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Language of ancient Sumer and Babylon
Sumerian (Sumerian: 𒅴𒂠, romanized: eme-gir15, lit. 'native language') was the language of ancient Sumer. It is the oldest attested language, dating
Sumerian_language
Ancient Mesopotamian civilization from 3300 to 1900 BC
noble lords" (Sumerian: 𒆠𒂗𒄀, romanized: ki-en-gi(-r), lit. ''country" + "lords" + "noble''), and their language "Emegir" (Sumerian: 𒅴𒂠, romanized: eme-g̃ir
Sumer
18th–17th century BCE writings
the Sumerian civilization and largely preserved by the later Akkadian and Babylonian empires. These records were written in the Sumerian language in the
Sumerian_literature
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up Sumerian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Sumerian or Sumerians may refer to: Sumer, an ancient civilization Sumerian language Sumerian art Sumerian
Sumerian
Writing system of the ancient Near East
the Sumerian language of southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq). Over the course of its history, cuneiform was adapted to write a number of languages in addition
Cuneiform
Ancient text listing Sumerian Kingships
The Sumerian King List (abbreviated SKL) or Chronicle of the One Monarchy is an ancient literary composition written in Sumerian that was likely created
Sumerian_King_List
Sumerian genre of debate poems
The Sumerian disputation poem or Sumerian debate is a genre of Sumerian literature in the form of a disputation. Extant compositions from this genre date
Sumerian_disputations
Extinct Semitic language of Mesopotamia
using the cuneiform script, originally used for Sumerian, but also used to write multiple languages in the region including Eblaite, Hurrian, Elamite
Akkadian_language
Creation myth
Eridu Genesis, also called the Sumerian Creation Myth or Sumerian Flood Myth, is a work of Sumerian religion offering a description of the story surrounding
Eridu_Genesis
Subgroup of the Semitic languages
by the non-Semitic Sumerian language and adopted cuneiform writing. East Semitic languages stand apart from other Semitic languages, which are traditionally
East_Semitic_languages
Sumerian title for a ruler or prince
(cuneiform: 𒑐𒋼𒋛 pa.te.si Sumerian: ensik, "lord of the plowland"; Emesal dialect: umunsik; Akkadian: iššakkum) was a Sumerian title designating the ruler
Ensi_(Sumerian)
Language of the Bronze Age civilization of the Indus Valley
in Sumerian cuneiform (such as Meluhha), in conjunction with analyses of the Harappan script. There are some possible loanwords from the language of the
Harappan_language
Hypothetical unclassified language of late Neolithic Mesopotamia
entirely different language, often referred to as Proto-Euphratean. The borrowings from this hypothetical language include the Sumerian names of the major
Proto-Euphratean_language
Royal dynasty in Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia and their realm is sometimes referred to by historians as the Neo-Sumerian Empire. The Third Dynasty of Ur is commonly abbreviated as "Ur III" by
Third_Dynasty_of_Ur
British explorer, professor, amateur archaeologist and surgeon
surgeon, collector in Tibet, and amateur archaeologist. Waddell also studied Sumerian and Sanskrit; he made various translations of seals and other inscriptions
Laurence_Waddell
Ancient Mesopotamian city in Iraq
Sumerian place-names being replaced with Akkadian translations. He deduced that it later transformed into Akkadian Bāb-ili(m), and that the Sumerian name
Babylon
Sumerian high priestess, c. 2300 BC
centuries after she lived, written in a more recent dialect of the Sumerian language than she would have spoken. These scribes may have attributed these
Enheduanna
Toponym
Edin (Sumerian: 𒀀𒇉𒂔 ÍDEDIN, 'steppe' or 'plain'; Akkadian: 𒉌𒋾𒈝 i3-ti-num2) is a toponym featured on the Gudea cylinders as a watercourse from which
Edin_(Sumerian_term)
Mesopotamian scribal institution
An eduba (Sumerian: 𒂍𒁾𒁀𒀀, romanized: e2-dub-ba-a, lit. 'house where tablets are passed out') is a scribal school for the Sumerian language. The eduba
Eduba
Sumerian term for rulers
Lugal (Sumerian: 𒈗) is the Sumerian term for "king, ruler". Literally, the term means "big man". In Sumerian, lú "𒇽" is "man" and gal "𒃲" is "great"
Lugal
Sumerian ruler and protagonist of the Epic of Gilgamesh
(/ˈɡɪlɡəmɛʃ/, /ɡɪlˈɡɑːmɛʃ/; Akkadian: 𒀭𒄑𒂆𒈦, romanized: Gilgāmeš; originally Sumerian: 𒀭𒄑𒉋𒂵𒎌, romanized: Bilgames) was a hero in ancient Mesopotamian mythology
Gilgamesh
State in Mesopotamia (c. 2334–2154 BC)
Four Quarters." The Semitic Akkadian language became the empire's lingua franca, although Sumerian (a language isolate) remained important in religion
Akkadian_Empire
First known Mesopotamian religion
Sumerian religion Sumerian religion was the religion practiced by the people of Sumer, the first literate civilization found in recorded history and based
Sumerian_religion
centralized administrative hierarchy rooted in the "divine household" (Sumerian: É). While traditionally viewed as a single "cradle of civilization," modern
History_of_Sumer
Ancient Arabian civilization
Dilmun, or Telmun, (Sumerian: , later 𒉌𒌇(𒆠), NI.TUKki = dilmunki; Arabic: دلمون) was an ancient East Semitic–speaking civilization in Eastern Arabia
Dilmun
Primeval sea in Mesopotamian mythology
marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of cuneiform script. Abzû or Apsû (Sumerian: 𒀊𒍪, lit. ab = 'water' + zû = 'deep') is the name for fresh water from
Abzu
Extant Sumerian language work
Netherworld (abbreviated as GEN) is one of five extant compositions of the Sumerian language about the deeds of the hero Gilgamesh. It was known to the ancients
Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld
Gilgamesh,_Enkidu,_and_the_Netherworld
Epic poem from Mesopotamia
narrative literature. The literary history of Gilgamesh begins with five Sumerian poems about Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, some of which may date back to the
Epic_of_Gilgamesh
Dictionary of the Sumerian language
The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (PSD) is a project to compile a comprehensive dictionary of the Sumerian language. It is run out of the University
Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
Pennsylvania_Sumerian_Dictionary
Mesopotamian lunar god
Nanna (Sumerian: 𒀭𒋀𒆠 DŠEŠ.KI, DNANNA) is the Mesopotamian god representing the moon. While these two names originate in two different languages, respectively
Sin_(mythology)
Author of ancient astronaut books (1920–2010)
involving ancient astronauts. Sitchin attributed the creation of the ancient Sumerian culture to the Anunnaki, which he claimed was a race of extraterrestrials
Zecharia_Sitchin
Digital database of Sumerian texts
contains "Sumerian text, English prose translation and bibliographical information" for "over 400 literary works composed in the Sumerian language in ancient
Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
Electronic_Text_Corpus_of_Sumerian_Literature
Early Bronze Age ziggurat in present-day Iraq
Ziggurat) of Ur (Sumerian: 𒂍𒋼𒅎𒅍 é-temen-ní-gùru "Etemenniguru", meaning "house whose foundation creates terror") is a Neo-Sumerian ziggurat in what
Ziggurat_of_Ur
Convention of symbols representing language
first emerging as cuneiform, a system initially used to write the Sumerian language in southern Mesopotamia; it was later adapted to write Akkadian as
Writing_system
Ancient Mesopotamian god
rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. Enlil (Sumerian: 𒀭𒂗𒆤 dEN-LÍL), later known as Elil and Ellil, is an ancient Mesopotamian
Enlil
God in Sumerian mythology
question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of cuneiform script. Enki (Sumerian: 𒀭𒂗𒆠 dEN-KI), also known as Ea (Akkadian: 𒀭𒂍𒀀 dE₂-A), was the Mesopotamian
Enki
First man and woman in Abrahamic creation myth
corresponding to him", from his side or rib. The word 'rib' is a pun in Sumerian, as the word ti means both 'rib' and 'life'. She is called ishsha, "woman"
Adam_and_Eve
Ancient Semitic-speaking people from the Levant
Age people who emerged from western Mesopotamia. Initially appearing in Sumerian records c. 2500 BC, they expanded and ruled most of the Levant and Mesopotamia
Amorites
Founder of the Akkadian Empire
the first ruler of the Akkadian Empire, known for his conquests of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th to 23rd centuries BC. He is sometimes identified
Sargon_of_Akkad
Ancient city of Sumer and Babylonia
world at the time. Gilgamesh, according to the chronology presented in the Sumerian King List (SKL), ruled Uruk in the 27th century BC. After the end of the
Uruk
Sexual activity involving the anus and rectum
their homosexual proclivities. The Sumerian sign for gala was a ligature of the signs for 'penis' and 'anus'. One Sumerian proverb reads: "When the gala wiped
Anal_sex
Area of the sky divided into twelve signs
Gemini "The Twins", from Sumerian: 𒀯𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃲𒃲, romanized: MULMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL "The Great Twins"; Cancer "The Crab", from Sumerian: 𒀯𒀠𒇻, romanized: MULAL
Zodiac
Religious practices of Babylonia
either written in the Sumerian or Akkadian language. Some Babylonian texts were even translations into Akkadian from the Sumerian language of earlier texts
Babylonian_religion
Ancient city in Iran
Ancient Near East. In historic literature, Susa appears in the very earliest Sumerian records: for example, it is described as one of the places obedient to
Susa
Mythical goat-fish hybrid
Diachronical Analysis of Texts and Images from the Earliest Sources to the Neo-Sumerian Period (PDF) (Masters). University of Tartu. p. 104. Hatziminaoglou, Y
Sea_goat
Figure type in various religions
originally An (Sumerian: 𒀭, romanized: An) Sumerian, Assyrian and Babylonian Sumerian, Assyrian and Babylonian The father deity of the Sumerian and Assyro-Babylonian
Sky_father
Babylonian creation myth
that Enūma Eliš was a combination of a Semitic myth from Amurru and a Sumerian myth from Eridu. This theory is thought to lack historical or archaeological
Enūma_Eliš
Mesopotamian sun god
Shamash (Akkadian: šamaš), also known as Utu (written 𒀭𒌓; Sumerian: dutu, literally "Sun"), was the ancient Mesopotamian sun god. He was believed to
Shamash
Mythological first king of Sumer
Alulim (Sumerian: 𒀉𒇻𒅆, romanized: Álulim; transliterated: a₂.lu.lim) was a mythological Mesopotamian ruler, regarded as the first king ever to rule
Alulim
River in Turkey, Iraq, and Syria
bed than the Tigris. The Sumerian form was borrowed into Akkadian as Idiqlat and from there into the other Semitic languages (compare Hebrew: חִדֶּקֶל
Tigris
Ancient Mesopotamian god of the sky; god of all gods
(Akkadian: 𒀭𒀀𒉡 ANU, from 𒀭 an "Sky", "Heaven") or Anum, originally An (Sumerian: 𒀭 An), was the divine personification of the sky, king of the gods, and
Anu
Historical region of West Asia
AD) The earliest language written in Mesopotamia was Sumerian, an agglutinative language isolate. Along with Sumerian, Semitic languages were also spoken
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamian snake god
snake. The name Nirah means "little snake" in Sumerian. It could be written with the logogram dMUŠ (Sumerian: 𒀭𒈲), as already attested in third millennium
Nirah
Character from the Epic of Gilgamesh
Enkidu (Sumerian: 𒂗𒆠𒄭 EN.KI.DU10) was a legendary figure in ancient Mesopotamian mythology, wartime comrade and friend of Gilgamesh, king of Uruk. Their
Enkidu
Archaeological culture of Mesopotamia
primarily occupied by the Sumerian people, who spoke a non-Semitic language isolate (Sumerian). It is debated whether Sumerian was already in use during
Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)
Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)
Clay tablet in Mesopotamian mythology
In Mesopotamian mythology, the Tablet of Destinies (Sumerian: 𒁾𒉆𒋻𒊏 dub namtarra; Akkadian: ṭup šīmātu, ṭuppi šīmāti) was envisaged as a clay tablet
Tablet_of_Destinies
Title given to a male monarch
kuningaz. This root also gave rise to similar terms across other Germanic languages, such as Dutch koning, Old Norse konungr, Danish konge, and German König
King
Zodiac constellation in the southern hemisphere
Capricornus is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for "horned goat" or "goat horn" or "having horns like a goat's", and it is commonly
Capricornus
First woman according to the Abrahamic creation myth
"rib" in English can also mean side, chamber, or beam. Rib is a pun in Sumerian, as the word "ti" means both "rib" and "life". According to the second
Eve
Mesopotamian god
Pabilsaĝ (Sumerian: 𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕 /pabilsaŋ/; also romanized as Pabilsag) was a Mesopotamian god. Not much is known about his role in Mesopotamian religion
Pabilsaĝ
Sumerian temple
Gudea cylinders, perhaps the longest surviving text written in the Sumerian language, give a semi-mythical account of the building of the temple, along
E-ninnu
Sumerian person, c. 3400–3000 BC
Kushim (Sumerian: 𒆪𒋆 KU.ŠIM; fl. c. 3200 BC) is potentially the earliest-known recorded name of a person in writing. The name "Kushim" is found on several
Kushim_(Uruk_period)
Sumerian king, c. 24th century BC
Lugal-Anne-Mundu (Sumerian: 𒈗𒀭𒉌𒈬𒌦𒆕, lugal-an-ne₂-mu-un-du₃, fl. c. 2500 BC) was the most important king of the city-state of Adab in Sumer. The Sumerian king
Lugal-Anne-Mundu
Mythological creature
An urmahlullu (Sumerian language: 𒌨𒈤𒇽𒍇 ur-maḫ lu₂-lu₇[needs IPA]) is a mythological lion-centaur hybrid creature. They are depicted in Mesopotamian
Urmahlullu
Capital and largest city of Oman
synonymous with Oman ('hidden land'). But Ov-man (Omman), and the old Sumerian name Magan (Maa-kan), means 'sea-people' in Arabic. An inhabitant is a
Muscat
River in Turkey, Iraq, and Syria
Buranun in Sumerian and Purattu in Akkadian; many cuneiform signs have a Sumerian pronunciation and an Akkadian pronunciation, taken from a Sumerian word and
Euphrates
Archaeological site in Iraq
Eridu (Sumerian: 𒉣𒆠, romanized: NUN.KI; Sumerian: eridugki; Akkadian: irîtu) was a Sumerian city located at Tell Abu Shahrain (Arabic: تل أبو شهرين)
Eridu
Proposed language family
Afroasiatic), Kartvelian, Dravidian, a group comprising Sumerian, Elamitic, and some other extinct languages of the ancient Near East, Eurasiatic (a proposal
Borean_languages
Capital and largest city of Kurdistan Region, Iraq
largely under Sumerian domination from c. 3000 BC. With the rise of the Akkadian Empire (2335–2154 BC) all of the Akkadian Semites and Sumerians of Mesopotamia
Erbil
Ancient unit of currency
cognate to the Akkadian šiqlu or siqlu, a unit of weight equivalent to the Sumerian gin2. Use of the word was first attested in c. 2150 BC under the reign
Shekel
Constellation straddling the celestial equator
Orion is a prominent set of stars visible during winter in the northern celestial hemisphere. It is one of the 88 modern constellations; it was among the
Orion_(constellation)
Ancient Mesopotamian goddess
The view that there was a Proto-Euphratean substrate language in Southern Iraq before Sumerian is not widely accepted by modern Assyriologists. The name
Inanna
oldest recorded languages of Iraq were Sumerian language and Akkadian language (including ancient Assyrian and Babylonian). Sumerian was displaced by
Languages_of_Iraq
Numeral system
decimal lexical numerals of Semitic languages rather than Sumerian lexical numbers. However, the use of a special Sumerian sign for 60 (beside two Semitic
Babylonian_cuneiform_numerals
Sumerian name given to the laws of the gods
In Mesopotamian culture, Me (𒈨; Sumerian: me; Akkadian: parṣu) are rituals that were considered to be the property of the gods. During the performance
Me_(mythology)
Oldest surviving law code, from Mesopotamia
law code. It is from Mesopotamia and is written on tablets, in the Sumerian language. It contains strong statements of royal power like "I eliminated enmity
Code_of_Ur-Nammu
Extinct language of prehistoric Greece
related to Hittite: kuwannan- 'copper ore; azurite' (ultimately from Sumerian: kù-an); κύμβαχος kýmbachos, 'helmet', related to Hittite: kupaḫi 'headgear';
Pre-Greek_substrate
Ancient Mesopotamian city
that the name of Agade is not of Akkadian language origin. Proposals include Sumerian language, Hurrian language or the Lullubian (though that is unattested)
Akkad_(city)
Sumerian goddess
Ninḫursaĝ (Sumerian: 𒀭𒎏𒄯𒊕, romanized: Ninḫarsang; DNIN-ḪAR.SAG̃), sometimes transcribed Ninursag, Ninḫarsag, or Ninḫursaĝa, also known as Damgalnuna
Ninhursag
Sumerian language literature essay on clay tablets
the Sumerian language on clay tablets, dating back to the late 3rd millennium BC. It belongs to the genre of Sumerian disputation. Six Sumerian disputations
Debate_between_bird_and_fish
Assyrian history (911–609 BCE)
texts from the Neo-Assyrian period were also written in the ancient Sumerian language. Though they must have been necessary, Neo-Assyrian texts rarely mentioned
Neo-Assyrian_Empire
Ancient Mesopotamian goddess of death and the underworld
Ereshkigal (Sumerian: 𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲 [DEREŠ.KI.GAL], lit. 'Queen of the Great Earth') was the goddess of Kur, the land of the dead or underworld in Sumerian mythology
Ereshkigal
Sumerian god
romanized: Tammūz; Syriac: ܬܵܡܘܿܙ, romanized: Tāmōz), known to the Sumerians as Dumuzid the Shepherd (Sumerian: 𒌉𒍣𒉺𒇻, romanized: Dumuzid sipad) and to the Canaanites
Dumuzid
Ancient Amorite-Akkadian state in Mesopotamia
scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the third millennium as a sprachbund. Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as the spoken language of Mesopotamia
Babylonia
Ziggurat in ancient Babylon
marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of cuneiform script. Etemenanki (Sumerian: 𒂍𒋼𒀭𒆠, romanized: É.TEMEN.AN.KI, lit. 'Temple of the Foundation of
Etemenanki
Mythological realm
Earlier descriptions come from the Ur III poem Gilgamesh and Huwawa. The Sumerian poems of his deeds say that Gilgamesh traveled east, presumably, to the
Cedar_Forest
7th-century-BC archaeological collection of clay tablets in Iraq
region. As an apprentice scribe he mastered both the Akkadian and the Sumerian languages. He sent scribes into every region of the Neo-Assyrian Empire to collect
Library_of_Ashurbanipal
Early proto-writing system
that later cuneiform was used to write the Sumerian language, it is still uncertain what the underlying language of proto-cuneiform texts was, given that
Proto-cuneiform
Proposed language family
Tongue, Bengtson concluded that Sumerian might have been a remnant of a distinct subgroup of the Dené–Caucasian languages. In 1998, Vitaly V. Shevoroshkin
Dené–Caucasian_languages
Title applied to various gods of ancient Mesopotamian religions
Marduk's spouse Sarpanit. Marduk's mother, the Sumerian goddess often referred to in the Sumerian language as Ninhursag, Damkina, and Ninmah, was often
Bel_(mythology)
Zodiac constellation in the northern hemisphere
Aries" or the Hebrew for "ministerial servants", both of which are unusual languages of origin for star names. Along with Beta Arietis, it was known to the
Aries_(constellation)
Ancient Mesopotamian city-state
question marks, boxes, or other symbols. Ur (/ʊr/ or /ɜːr/) was a major Sumerian city-state in ancient Mesopotamia, located at the site of modern Tell el-Muqayyar
Ur
Species of plant with seeds used as a spice
originate from the Akkadian 𒂵𒈬𒉡 (kamūnu), which is turn comes from the Sumerian 𒌑𒌁 (gamun) The English word is traditionally pronounced /ˈkʌmɪn/ (KUM-in)
Cumin
Mesopotamian god of death
Nergal (Sumerian: 𒀭𒄊𒀕𒃲 dKIŠ.UNU or dGÌR.UNU.GAL; Hebrew: נֵרְגַל, Modern: Nerəgal, Tiberian: Nērəgal; Aramaic: ܢܸܪܓܲܠ; Latin: Nirgal) was a Mesopotamian
Nergal
Zodiac constellation straddling the celestial equator
Mesopotamian art, the Bull of Heaven was closely associated with Inanna, the Sumerian goddess of sexual love, fertility, and warfare. One of the oldest depictions
Taurus_(constellation)
Indian spice derived from Ferula roots
proposed, in reference to the substance’s emetic properties. Finally, a Sumerian origin has been suggested by Reginald Campbell Thompson, who, in The Assyrian
Asafoetida
Extinct unclassified language of the Near East
about the language except its existence and a list of names of Gutian rulers in the Sumerian King List, which may reflect elements of the language. The Gutian
Gutian_language
Star cluster in the constellation of Taurus
William Egbert Wheeler (1905). A Handbook and Grammar of the Tagalog Language. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 46. Makemson, Maud. "Hawaiian Astronomical
Pleiades
Ancient Mesopotamian mythical creature
Mušmaḫḫū, inscribed in Sumerian as 𒈲𒈤 MUŠ.MAḪ, Akkadian as muš-ma-ḫu, meaning "Exalted/distinguished Serpent", was an ancient Mesopotamian mythological
Mušmaḫḫū
Royal dynasty in Mesopotamia
polities. Like other Sumerians, the people of Ur were a non-Semitic people who may have come from the east circa 3300 BCE, and spoke a language isolate. The artifacts
First_Dynasty_of_Ur
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