentration. In astronomy, background noise or cosmic background radiation is electromagnetic radiation from the
Background_noise
Hypothetical original substance or state of matter
and the radiation released is still observable as cosmic microwave background radiation. The term comes from an obsolete Middle English philosophical word
Ylem
Topics referred to by the same term
surname List of storms named Bret Background radiation equivalent time, a unit of measurement of ionizing radiation dosage Bioluminescence resonance energy
Bret
Hypothesized early universe process
the universe is inconsistent with the lack of measurable of gamma radiation background. Furthermore, accurate predictions of Big Bang nucleosynthesis depend
Baryogenesis
the existence of the cosmic microwave background radiation by considering the behavior of primordial radiation in an expanding universe. 1950 – Fred Hoyle
Timeline of cosmological theories
Timeline_of_cosmological_theories
American cosmologist (1921–2007)
Big Bang nucleosynthesis and predictions of the cosmic microwave background radiation. Alpher was the son of a Jewish immigrant, Samuel Alpher (né Ilfirovich)
Ralph_Alpher
Astrophysical models for the formation of galaxies and clusters of galaxies
universe, as is now known from observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation, began in a hot, dense, nearly uniform state approximately 13.8 billion
Structure_formation
Ionizing radiation particle of two protons and two neutrons
Alpha particles, also called alpha rays or alpha radiation, consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to the nucleus
Alpha_particle
civilian accidents involving radioactive materials or involving ionizing radiation from artificial sources such as x-ray tubes and particle accelerators
List of civilian radiation accidents
List_of_civilian_radiation_accidents
British environmental research site
Chilton, Oxfordshire that monitors levels of toxic chemicals and background radiation in the British environment; it is largely a continuation of the former
Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards
Centre_for_Radiation,_Chemical_and_Environmental_Hazards
Measurement of distance
observer who will perceive the universe, including the cosmic microwave background radiation, to be isotropic. Non-comoving observers will see regions of the
Comoving_and_proper_distances
Idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation
that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence. The radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium
Black_body
High-energy particle, mainly originating outside the Solar System
for higher-altitude cities, raising cosmic radiation exposure to a quarter of total background radiation exposure for populations of said cities. Airline
Cosmic_ray
Projection X-ray of the chest
side view (LL, or latero-lateral). Together, this corresponds to a background radiation equivalent time of about 10 days. Conditions commonly identified
Chest_radiograph
Non-SI unit measuring absorbed dose of ionizing radiation
The rad is a unit of absorbed radiation dose, defined as 1 rad = 0.01 Gy = 0.01 J/kg. It was originally defined in CGS units in 1953 as the dose causing
Rad_(radiation_unit)
E and B modes (Polarisation)
travel through space, primarily understood in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation presently. Polarization provides critical information about the
Polarization_(cosmology)
Model of the universe – alternative to the Big Bang model
microwave background radiation was discovered as predicted by the Big Bang theory. The steady-state model attempted to explain the microwave background radiation
Steady-state_model
Derived SI unit of equivalent dose of ionizing radiation
represent the stochastic health risk of ionizing radiation, which is defined as the probability of causing radiation-induced cancer and genetic damage. The sievert
Sievert
Scientific study of celestial objects
gamma ray bursts, quasars, blazars, pulsars, and cosmic microwave background radiation. More generally, astronomy studies everything that originates beyond
Astronomy
Protoplanetary nebula in the constellation Centaurus
Space Observatory) indicate kelvin (K) less than cosmic microwave background radiation (cmbr), making it the coldest natural place currently known. The
Boomerang_Nebula
Theoretical upper limit on the energy of cosmic ray protons
slowing effect of interactions of the protons with the microwave background radiation over distances in excess of about 160 million light-years. The limit
Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin_limit
Hypothesis about sapient life and the universe
recently been falsified by the 1965 discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation. This discovery was unequivocal evidence that the universe has changed
Anthropic_principle
Extremophile species of bacterium
Deinococcus radiodurans is a bacterium, an extremophile and one of the most radiation-resistant organisms known. It can survive cold, dehydration, vacuum, and
Deinococcus_radiodurans
Measurement of absorbed ionizing radiation
Radiation dosimetry in the fields of health physics and radiation protection is the measurement, calculation and assessment of the ionizing radiation
Dosimetry
Physical process in cosmology
early universe, making the universe itself and the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) more uniform. Around 300,000 years after the Big Bang, during
Diffusion_damping
Topics referred to by the same term
Battery SSH 3K (WA), see Washington State Route 128 3K radiation, see Cosmic microwave background radiation PI-3K, see Phosphoinositide 3-kinase Python 3K, see
3K
Russian astronomer (born 1943)
associated with gas in galaxy clusters scattering the cosmic microwave background radiation. Sunyaev and Nikolay I. Shakura developed a model of accretion onto
Rashid_Sunyaev
Unit for radioactivity exposure
source of background radiation (the Sun), and used as a convenient measure. Ten sunshine units are comparable to natural background radiation. One thousand
Strontium_unit
Range of safety measures
Radiation protection, also known as radiological protection, is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The protection of people
Radiation_protection
Topics referred to by the same term
food by dielectric heating Cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR), a form of electromagnetic radiation that fills the universe Microwave chemistry
Microwaves_(disambiguation)
Canadian neutrino laboratory
maintained as a class-2000 cleanroom, with very low levels of dust and background radiation. SNOLAB's 2070 m (6800 feet) of overburden rock provides 6010 metre
SNOLAB
Principle that humans are not privileged observers of the universe
when it was young. The most distant light of all, cosmic microwave background radiation, is isotropic to at least one part in a thousand. Bondi and Thomas
Copernican_principle
Local and global geometry of the universe
flat Universe from high-resolution maps of the cosmic microwave background radiation". Nature. 404 (6781): 955–959. arXiv:astro-ph/0004404. Bibcode:2000Natur
Shape_of_the_universe
Region in space
cold relative to the expected properties of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR). The "Cold Spot" is approximately 70 μK (0.00007 K) colder
CMB_cold_spot
Exposure of objects or people to radiation
ionizing radiation, and to a level of radiation that will serve a specific purpose, rather than radiation exposure to normal levels of background radiation. The
Irradiation
American physicist (1932–2025)
spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation, taken from a weather balloon, showing that the microwave background exhibited the thermal spectrum
Rainer_Weiss
- Extragalactic background radiation: a meeting in honor of Riccardo Giacconi : proceedings of the Extragalactic Background Radiation Meeting, Baltimore
Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment
Diffuse_Infrared_Background_Experiment
communication to visualize different levels of ionizing radiation. The collective radiation background dose for natural sources in Europe is about 500,000
Comparison of Chernobyl and other radioactivity releases
Comparison_of_Chernobyl_and_other_radioactivity_releases
Physics apparatus designed to study neutrinos
underground, to isolate the detector from cosmic rays and other background radiation. The field of neutrino astronomy is still very much in its infancy
Neutrino_detector
Microwave horn antenna in New Jersey, US
this antenna, Penzias and Wilson discovered the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) that permeates the universe. This was one of the most important
Holmdel_Horn_Antenna
Display on TV and radios due to causes such as there being no signal
and include electromagnetic signals prompted by cosmic microwave background radiation, or more localized radio wave noise from nearby electronic devices
Noise_(video)
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