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Israeli-British historian (born 1945)
Avi Shlaim FBA (Hebrew: אבי שליים; Arabic: أفي شلايم; born 31 October 1945) is an Israeli and British historian of Iraqi Jewish descent. He is one of Israel's
Avi_Shlaim
Second and final stage of the 1948 Palestine war
Eugene L. and Avi Shlaim, eds. The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2001 Rogan, Eugene L. and Avi Shlaim, eds. The
1948_Arab–Israeli_War
Israeli historians who have challenged traditional versions of Israeli history
publications of four scholars in the 1980s: Benny Morris, Ilan Pappé, Avi Shlaim, and Simha Flapan. Subsequently, many other historians and historical
New_Historians
Israeli historian (born 1948)
"New Historians", a term he coined to describe himself and historians Avi Shlaim, Ilan Pappé and Simha Flapan. Morris's 20th century work on the Arab–Israeli
Benny_Morris
1923 essay by Ze'ev Jabotinsky
we are continuing to successfully implement these principles".[1] In Avi Shlaim's 2000 work, "The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World", he gives a brief
Iron_Wall_(essay)
American political scientist (born 1953)
historian Avi Shlaim later praised Finkelstein's thesis, saying that it had established his credentials when he was still a doctoral student. In Shlaim's view
Norman_Finkelstein
First Israeli–Arab war
fateful war", in the words of Avi Shlaim. Only in 1987 was that narrative effectively challenged outside the Arab world. Avi Shlaim gives the conventional Zionist
1948_Palestine_war
Ethnic group
ISBN 9780804795852. Shlaim, Avi (2023). Three worlds: memoirs of an Arab-Jew. A oneworld book. London: Oneworld. pp. 46–55. ISBN 978-0-86154-463-9. Shlaim, Avi (2023)
Iraqi_Jews_in_Israel
Name list
networking security Avi Sagild (1933–1995), Danish film actress Avi Schafer (born 1998), Japanese professional basketball player Avi Shlaim (born 1945), Israeli-British
Avi
Ethnic cleansing of Palestinians
"The picture that emerges from the 1948 war, for example, as historian Avi Shlaim has shown, is not the fictional one (still repeated by Israeli spokespersons)
Nakba
King of Jordan from 1952 to 1999
110. Shlaim 2009, pp. 153–159. Shlaim 2009, p. 157. Shlaim 2009, pp. 159–196. Shlaim 2009, p. 224. Shlaim 2009, p. 174. Shlaim 2009, p. 171. Shlaim 2009
Hussein_of_Jordan
important role in the early days of Iraq's independence. According to Avi Shlaim and to Marina Benjamin, they were deeply integrated into the wider Iraqi
History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq
1953 killing of 69 Palestinian civilians by Israeli forces
powers in its country against the citizens of Israel. Israeli historian Avi Shlaim observed that the official Israeli version was not believed, and it did
Qibya_massacre
Story about an alleged Zionist mission to Palestine
message in University of Oxford Professor of International Relations Avi Shlaim's The Iron Wall (2000), and the titles of the books Married to Another
The bride is beautiful, but she is married to another man
The_bride_is_beautiful,_but_she_is_married_to_another_man
Ethnic cleansing, expulsion, and flight of Palestinians during the 1948 Palestine war
2021. Shlaim, Avi (31 May 2008). "No sentiments in war". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2022. Shlaim, Avi (September
1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight
King of Jordan from 1951 to 1952
create of himself as a "big nuisance as possible". Israeli historian Avi Shlaim, however, argues that Talal's hostility towards Britain was genuine as
Talal_of_Jordan
1948–1959 Egyptian client government of Gaza
Premier. Web. 16 May 2012. Shlaim, 2001, p. 97. Shlaim, Avi (October 29, 1998). "The Hashemite-Zionist Connection". In Shlaim, Avi (ed.). The Politics of
All-Palestine_Government
Jewish nationalist movement
movement more closely resembled other colonial movements. Similarly, Avi Shlaim describes 1967 as a milestone in the development of the "Zionist colonial
Zionism
1948–1959 Egyptian client state in Gaza
ISBN 978-2-213-63358-9. Shlaim, Avi (1990). "The rise and fall of the All-Palestine Government in Gaza." Journal of Palestine Studies. 20: 37–53.[2] Shlaim, Avi (2001)
All-Palestine_Protectorate
Internationally recognized border between Israel and Palestine
its area on the Israeli side and two thirds outside of it. According to Avi Shlaim, in March 1949 as the Iraqi forces withdrew and handed over their positions
Green_Line_(Israel)
1970–1971 conflict in Jordan
town of As-Samu inflicted heavy casualties on Jordan. Israeli writer Avi Shlaim argued that Israel's disproportionate retaliation exacted revenge on the
Black_September
1951 murder in Jerusalem
Colonel Habis Majali, commander of the 10th Infantry Regiment (described by Avi Shlaim as a "quasi-Praetorian Guard"), surround the palace of Queen Zein al-Sharaf
Assassination of Abdullah I of Jordan
Assassination_of_Abdullah_I_of_Jordan
Political principle within the Israeli–Palestinian conflict sphere
and the Palestinians. Boston: South End Press. ISBN 0-89608-601-1. Shlaim, Avi (1 December 2003). "The War of the Israeli Historians". users.ox.ac.uk
Palestinian_right_of_return
British military officer and author (1897–1986)
Etzion (May 1948), Jerusalem and Latrun (May–July 1948). According to Avi Shlaim, Rumours that Abdullah was once again in contact with the Jewish leaders
John_Bagot_Glubb
Queen of Jordan from 1955 to 1957
August 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2023. Amazon Boletín Oficial del Estado EFE Avi Shlaim (2008). Lion of Jordan: The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace. Penguin
Dina_bint_Abdul-Hamid
Israeli political scientist (born 1945)
the writings of the New Historians, particularly of Benny Morris and Avi Shlaim. Unity Within Conflict in the Inter-Arab System: The Arab Summit Conferences
Avraham_Sela
First phase of the 1947–1949 Palestine war
would make peace with the Jewish state once the civil war had finished. Avi Shlaim spoke of a 'tacit' agreement to prevent the division of Palestine with
1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
1947–1948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine
Aspect of the Arab–Israeli conflict (with Egypt)
raises Middle East tension", The Times, p. 1 (May 23, 1967). Shlaim, Rogan 2012 p. 64 Avi Shlaim; William Roger Louis (13 February 2012). The 1967 Arab–Israeli
Israeli passage through the Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran
Israeli_passage_through_the_Suez_Canal_and_Straits_of_Tiran
1990s Israeli–Palestinian peace agreements
would give the green light for the assassination of Yahya Ayyash, which Avi Shlaim describes as "the greatest mistake of Peres's political career" due to
Oslo_Accords
Armed conflict in the Gaza Strip
the 4 November operation "sealed the fate of the ceasefire". Author Avi Shlaim wrote in 2015 that the "...ceasefire had a dramatic effect in de-escalating
Gaza_War_(2008–2009)
British government statement of 1917
JSTOR 2537686. Shlaim, Avi (2009). Israel and Palestine: Reappraisals, Revisions, Refutations. Verso. ISBN 978-1-84467-366-7. Shlaim, Avi (2005). "The Balfour
Balfour_Declaration
1956 international conspiracy against Egypt
and to supplying natural uranium. According to the Israeli historian Avi Shlaim, “Rumours and accusations of collusion started flying around as soon as
Protocol_of_Sèvres
Sea passages between Egypt and Saudi Arabia
Modern Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515174-7. Shlaim, Avi; Louis, William Roger (13 February 2012). The 1967 Arab-Israeli War:
Straits_of_Tiran
1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon
ISBN 978-0-520-06667-0. Shlaim, Avi (1999). The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab world. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-04816-2. Shlaim, Avi (2007). Lion of Jordan;
1982_Lebanon_War
Eugene; Shlaim, Avi (2002). 1948, la guerre de Palestine : derrière le mythe (in French). p. 236. ISBN 2-7467-0240-1. Laurens, quoted in Rogan & Shlaim 2002
Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight
Israeli settlement in the Sinai Peninsula
loss of hopes for a peace agreement and the onset of the Yom Kippur War. Avi Shlaim argues however that the Arab decision to go to war preceded the Galilee
Yamit
Arab national group of the Levant
these areas until Israel occupied them in the Six-Day War. Historian Avi Shlaim states that the Palestinians' lack of sovereignty over the land has been
Palestinians
Italian legal scholar (born 1977)
Studies and Endowed Professor in the Study of Modern Genocide, Stockton; Avi Shlaim, Emeritus Professor of International Relations, University of Oxford;
Francesca_Albanese
1948 expulsion by Israeli forces
historians in particular—Morris himself, Simha Flapan, Ilan Pappé, and Avi Shlaim—three of them Oxbridge-trained, published a series of books that changed
Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle
Palestinian_expulsion_from_Lydda_and_Ramle
Biblical and Quranic character
Self-Expression, 2d ed. McFarland. p. 282. ISBN 9780786451333. Eugene L. Rogan; Avi Shlaim (2001). The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948 (illustrated
Jethro_(biblical_figure)
Israeli military leader and politician (1915–1981)
Ben-Gurion's Spy. p. 66. Lau-Levie, Moshe Dayan – A Biography, p. 38. [1] Avi Shlaim, The Iron Wall, quoted by CafeTelAviv Morris Border Wars. p. 239. Teveth
Moshe_Dayan
President of Egypt from 1956 to 1970
YouTube. Heikal 1973, p. 91 Heikal 1973, pp. 103–104 Heikal 1973, p. 105 Shlaim, Avi (1997), "The Protocol of Sèvres,1956: Anatomy of a War Plot", International
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Ruler of Jordan from 1921 to 1951
(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-521-87598-1. Shlaim, Avi. "Israel and the Arab coalition in 1948". pp. 79–103. Rogan, Eugene L
Abdullah_I_of_Jordan
1953 attack on Israeli civilians by Palestinian Arab fedayeen
12 June 2018. Avi Shlaim (2001). The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 91. ISBN 0-393-32112-6. Avi Shlaim writes: "The Qibya
Yehud_attack
Different approaches to the subject of creating a Jewish homeland
to shoot—or else I am through with playing at colonization." Historian Avi Shlaim characterizes Jabotinsky's view of Zionism "not as the return of the Jews
Types_of_Zionism
Egyptian military rule over the Gaza Strip (1949–1967)
known as the Gaza Strip. (See 1949 Armistice Agreements.) According to Avi Shlaim: [T]he contrast between the pretensions of the All-Palestine Government
United Arab Republic occupation of the Gaza Strip
United_Arab_Republic_occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip
British mandate territory (1920–1948)
Palestinians and 1948: the underlying causes of failure". In Eugene L. Rogan & Avi Shlaim (ed.). The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948 (2nd ed.)
Mandatory_Palestine
Regional organisation
History.howstuffworks.com (27 February 2008). Retrieved on 2014-04-28. Avi Shlaim, Collusion Across the Jordan: King Abdullah, the Zionist Movement and
Arab_League
1948 mass killing by Zionist militants
Henry Laurens Nur Masalha Benny Morris Ilan Pappé Edward Said Tom Segev Avi Shlaim Symbols and memory Palestinian key Handala Nakba Day Land Day 2018–2019
Deir_Yassin_massacre
ISBN 1-84519-188-9. Shlaim, Avi (2001). The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-32112-6. ISBN 0-393-04816-0 Shlaim, Avi (2007)
Controversies relating to the Six-Day War
Controversies_relating_to_the_Six-Day_War
Issues that led to the 1967 Arab–Israeli War
ISBN 1-84519-188-9. Shlaim, Avi (2000). The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32112-8. Shlaim, Avi (2007). Lion of
Origins_of_the_Six-Day_War
Palestinian commemoration of 1948 displacement
Henry Laurens Nur Masalha Benny Morris Ilan Pappé Edward Said Tom Segev Avi Shlaim Symbols and memory Palestinian key Handala Nakba Day Land Day 2018–2019
Nakba_Day
Section of Jerusalem in the West Bank
eyes. Israel's settlement policy in East Jerusalem has been described by Avi Shlaim and others as one aiming to preempt negotiations by creating facts on
East_Jerusalem
Ruler of Mecca from 1908 to 1924
1918-1925. New Brunswick N.J: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-4749-0. Avi Shlaim (2008). Lion of Jordan. Penguin Books, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-14-101728-0. Teitelbaum
Hussein,_King_of_Hejaz
1947 plan to divide British Palestine
Walid Khalidi Nur Masalha Benny Morris Ilan Pappé Tom Segev Avraham Sela Avi Shlaim The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem Related categories/lists
United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine
British protectorate from 1921 to 1946
2018. Retrieved 24 May 2019. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help) Avi Shlaim (2007) p 11 Martin Sicker, (1999) Reshaping Palestine: From Muhammad Ali
Emirate_of_Transjordan
encouraged the Arabs' flight made the party uncomfortable." According to Avi Shlaim, this condemnation of the use of violence is one of the key features of
Zionist_political_violence
2005 Israeli government initiative
in 2000 halted negotiations for the peace process. Israeli historian Avi Shlaim writes that Hamas' persistent attacks in the Gaza Strip had increased
Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip
Israeli_disengagement_from_the_Gaza_Strip
1951–1952 airlift of Iraqi Jews to Israel
discovered that belonged to the Zionist underground. In his 2023 memoir Avi Shlaim, a historian of Iraqi-Jewish origins, argues that of the 5 bombings, three
Operation_Ezra_and_Nehemiah
1967 Arab League summit resolution
William Quandt argued that the Arab position hardened at the conference. Avi Shlaim argued that Arab spokesmen interpreted the Khartoum declarations to mean
Khartoum_Resolution
Ethical doctrine of the Israel Defense Forces
assumed a historic dimension within Israel.[citation needed] According to Avi Shlaim, "purity of arms" is one of the key features of "the conventional Zionist
Purity_of_arms
Capital of Iraq
attacked in a series of bombings whose responsibility remains disputed. Avi Shlaim has argued that members of the Zionist underground in Baghdad were responsible
Baghdad
Israeli-British historian (born 1954)
al-Aqsa is no conspiracy theory, The Electronic Intifada, 10 November 2015. Avi Shlaim Pappé, Ilan (2007) [2006]. The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine. Oxford:
Ilan_Pappé
Geographic region in West Asia
Palestinians and 1948: the underlying causes of failure". In Rogan, Eugene L.; Shlaim, Avi (eds.). The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948 (2nd ed
Palestine_(region)
many chose to stay in the country. Iraqi-born Israeli-British historian Avi Shlaim later argued that the sudden mass migration was driven by a mix of fear
Religion_in_Iraq
British direct action group
"Judith Butler, musician Brian Eno, Israeli professors Ilan Pappé and Avi Shlaim, author and anti-apartheid campaigner Andrew Feinstein, and Massive Attack
Palestine_Action
Displaced persons and refugees
during Israel's War of Independence is estimated to be around 30,000. Shlaim, Avi, "The War of the Israeli Historians." Center for Arab Studies, 1 December
Palestinian_refugees
Phrase associated with Zionism
phrase as an attempt by Zionists to deny a Palestinian nation. Historian Avi Shlaim states that the slogan employed by Zangwill was used for propaganda purposes
A land without a people for a people without a land
A_land_without_a_people_for_a_people_without_a_land
Zionist paramilitary organization (1931–1948)
Birth of an Underground Organization", Yehuda Lapidot, p. 62 (in Hebrew) Avi Shlaim (January 6, 2005). "Bombers not Martyrs". London Review of Books. Perspectives
Irgun
2000 book by Norman Finkelstein
He Fights for Tenure". Democracy Now!. May 9, 2007. Raul Hilberg and Avi Shlaim speak in support of Finkelstein's scholarship and The Holocaust Industry
The_Holocaust_Industry
Steed of the Messiah at the end of days
material world (represented by the donkey). In his memoir Three Worlds, Avi Shlaim recounts that Muslim friends of the family once asked his mother's maternal
The_Messiah's_Donkey
Foreign volunteers who fought for Israel during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442615700. Eugene L. Rogan; Avi Shlaim (19 November 2007). The war for Palestine: rewriting the history of 1948
Mahal_(Israel)
Bombing of Jewish targets in Baghdad, Iraq, between April 1950 and June 1951
bombing, to prove that those on trial were not the perpetrators. In 2023 Avi Shlaim, an historian of Jewish-Iraqi background, concluded on the basis of an
1950–1951_Baghdad_bombings
UN agency supporting Palestinian refugees
Walid Khalidi Nur Masalha Benny Morris Ilan Pappé Tom Segev Avraham Sela Avi Shlaim The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem Related categories/lists
UNRWA
Lead up to the Six-Day War
at 7:45 AM, the war erupted. Mutawi 2002 p. 93 Morris, 2001, p.305 Shlaim, Avi (2012). The 1967 Arab-Israeli War: Origins and Consequences. Cambridge
Waiting_period_(Six-Day_War)
Book by Benny Morris
opportunities from their own ineptness that the Jewish militias seized. Avi Shlaim interpreted these factors in the book as going a "long way towards explaining
1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War
1948:_A_History_of_the_First_Arab–Israeli_War
Formal ceasefire which ended the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
Politics of Partition; King Abdullah, The Zionists, and Palestine 1921–1951 Avi Shlaim Oxford University Press, Revised Edition, 2004 ISBN 978-0-19-829459-7
1949_Armistice_Agreements
1984 book by Joan Peters
In 2005 Israeli historian Avi Shlaim credited Finkelstein with proving that the book was "preposterous and worthless". Shlaim stated that the evidence
From_Time_Immemorial
Palestinian Arab nationalist (1897–1974)
ISBN 978-1-412-80931-3. Shlaim, Avi (2000). The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-028870-4. Shlaim, Avi (2001). "Israel and
Amin_al-Husseini
Hebrew linguist and educator (1862–1943)
Congress in Basel 1905). “Yitzhak Epstein: The Hidden Question” from Avi Shlaim, The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. The Balfour Project. Educating
Yishaq_Epstein
British activist (1981–2004)
Metropolitan University. Speakers have included Salman Abu-Sitta, Ilan Pappé, Avi Shlaim, Karma Nabulsi, Eyal Weizman, Adam Hanieh, Penny Green, Miriyam Aouragh
Tom_Hurndall
Politically motivated accusations of antisemitism
the resolution. Signatories included Alon Confino, Amos Goldberg, and Avi Shlaim. The letter said: We conclude that the rise in anti-Semitism is clearly
Weaponization_of_antisemitism
Catastrophic government dissolution
last great casualty of the first world war', The Spectator, 2 May 2015 Avi Shlaim, 'The Balfour Declaration: A Study in British Duplicity', Middle East
State_collapse
Geopolitical conflict in the Middle East
Institute". www.washingtoninstitute.org. Retrieved 18 January 2026. Shlaim, Avi (2007). Lion of Jordan; The life of King Hussein in War in Peace. p. 301
Arab–Israeli_conflict
organisational behaviour Ariel Rubinstein – economist Moshe Sharon – historian Avi Shlaim – historian Abraham Solomonick – semiotician, linguist Amos Tversky –
List_of_Israelis
Denial of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion
Henry Laurens Nur Masalha Benny Morris Ilan Pappé Edward Said Tom Segev Avi Shlaim Symbols and memory Palestinian key Handala Nakba Day Land Day 2018–2019
Nakba_denial
Jordanian victories in the First Arab–Israeli War
(Anita Shapira considers this story to be at the origin of the theory of Avi Shlaim who brought forth what she considers as the myth of the collusion between
Battles_of_Latrun_(1948)
Palestinian Marxist–Leninist organization
Palestinians". In The Cold War and the Middle East, eds. Yezid Sayigh, Avi Shlaim. Oxford University Press. Page 145 Alexander 2003, p. 48. "Profile: DFLP"
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine
1948 military plan in Mandatory Palestine
Walid Khalidi Nur Masalha Benny Morris Ilan Pappé Tom Segev Avraham Sela Avi Shlaim The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem Related categories/lists
Plan_Dalet
1949 diplomatic summit
powerful political and propaganda tool against Israel." – According to Avi Shlaim, "I accept that in the period 1947–49 Israel had no Palestinian option
1949_Lausanne_Conference
American diplomat and author (born 1948)
Archived from the original on February 15, 2006 – via FindArticles. Avi Shlaim, "The Lost Steps", The Nation, August 30, 2004. Swisher, The Truth About
Dennis_Ross
Commission overseeing Israeli–Syrian ceasefire after the 1948 Arab-Israeli war
December 1954. p. 4. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 October 2024. Avi Shlaim (2000) p.150 Avi Shlaim contends that Israel was testing out the extent of co-ordination
Israel–Syria Mixed Armistice Commission
Israel–Syria_Mixed_Armistice_Commission
Henry Laurens Nur Masalha Benny Morris Ilan Pappé Edward Said Tom Segev Avi Shlaim Symbols and memory Palestinian key Handala Nakba Day Land Day 2018–2019
List of estimates of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
List_of_estimates_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight
Historiography on the two events
Henry Laurens Nur Masalha Benny Morris Ilan Pappé Edward Said Tom Segev Avi Shlaim Symbols and memory Palestinian key Handala Nakba Day Land Day 2018–2019
The_Holocaust_and_the_Nakba
War crime in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War
Henry Laurens Nur Masalha Benny Morris Ilan Pappé Edward Said Tom Segev Avi Shlaim Symbols and memory Palestinian key Handala Nakba Day Land Day 2018–2019
Eilabun_massacre
Conclusion of British responsibility for administration of Palestine
Karsh, Efraim The Arab-Israeli Conflict, London: Osprey, 2002 p. 51. Avi., Shlaim (1 January 1988). Collusion across the Jordan : King Abdullah, the Zionist
End of the British Mandate for Palestine
End_of_the_British_Mandate_for_Palestine
Valley". Al Jazeera. 11 September 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019. Avi Shlaim, 2001, The Iron Wall: "Victory in the Six-Day War marked the beginning
Proposed Israeli annexation of the West Bank
Proposed_Israeli_annexation_of_the_West_Bank
Valley in Israel
are a number of villages with substantial population of Egyptian stock. Avi Shlaim, "The Politics of Partition; King Abdullah, the Zionists, and Palestine
Wadi_Ara
Conflict between Israel and Lebanon-based militant groups
Association of Arab-American University Graduates, ISBN 978-0-937694-70-1 Avi Shlaim, The Protocol of Sèvres,1956: Anatomy of a War Plot Archived 5 April 2018
South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)
South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985–2000)
2004 book by Daphna Baram
with a new foreword by British-Israeli historian and critic of Israel, Avi Shlaim. The work was commissioned by the British newspaper The Guardian in order
Disenchantment: The Guardian and Israel
Disenchantment:_The_Guardian_and_Israel
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