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Crystallography concept
In crystallography, atomic packing factor (APF), packing efficiency, or packing fraction is the fraction of volume in a crystal structure that is occupied
Atomic_packing_factor
Ordered arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline material
One important characteristic of a crystalline structure is its atomic packing factor (APF). This is calculated by assuming that all the atoms are identical
Crystal_structure
Topics referred to by the same term
Packing fraction may refer to: Packing density, the fraction of the space filled by objects comprising the packing Atomic packing factor, the fraction
Packing_fraction
Fraction of a space filled by objects packed into that space
defines the translative packing constant of that body. Atomic packing factor Sphere packing List of shapes with known packing constant Groemer, H. (1986)
Packing_density
Type of crystal structure
structural properties are quite similar to the diamond structure. The atomic packing factor of the diamond cubic structure (the proportion of space that would
Diamond_cubic
Solid material with highly ordered microscopic structure
all but small traces were forced to precipitate out as it grew. Atomic packing factor Anticrystal Cocrystal Colloidal crystal Crystal growth Crystal oscillator
Crystal
Dense arrangement of congruent spheres in an infinite, regular arrangement
FCC is 12 and their atomic packing factors (APFs) are equal to the number mentioned above, 0.74. When forming any sphere-packing lattice, the first fact
Close-packing of equal spheres
Close-packing_of_equal_spheres
Scientific study of crystal structures
Wiley Michael Woolfson Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff Ada Yonath Atomic packing factor Crystal structure Crystallographer Crystallographic database Crystallographic
Crystallography
Crystallographic system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube
coordination number 6, in a cI lattice 8, and in a cF lattice 12. Atomic packing factor (APF) is the fraction of volume that is occupied by atoms. The cP
Cubic_crystal_system
Topics referred to by the same term
Imagination Machine, a video game console and home computer system Atomic packing factor, in crystallography APF, the IATA code for Naples Airport (Florida)
APF
table. atomic orbital atomic packing factor atomic physics A branch of physics that studies atoms as isolated systems of electrons and an atomic nucleus
Glossary_of_physics
Core of an atom composed of nucleons
electron cloud), by a factor of about 27,000 (uranium's atomic radius is about 156 pm (156×10−12 m)) to about 60,000 (hydrogen's atomic radius is about 52
Atomic_nucleus
Atomic orbital Atomic orbital model Atomic packing factor Atomic percent Atomic physics Atomic ratio Atomic scale Atomic scales Atomic spacing Atomic
Index_of_physics_articles_(A)
Threshold of percolation theory models
factor = fraction of space filled by touching spheres at every lattice site (for systems with uniform bond length only). Also called Atomic Packing Factor
Percolation_threshold
Standard unit of mass for atomic-scale entities
Expressed in terms of ma(12C), the atomic mass of carbon-12: mu = ma(12C)/12 = 1 Da. The value serves as a conversion factor of mass from daltons to kilograms
Dalton_(unit)
particular mathematical form of the orbital. Atomic packing factor The percentage of the volume filled with atomic mass in a crystal formation. Audio frequency
Glossary_of_engineering:_A–L
Physical quantities being measured
unit that is used for indicating mass on an atomic or molecular scale (atomic mass). The unified atomic mass unit (symbol: u) is equivalent to the dalton
Mass_(mass_spectrometry)
Way in which data is arranged and accessed in computer memory
separate but related issues: data alignment, data structure padding, and packing. The CPU in modern computer hardware performs reads and writes to memory
Data_structure_alignment
Rules for elements dissolving in a solid metal
Huang, Yunhao; Liu, C. T.; Li, Junjie; Wang, Jincheng (4 Apr 2019), "Atomic packing and size effect on the Hume-Rothery rule", Intermetallics, 109: 139–144
Hume-Rothery_rules
Size of an atom's imaginary sphere representing how close other atoms can get
{\pi V_{\rm {m}}}{N_{\rm {A}}{\sqrt {18}}}}} where the factor of π/√18 arises from the packing of spheres: Vw = 2.30×10−29 m3 = 23.0 Å3, corresponding
Van_der_Waals_radius
Nuclear reaction splitting an atom into multiple parts
modern nuclear reactors. Bohr and Wheeler used their liquid drop model, the packing fraction curve of Arthur Jeffrey Dempster, and Eugene Feenberg's estimates
Nuclear_fission
Calculations can be performed to show that fill factor k = 91%. In reality, there may not be ideal packing within a bundle, as the actual fraction k may
Carbon_nanotube_springs
episodes from the Atomic Cartoons, Breakthrough Entertainment, Tele Images Kids and Marathon Group animated television series Atomic Betty. In North America
List_of_Atomic_Betty_episodes
Ribosomes bound to an mRNA molecule
packed 3-D helices and planar double-row polysomes were found with variable packing including "top-to-top" contacts similar to prokaryotic polysomes. Eukaryotic
Polysome
Method of separating mixtures
Differently shaped packings have different surface areas and void space between packings. Both these factors affect packing performance. Another factor in addition
Distillation
History of chemical crystallography to 1895
shape of crystals as the result of a close packing of spheres. In 1591 Thomas Harriot studied the close packing of cannonballs (spheres). In 1597 Andreas
Chemical crystallography before X-rays
Chemical_crystallography_before_X-rays
Process of evaluating 3-dimensional atomic models of biomacromolecules
particularly for modelling purposes. For globular proteins, interior atomic packing (arising from short-range, local interactions) of side-chains has been
Structure_validation
American athletic equipment company
changed to "Sulzberger & Son's") based in New York, that operated meat packing slaughterhouses. Sulzberger & Son's founded the "Ashland Manufacturing
Wilson_Sporting_Goods
Physics concept expressed as E = mc²
charges could force them into an energetic fission. To do this, they used packing fraction, or nuclear binding energy values for elements. These, together
Mass–energy_equivalence
Method of protein structure prediction using other known proteins
also known as comparative modeling of protein, refers to constructing an atomic-resolution model of the "target" protein from its amino acid sequence and
Homology_modeling
Electrically neutral group of two or more atoms
Auguste Gaudin presented a clear account of Avogadro's hypothesis, regarding atomic weights, by making use of "volume diagrams", which clearly show both semi-correct
Molecule
Class of gels with an organic liquid phase in a crosslinked polymer matrix
and by incorporating additives into the system to influence molecular packing, respectively. Matsumoto et al. used UV light to trigger trans–cis photoisomerization
Organogels
Technique used for determining crystal structures and identifying mineral compounds
X-ray crystallography is the experimental science of determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the structure causes a beam
X-ray_crystallography
Aerial bombing of Japan during World War II
Hiroshima and Nagasaki were mostly destroyed after being struck by American atomic bombs. Japan's military and civil defenses were ultimately unable to stop
Air_raids_on_Japan
Ratio of cation radius to anion radius
for crystal structures. Goldschmidt tolerance factor Pauling's rules Cubic crystal system Sphere packing Michmerhuizen, Anna; Rose, Karine; Annankra, Wentiirim;
Cation-anion_radius_ratio
motions of a biomolecule at the cost of atomic detail. The inference obtained from this model is complementary to atomic detail simulation techniques. Another
Gaussian_network_model
American theoretical scientist
world's experts on packing problems, including pioneering the notion of the "maximally random jammed" state of particle packings, identifying a Kepler-like
Salvatore_Torquato
Chemical bonding involving attraction between ions
cation and anion respectively. The sizes of the ions and the particular packing of the lattice are ignored in this rather simplistic argument. Ionic compounds
Ionic_bonding
other states. In early news accounts, pure fission weapons were called atomic bombs or A-bombs and weapons involving fusion were called hydrogen bombs
Nuclear_weapon_design
Chemical element with atomic number 13 (Al)
aluminum (North American English) is a chemical element; it has symbol Al and atomic number 13. It has a density lower than other common metals, about one-third
Aluminium
Surface area of a biomolecule accessible to a solvent
PMID 15768403. S2CID 13267624. Richards, FM. (1977). "Areas, volumes, packing and protein structure". Annu Rev Biophys Bioeng. 6: 151–176. doi:10.1146/annurev
Accessible_surface_area
Ordered array of colloidal particles
properties of a colloidal crystal depend on composition, particle size, packing arrangement, and degree of regularity. Applications include photonics,
Colloidal_crystal
Technique in analytical chemistry
size, porosity, and surface chemistry. The use of smaller particle size packing materials requires the use of higher operational pressure ("backpressure")
High-performance liquid chromatography
High-performance_liquid_chromatography
Most abundant structural protein in animals
helical tropocollagens in the microfibrils are arranged in a quasihexagonal packing pattern. There is some covalent crosslinking within the triple helices
Collagen
Method of biological control for insect populations
and Sterilization (IDIDAS)". nucleus.iaea.org. Read more information on Packing, Shipping, Holding and Release of sterile insects. "FAO/IAEA/USDA Manual
Sterile_insect_technique
lowest maximum packing density of all centrally-symmetric convex plane sets Sphere packing problems, including the density of the densest packing in dimensions
List of unsolved problems in mathematics
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics
Area of discrete mathematics
disks in the plane is a unit disk graph. The intersection of a circle packing is a coin graph, where a vertex and an edge represent a circle and every
Graph_theory
Atomic-scale non-crystalline structure of liquids and glasses
glasses, for example, are typically well described by the dense random packing of hard spheres, whereas covalent systems, such as silicate glasses, have
Structure of liquids and glasses
Structure_of_liquids_and_glasses
Mathematical descriptions of molecular diffusion
adsorption solution shown above with a slight difference in pre-factor due to different packing assumptions and ignoring other neighbors. When the area of
Fick's_laws_of_diffusion
Phenomenon in deep inelastic scattering
observation that the cross section for deep inelastic scattering from an atomic nucleus is different from that of the same number of free protons and neutrons
EMC_effect
Unusable radioactive materials
reviewed periodically as part of a joint convention of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). A quantity of radioactive waste typically consists
Radioactive_waste
Viscosity of the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane
lipid bilayer of a cell membrane or a synthetic lipid membrane. Lipid packing can influence the fluidity of the membrane. Viscosity of the membrane can
Membrane_fluidity
Former artificial island in Nagasaki
was introduced in Japan by the Dutch as packing material for fragile cargo. The Japanese called it "white packing herb" (シロツメクサ), in reference to its white
Dejima
Particle with size less than 100 nm
shapes in a typical powder often lead to non-uniform packing morphologies that result in packing density variations in the powder compact.[citation needed]
Nanoparticle
Chemical bond theory
electrophilic, carbonium ion. RCl +AlCl3 → R+ + AlCl−4 A Lewis base is an atomic or molecular species where the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)
Lewis_acids_and_bases
International nuclear fusion research and engineering megaproject
"Magnets". Retrieved 2 April 2021. Dulon, Krista (7 November 2016). "Packing a Punch". ITER Newsline. St. Paul-lez-Durance, France: ITER. Retrieved
ITER
Type of secondary structure of proteins
α-Helical transmembrane domains rely on conserved membrane interhelical packing motifs, for example, the Glycine-xxx-Glycine (or small-xxx-small) motif
Alpha_helix
Electric charge generated in certain solids due to mechanical stress
(February 2018). "Control of piezoelectricity in amino acids by supramolecular packing". Nature Materials. 17 (2): 180–186. doi:10.1038/nmat5045. PMID 29200197
Piezoelectricity
Process of forming and bonding material by heat or pressure
catalysts, where gas adsorption is a priority). During the sintering process, atomic diffusion drives powder surface elimination in different stages, starting
Sintering
Science of the measurement of time
hourglasses, clepsydras, timers, time recorders, marine chronometers, and atomic clocks are all examples of instruments used to measure time. People interested
Chronometry
atom in a three-dimensional system. The same condition applies to random packing of spheres, which are isostatic at the jamming point. Typically, the conditions
Rigidity_theory_(physics)
Materials with granular size 1 to 100 nm
nanoparticles is a complicated method, involving multiple control factors. Nonetheless, Atomic force microscopy has been widely used to measure the mechanical
Nanomaterials
Chemical element with atomic number 34 (Se)
Selenium is a chemical element; it has symbol Se and atomic number 34. It has various physical appearances, including a brick-red powder, a vitreous black
Selenium
Protein family
Lys and Glu residues. These high entropy residues may disfavor crystal packing. Oosting, Marije; Buffen, Kathrin; Meer, Jos W. M. van der; Netea, Mihai
Virulence-related outer membrane protein family
Virulence-related_outer_membrane_protein_family
waste on ships. The current regulations are derived from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material
International_Code_for_the_Safe_Carriage_of_Packaged_Irradiated_Nuclear_Fuel,_Plutonium_and_High-Level_Radioactive_Wastes_on_board_Ships
Horror and science fiction franchise
with mixed reception. The franchise has received a variety of home video packing boxsets including: The Classic Collection (1991–1994), the Classic Monster
Universal_Monsters
than 2% of GDP. Until the end of the Civil War, slavery was a significant factor in the agricultural economy of the southern states, and the South entered
Economic history of the United States
Economic_history_of_the_United_States
Designing solid structures with tailored properties
thermodynamic factors during crystallization. While long-range strong intermolecular interactions dictate the formation of kinetic crystals, the close packing of
Crystal_engineering
Chemical element with atomic number 33 (As)
Arsenic is a chemical element; it has the symbol As and atomic number 33. It is a metalloid and one of the pnictogens, and therefore shares many properties
Arsenic
State of matter
of intense research and debate. Liquids consist of a dense, disordered packing of molecules. This contrasts with the other two common phases of matter
Liquid
Cross-platform graphics API
Release date: August 8, 2011 Support for shaders with atomic counters and load-store-atomic read-modify-write operations to one level of a texture Drawing
OpenGL
Re-arrangement of viral components into solid crystal particles
dependent on the length of the viral RNA or DNA genome. Due to the nature of packing identical asymmetric proteins with no rotational symmetry in order to minimise
Virus_crystallisation
City hall of Boston, Massachusetts
overhangs", and modernist architect Edward Durell Stone likened it to a packing crate. As the building was nearing completion, Mildred F. Schmertz of the
Boston_City_Hall
US heavy bomber aircraft, 1942
in dropping naval mines to blockade Japan. Silverplate B-29s dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and remain the only system to deliver nuclear
Boeing_B-29_Superfortress
Chemical compound
physico-chemical properties (Technical report). GAT-280. Portsmouth, Ohio: Goodyear Atomic Corporation. doi:10.2172/4025868. OSTI 4025868. Grenthe, Ingmar; Drożdżynński
Uranium_hexafluoride
States of matter for water as a solid
Structure and Entropy of Ice and of Other Crystals with Some Randomness of Atomic Arrangement". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 57 (12): 2680–2684
Phases_of_ice
Chemical element with atomic number 30 (Zn)
Zinc is a chemical element; it has symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is a slightly brittle metal at room temperature and has a shiny blue whitish appearance
Zinc
English scientist, surgeon and antiseptic pioneer (1827–1912)
antiseptic from evaporating. This was fixed with adhesive plaster and packing was used between the limb and the splints to soak up blood or discharges
Joseph_Lister
Biological membrane that separates the interior of a cell from its outside environment
fluidity as unsaturated lipids create a kink, preventing the fatty acids from packing together as tightly, thus decreasing the melting temperature (increasing
Cell_membrane
Chemical element with metallic and nonmetallic properties
metalloids have packing efficiencies of between 34% and 41%. The Goldhammer–Herzfeld ratio, roughly equal to the cube of the atomic radius divided by
Metalloid
Crystalline chemical element or compound formed by geologic processes
space. Hexagonal close-packing involves stacking layers where every other layer is the same ("ababab"), whereas cubic close-packing involves stacking groups
Mineral
Rules to predict ionic compounds' crystal structures
into a crystal lattice when the lattice energy released by collective packing exceeds the stabilization of isolated ion pairs. The sum of the ionic radii
Pauling's_rules
Accumulation and adhesion of molecules to a surface without penetration
types of common lattice formations, and each has its own unique packing density and atomic closeness. The negatively charged electron clouds of the metal
Protein_adsorption
American singer-songwriter (born 1989)
"Five Stars for Taylor Swift's Sparkling New Album: Basking in Romance, Packing in Pot-Shots". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on October 3
Taylor_Swift
Organic compound
hydrogen-bond network is probably established at the cost of efficient molecular packing: The structure is quite open, the ribbons forming tunnels with square cross-section
Urea
Substance composed of macromolecules with repeating structural units
helix. Like the zigzag conformation, such helices allow a dense chain packing. Particularly strong intermolecular interactions occur when the residues
Polymer
Thin layer of material
film. Many growth methods rely on nucleation control such as atomic-layer epitaxy (atomic layer deposition). Nucleation can be modeled by characterizing
Thin_film
Type of extremely powerful computer
Finland, Switzerland have one each. In 1960, UNIVAC built the Livermore Atomic Research Computer (LARC), today considered among the first supercomputers
Supercomputer
American physicist (1924–2023)
for covering a surface 2001 U.S. patent 20,010,035,606 Set of blocks for packing a cube Gyroid List of physicists "Alan Schoen geometry". schoengeometry
Alan_Schoen
British World War II espionage and sabotage organisation
headquarters and was exercised directly by Gubbins. SOE established a new packing station for the parachute containers close to Brindisi Air base, along
Special_Operations_Executive
Basic structural unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes
and have a packing ratio of about five to ten. A chain of nucleosomes can be arranged in a 30 nm fiber, a compacted structure with a packing ratio of ~50
Nucleosome
Fracturing bedrock by pressurized liquid
2118/00-05-04. Mader, Detlef (1989). Hydraulic Proppant Fracturing and Gravel Packing. Elsevier. pp. 173–174, 202. ISBN 978-0-444-87352-1. Ben E. Law and Charles
Fracking
Tissue surrounding chondrocytes in cartilage
present and play roles in the matrix assembly and stabilization. The close packing of the fibrils make the region denser, forming a mechanical barrier around
Territorial_matrix
American ethnobotanist, lecturer, and writer (1946–2000)
(1994) (Cassette) (Re-issued on CD as The Quintessential Hallucinogen) ACE Packing For the Long Strange Trip (1994) (Audio Cassette) ACE Global Perspectives
Terence_McKenna
3D printing technique
certain types of nanoparticles with minimized lattice misfit, similar atomic packing along matched crystallographic planes and thermodynamic stability can
Selective_laser_melting
Family of large marine crustaceans
speciation in marine certified reference materials". Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry. 19 (3): 373–380. doi:10.1039/b314101b. Tshudy, Dale & Loren
Lobster
Alternative to silicon-based photovoltaics
Conductivity of Amide-Based Small Molecules through Enhanced Molecular Packing and Their Application as Hole Transport Mediators in Perovskite Solar Cells"
Perovskite_solar_cell
1983 aircraft shotdown over the Sea of Japan
found generally came from the cargo hold of the plane, such as suitcases, packing boxes, industrial machinery, instruments, and sports equipment. In 1991
Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007
Effective force in molecular and colloidal systems
colloids to form aggregates that are densely packed locally. This local dense packing is also observed in colloidal systems without polymer depletants. Without
Depletion_force
Five crystals arranged around a common axis
first electron microscopes that could image at the atomic scale, and by various continuum or atomic models as cited later. Following this early work there
Fiveling
ATOMIC PACKING-FACTOR
ATOMIC PACKING-FACTOR
Boy/Male
Hindu
The soul
Boy/Male
American, British, English
Son of Parkin
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, English
Little Rock; Little Peter
Surname or Lastname
English (Staffordshire)
English (Staffordshire) : from the Welsh personal name Pasgen, a derivative of Latin Pascentius.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : possibly from Middle English Old French personal name Pic (see Pike 6) + the diminutive suffix -in.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Old English LÄ“ofecing, a patronymic from LÄ“ofeca (see Levick 2), or possibly, as Reaney suggests, a late derivative of Lovekin (see Lucken).
Male
Japanese
(富) Japanese name TOMIO means "treasured man."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Parkin.Americanized form of one or more like-sounding Jewish names.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Markin.
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly Devon)
English (chiefly Devon) : from a Middle English pet form of the Old English personal name Hocca.Dutch : patronymic from Hock 4.
Boy/Male
Anglo Saxon
Horrible.
Surname or Lastname
English and German
English and German : patronymic from the personal name Paul.
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly Yorkshire)
English (mainly Yorkshire) : from the Middle English personal name Perkin, Parkin, a pet form of Peter with the diminutive suffix -kin. (The change from -er- to -ar- was a characteristic phonetic development in Old French and Middle English.)
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Indian
Sweet Eyes
Surname or Lastname
English (Lancashire)
English (Lancashire) : habitational name from Hacking in Lancashire, the name of which is of uncertain origin. Early forms appear with the definite article, and the name may represent an Old English term for a fish weir, a derivative of hæcc ‘hatch’, ‘low gate’, or haca ‘hook’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a pet form of Paul.Altered form, in the New Netherland Dutch community, of Paling. Compare Paulding.
Male
Hungarian
Pet form of Hungarian Tamás, TOMI means "twin."
Boy/Male
English
Little rock.
Girl/Female
Hebrew
Strong as an oak.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a diminutive of Middle English cok ‘cock’ (see Cocke).
ATOMIC PACKING-FACTOR
ATOMIC PACKING-FACTOR
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained.variant of Spanish Rayas.Muslim : variant of Rais.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Pearsall.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Abu-zamzam was the Name of Al-madini; A Man of an Early Islam; About Him Amusing Anecdotes were Told
Boy/Male
English
From the farm by the pool 'Town near the marsh.
Girl/Female
American, British, English, Greek
Most Beautiful; Modern Variant of Callie; Lark
Boy/Male
Hindu
Male
Greek
(Cyrillic Ðикола): A derivative of Greek Nikolaos, NIKOLA means "victor of the people." In wide use throughout Europe: Basque Country, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Serbia, Russia, Slovenia, Yugoslavia.
Surname or Lastname
Possibly an Americanized spelling of Czech and Slovak ÄŒech (see Cech), or other Slavic or German ethnic names for a Czech.English
Possibly an Americanized spelling of Czech and Slovak ÄŒech (see Cech), or other Slavic or German ethnic names for a Czech.English : unexplained.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Krishna
Girl/Female
Tamil
Beautiful
ATOMIC PACKING-FACTOR
ATOMIC PACKING-FACTOR
ATOMIC PACKING-FACTOR
ATOMIC PACKING-FACTOR
ATOMIC PACKING-FACTOR
a.
Characterized by atony, or want of vital energy; as, an atonic disease.
n.
An Adonic verse.
a.
Aeolian, 1; as, the Aeolic dialect; the Aeolic mode.
a.
Produced without sexual union; as, agamic or unfertilized eggs.
n.
One who holds to the atomic philosophy or theory.
n.
Spun yarn used in racking ropes.
a.
Pertaining to azote, or nitrogen; formed or consisting of azote; nitric; as, azotic gas; azotic acid.
n.
Nomic spelling.
a.
Relating to the etymon; as, an etymic word.
a.
Pertaining to, or characterized by, aptotes; uninflected; as, aptotic languages.
a.
Distressing; worrying; perplexing; corroding; as, carking cares.
a.
Alt. of Atomical
a.
Of or pertaining to atoms.
a.
Unaccented; as, an atonic syllable.
a.
Containing two atoms.
n.
The doctrine of atoms. See Atomic philosophy, under Atomic.
v. t.
To reduce to atoms, or to fine spray.
a.
Having two replaceable atoms or radicals.
a.
Done or made as with a pointed tool; as, a picking sound.
v. t.
Small coal produced in making the nicking.