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Linguistic varieties with evidence of having existed
In linguistics, attested languages are languages (living or dead) that have been documented and for which the evidence ("attestation") has survived to
Attested_language
Ancestor of the Indo-European languages
reconstructible for Proto-Kartvelian. The Lusitanian language was a marginally attested language spoken in areas near the border between present-day Portugal
Proto-Indo-European_language
Extinct East Germanic language
and is the only East Germanic language with a sizeable text corpus. It is the earliest Germanic language that is attested in any sizable texts, but it
Gothic_language
Extinct Indo-European language
and poorly attested language, spoken in ancient times in Southeast Europe by the Thracians. The linguistic affinities of the Thracian language are poorly
Thracian_language
Common ancestor of a language family
proto-language is a postulated ancestral language from which a number of attested languages are believed to have descended by evolution, forming a language
Proto-language
Ancestor of the Germanic languages
Proto-Germanic language is not directly attested and has been reconstructed using the comparative method with other more archaic and earlier attested Indo-European
Proto-Germanic_language
Extinct Bronze Age Indo-European language
Nesite, is an extinct Indo-European language formerly spoken in Anatolia during the Bronze Age. The language is attested in cuneiform texts, primarily from
Hittite_language
Language family native to Eurasia
language into the attested branches of daughter languages is historically unattested. The timeline of the evolution of the various daughter languages
Indo-European_languages
Proposed language family including Basque and Aquitanian
proper in the north together with Vasconic, the far more sparsely attested language of the Vascones in the south. Taken broadly, Aquitanian therefore
Vasconic_languages
Group of languages related through a common ancestor
relationships between languages are not directly attested. For instance, the Romance languages and the North Germanic languages are also related to each
Language_family
Language of ancient Sumer and Babylon
romanized: eme-gir15, lit. 'native language') was the language of ancient Sumer. It is the oldest attested language, dating back to at least 3100 BC, perhaps
Sumerian_language
Language that has no demonstrable genetic relationship with other languages
are examples of language isolates, as too are well attested extinct languages such as Sumerian and Elamite. The exact number of language isolates is unknown
Language_isolate
Branch of the Afroasiatic languages
Levant respectively. The only earlier attested languages are Sumerian and Elamite (2800 BCE to 550 BCE), both language isolates, and Egyptian (c. 3000 BCE)
Semitic_languages
Ancient Indo-European language of the Hittite Empire
Luvia) – the name of the region in which the Luwians lived. Luwiya is attested, for example, in the Hittite laws. The two varieties of Luwian are known
Luwian_language
Branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family
attested Old Iranian languages are Old Persian (from the Achaemenid Empire) and Avestan (the language of the Avesta). Of the Middle Iranian languages
Iranian_languages
Reconstructed ancestor of the Afroasiatic language family
Afroasiatic are attested as early as 3000 BC, while the languages of the Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, and Omotic branches are only attested much later, sometimes
Proto-Afroasiatic_language
Extinct Indo-European language of central Anatolia
an overview of this language", "Macedonian is better explained as a Greek dialect than a proper language", and "Albanian is attested as late as fourteenth
Phrygian_language
Languages of Eurasia before the arrival of Indo-European languages
vocabulary, language not attested) Harappan language (not attested in readable script; see Indus script) Lullubi language Vedda language Burushaski language Dravidian
Pre-Indo-European_languages
Ancient language of Asia Minor
Euphrates as "Land of the Hatti" (Khatti). The heartland of the oldest attested language of Anatolia before the arrival of Hittite-speakers, ranged from Hattusa
Hattic_language
Historic form of Sanskrit
Vedic language, is the earliest attested form of the Sanskrit and Prakrit languages: members of the Indo-Aryan subgroup of the Indo-European language family
Vedic_Sanskrit
Medieval Slavic literary language
slə-VON-ik, slav-ON-) is the first Slavic literary language and the oldest extant written Slavonic language attested in literary sources. It belongs to the Eastern
Old_Church_Slavonic
Ancestor of Latin and other Italic languages
Proto-Italic language is the ancestor of the Italic languages, most notably Latin and its descendants, the Romance languages. It is not directly attested in writing
Proto-Italic_language
Extinct branch of Indo-European languages
considered the earliest-attested Indo-European language. Undiscovered until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Anatolian languages are often believed
Anatolian_languages
Extinct Uto-Aztecan language
Zacatec language is an extinct and poorly attested language, likely of the Uto-Aztecan language family. It has been suspected to be a Nahuan language, or
Zacateco_language
Uto-Aztecan language of Mexico
General Aztec encompasses the Nahuatl and Pipil languages. Pochutec is a scantily attested language, which became extinct in the 20th century, and which
Nahuatl
Salutation or greeting
Hello is a salutation or greeting in the English language. It is first attested in writing from 1826. Hello, with that spelling, was used in publications
Hello
Language family
dozens of different related languages and dialects across Europe in pre-Roman times, but only a small number are attested: Lepontic (6th to 4th century
Continental_Celtic_languages
Branch of the Iranian languages
The Western Iranian languages or Western Iranic languages are a branch of the Iranian languages, attested from the time of Old Persian (6th century BC)
Western_Iranian_languages
Utian language family of California
languages, and in 1994 there were two speakers of Lake Miwok. The best attested language is Southern Sierra Miwok, from which the name Yosemite originates
Miwok_languages
Ancient Iranian language
languages attested in significantly more recent periods. The language is posited to be the ancestor of several modern Northwestern Iranian languages,
Median_language
Large language family of Africa and West Asia
speakers, and many Afroasiatic languages in Africa are vulnerable or endangered. There are many well-attested Afroasiatic languages from antiquity that have
Afroasiatic_languages
Uto-Aztecan language branch of Mexico
be part of the Taracahitic languages, but this is no longer considered a valid genetic unit. The poorly attested language of the Acaxee has also been
Cahitan_languages
Large dialect continuum from the Levant and Mesopotamia
Sutean, a Semitic language, possibly of the Canaanite branch. Amarna Canaanite – attested only through the Canaano-Akkadian language of the Amarna letters
Canaanite_languages
Bear witness, confirm or authenticate
Wiktionary The dictionary definition of attestor at Wiktionary Attested language, a language for which documented evidence exists Law, Jonathan, ed. (2022)
Attestation
Standard form of the Hebrew language
Hebrew language spoken today. It is the only extant Canaanite language of the Semitic language family, as well as one of the oldest attested languages to
Modern_Hebrew
West Germanic language
Germanic language of the Indo-European language family that emerged in early medieval England and has since become a global lingua franca. The language is named
English_language
Major division of the Niger–Congo language family
the West Atlantic languages Nalu and Rio Nunez as unclassified languages within Niger-Congo. There are a few poorly attested languages, such as Bayot and
Atlantic–Congo_languages
Bronze Age civilization on Crete and other Aegean Islands
of the Minoan language is unknown. Based on what is known, the language is regarded as unlikely to belong to a well-attested language family such as
Minoan_civilization
Extinct language of Colombia
Malibú (Malebú) is an extinct and poorly attested language formerly spoken in Magdalena Department in Colombia. The name "Malibú" is the word for cacique
Malibú_language
Indo-Aryan language of Sri Lanka
literature. Early forms of the Sinhalese language are attested to as early as the 3rd century BCE. The language of these inscriptions, still retaining long
Sinhala_language
Arawakan language of Brazil
Amarizana (Amarizama) is an extinct, poorly attested, and unclassified Arawakan language. It is attested in a wordlist from 1824. Kaufman (1994) placed
Amarizana_language
Indigenous South American language family
decisions on whether a variety is a language or a dialect, changing names, and not addressing several poorly attested languages, Aikhenvald departs from Kaufman
Arawakan_languages
Proto-language of all the Slavic languages
proto-languages, no attested writings have been found; scholars have reconstructed the language by applying the comparative method to all the attested Slavic
Proto-Slavic_language
Language
possibly attested in a Middle Faliscan inscription containing the adverb foied. Like the Latin and Sabellic languages, the Faliscan language obeys a four-conjugation
Faliscan_language
Extinct unclassified language of Peru
Tallán is an extinct and poorly attested language of the Piura Region of Peru. It is too poorly known to be definitively classified. It may have a possible
Tallán_language
Historical group of Indo-Aryan languages from 600 BCE to 1000 CE
descendants of Old Indo-Aryan (OIA; attested through Vedic Sanskrit) and the predecessors of the modern Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu)
Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages
Northwest Semitic language
eds., Language Environment of First Century Judaea, Brill, 2014:66–109. p. 109 "no, Ἑβραιστί does not ever appear to mean Aramaic in attested texts during
Hebrew_language
Proposed group of extinct languages
group of languages that is considered to be an extinct sister branch of the Mongolic languages. Para-Mongolic contains certain historically attested extinct
Para-Mongolic_languages
Processes of understanding how earlier languages were spoken
asterisk (*) to distinguish them from attested forms. An attested word from which a root in the proto-language is reconstructed is a reflex. More generally
Linguistic_reconstruction
Punjabi language uses both Gurmukhi script as well as Shahmukhi script officially but Google Translate uses Gurmukhi script only. Angika is attested to have
Languages_of_India
Earliest attested form of the Greek language
earliest attested form of the Greek language. It was spoken on the Greek mainland and Crete in Mycenaean Greece (16th to 12th centuries BC). The language is
Mycenaean_Greek
Extinct Italic language of central Italy
through the ending -ei, an orthographic choice that, although attested elsewhere in the language, remains uncommon. The term difue, possibly deriving from
Umbrian_language
Oldest stage of the Khmer language
Old Khmer is the oldest attested stage of the Khmer language, an Austroasiatic language historically and presently spoken across Cambodia, Southern Vietnam
Old_Khmer
Extinct pre-Indo-European language family
Italy and Austria, named after the Rhaetian people; and the Lemnian language attested in Lemnos in the northern Aegean Sea. Camunic in northern Lombardy
Tyrsenian_languages
Stable natural languages that have developed from a pidgin
number of creole languages is not known, particularly as many are poorly attested or documented. About one hundred creole languages have arisen since
Creole_language
Nilo-Saharan language family of Central Africa
the CAR, and South Sudan. Starostin (2011) notes that the poorly attested language Mimi of Decorse is suggestive of Central Sudanic, though he provisionally
Central_Sudanic_languages
Division of the Semitic languages of the Levant
Semitic languages comprising indigenous languages of the Levant. It emerged from Proto-Semitic in the Early Bronze Age. It is first attested in proper
Northwest_Semitic_languages
Extinct language in Egypt
known written languages, first recorded in the hieroglyphic script in the late 4th millennium BC, and the longest-attested human language with a written
Egyptian_language
Direct descendants of Vulgar Latin
Latin is a very well attested ancient language, some amateur linguists have even constructed Romance languages that mirror real languages that developed from
Romance_languages
Extinct and revitalized Slavic language
from other Slavic languages, most notably in having a strong German influence. It was close to Pomeranian and Kashubian, and is attested only in a handful
Polabian_language
Subgroup of the Semitic languages
speakers of East Semitic languages wandered further east, settling in Mesopotamia during the 3rd millennium BC, as attested by Akkadian texts from this
East_Semitic_languages
Algonquian language
and phonology and are sometimes considered distinct languages. The English word skunk, attested in New England in the 1630s, is probably borrowed from
Abenaki_language
Western Iranian language
Persian as a language name is first attested in English in the mid-16th century. Farsi, which is the Persian word for the Persian language, has also been
Persian_language
Extinct Indo-European languages in Asia
being mutually unintelligible. A common Proto-Tocharian language must precede the attested languages by several centuries, probably dating to the late 1st
Tocharian_languages
Dravidian language
Pondicherry. It is one of the longest-surviving classical languages in the world, attested since c. 300 BCE. Tamil was the lingua franca for early maritime
Tamil_language
Extinct ancient language of Mesopotamia
symbols instead of cuneiform script. Hurrian is an extinct Hurro-Urartian language spoken by the Hurrians (Khurrites), a people who entered northern Mesopotamia
Hurrian_language
Earliest attested form of the Korean language
the sparsely attested languages of the Three Kingdoms of Korea as variants of Old Korean, while others reserve the term for the language of Silla alone
Old_Korean
Extinct Yeniseian language of Russia
branch, being its only attested language. The closest known relative of Arin, Pumpokol, has been suggested to be similar to the language of the ruling elite
Arin_language
Extinct language of Colombia
extinct and scarcely attested language of Colombia. It may have been related to Guambiano. According to Loukotka, it was a Coconucan language. Campbell, Lyle;
Guanaca_language
Branch of the Indo-European language family
The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe,
Germanic_languages
Extinct language of Ghana
possible language isolate. A poorly attested language spoken in the nearby village of Tuluwe, Mpur, may also turn out to be yet another language isolate
Mprɛ_language
Historical category of northern European peoples
oldest attested form of the script, called the Elder Futhark, date from 200 to 700 CE. The word rune is widely attested among Germanic languages, where
Germanic_peoples
Group of extinct Indo-European languages in the Germanic family
that East Germanic is not a valid genetic clade, as the three most attested languages conventionally identified as East Germanic (Burgundian, Vandalic,
East_Germanic_languages
Latest stage of the Egyptian language
Afroasiatic language. It is a group of closely related Egyptian dialects, representing the most recent developments of the Egyptian language, and historically
Coptic_language
Extinct indigenous language of Brazil
Ceococe) is an extinct and poorly attested language of Brazil that is not known to be related to other languages. It has been classified as being related
Xokó_language
Language family
is descended from the language of settlers from Britain. There are a number of extinct attested Continental Celtic languages: Galatian, Lepontic, Gaulish
Celtic_languages
Old language with established literature or use
of Marathi language, attested in Yadava dynasty, 7th to 12th centuries) Classical Assamese (the earliest form of Assamese language, attested in Kamarupa
Classical_language
Ancient Indo-European-speaking peoples of Anatolia
Their languages are generally regarded as the earliest-attested branch of Indo-European and among the first to have separated from the language ancestral
Anatolian_peoples
Austroasiatic language
Austroasiatic language spoken natively by the Khmer people and is an official language and national language of Cambodia. The language is also widely
Khmer_language
Ancient language
also known as Jewish Old Palestinian[citation needed], is a well-attested language used by the communities of Judea, probably originating in the area
Imperial_Aramaic
Language spoken in the Xiongnu empire
confederation which existed from the 3rd century BCE to 100 AD. It is sparsely attested, and the extant material available on it comprises about 150 words, as
Xiongnu_language
Language of Baekje
The language of the kingdom of Baekje (4th–7th centuries), one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, is poorly attested, and scholars differ on whether one
Baekje_language
Romance language
followed in the 15th century as Catellain (from Middle French). It is attested a language name since at least 1652. The word Catalan can be pronounced in English
Catalan_language
Indo-European language of the Italic branch
Latin. Vulgar Latin refers to the less prestigious colloquial registers, attested in inscriptions and some literary works such as those of the comic playwrights
Latin
Progenitor of Old Norse
the earliest stage of a characteristically North Germanic language, and the language attested in the oldest Scandinavian Elder Futhark inscriptions, spoken
Proto-Norse_language
Arawakan language
not well attested. However, from what can be gathered, nouns appear to have had noun-class suffixes, as in other Arawakan languages. Attested Taíno possessive
Taíno_language
Literary form of written Chinese
The attested language of the period was probably not very different from cultured speech. The gap between the written and the spoken language began
Classical_Chinese
Language family of northern Japan and neighboring islands
historically attested extent of the family was due to a relatively recent expansion northward. No genealogical relationship between Ainu and any other language family
Ainu_languages
Sino-Tibetan language
umbrella term for almost all Sinitic languages except Macro-Bai languages, widely recognized as a collection of language varieties, natively spoken by the
Chinese_language
Rgyalrongic language of China
other being Khroskyabs. To date, the Horpa languages are the closest attested ones to the medieval language Tangut. Horpa is spoken primarily in western
Horpa_language
Earliest attested Turkic language
Khaganate, and later the Uyghur Khaganate, making it the earliest attested Common Turkic language. In terms of the datability of extant written sources, the
Old_Turkic
Romance language
italiana, pronounced [ˈliŋɡwa itaˈljaːna]) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family. It is a standardised form of literary Florentine
Italian_language
Reconstructed ancestor of the Anatolian languages
no attested writings have been found; the language has been reconstructed by applying the comparative method to all the attested Anatolian languages as
Proto-Anatolian_language
Extinct unclassified language of the Huns
As no inscriptions or whole sentences in the Hunnic language have been preserved, the attested corpus is very limited, consisting almost entirely of
Hunnic_language
Ancient language of the Central Alps
in Val Camonica, a valley in the Central Alps. The language is sparsely attested to an extent that makes any classification attempt uncertain—even the discussion
Camunic_language
Indo-Aryan macrolanguage of the Romani people
variety of contact languages. Changes emerged then, which spread in wave-like patterns, creating the dialect differences attested today. According to
Romani_language
Extinct language family
relationship between the language families, or at least maintaining that the evidence is as yet inconclusive. The poorly-attested Kassite language is not a member
Hurro-Urartian_languages
Extinct Indo-European language of the Carpathian region
and Persian languages, which are completely different languages. In elaborating the phonology of Dacian, Georgiev uses plant-names attested to in Dioscorides
Dacian_language
Romance language of Western Europe
brothers, do you?" "Yes I do, I have seven."). The name "Occitan" was attested around 1300 as occitanus, a crossing of oc and aquitanus (Aquitanian).
Occitan_language
Polynesian language spoken in Hawaii
Polynesian language of the Austronesian language family, originating in and native to the Hawaiian Islands. It is the historic native language of the Hawaiian
Hawaiian_language
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