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Various uses and techniques of polymerase chain reaction in the laboratory
Variants of PCR represent a diverse array of techniques that have evolved from the basic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, each tailored to specific
Variants_of_PCR
Variant of polymerase chain reaction
reaction (or OE-PCR) is a variant of PCR. It is also referred to as Splicing by overlap extension / Splicing by overhang extension (SOE) PCR. It is used to
Overlap extension polymerase chain reaction
Overlap_extension_polymerase_chain_reaction
Laboratory technique to multiply a DNA sample for study
chain reaction (PCR) is a laboratory method widely used to amplify copies of specific DNA sequences rapidly, to enable detailed study. PCR was invented in
Polymerase_chain_reaction
Vectorette PCR was first noted and described in an article in 1990 by John H. Riley and his team. Since then, multiple variants of PCR have been created
Vectorette_PCR
Variant of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19
by some parts of France). A third and fourth RT-PCR test intended for detecting specific variants pre-screen the samples for variants respectively with
SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant
Laboratory technique to multiply an RNA sample for study
between RT-PCR and qPCR has led to metonymic use of the term qPCR to mean RT-PCR. Such use may be confusing, as RT-PCR can be used without qPCR, for example
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
Reverse_transcription_polymerase_chain_reaction
Laboratory technique of molecular biology
(real-time PCR, or qPCR when used quantitatively) is a laboratory technique of molecular biology based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It monitors
Real-time polymerase chain reaction
Real-time_polymerase_chain_reaction
add variants of interest (VOI) and variants under monitoring (VUM) to the World Health Organization's working definitions for SARS-CoV-2 variants. The
Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2
Type of coronavirus detected in 2021
samples from the very beginning of November where the PCR tests had S gene target failure (occurs in a few variants, but not in Delta which dominated
SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant
Biotechnological procedure
Digital polymerase chain reaction (digital PCR, DigitalPCR, dPCR, or dePCR) is a biotechnological refinement of conventional polymerase chain reaction methods
Digital polymerase chain reaction
Digital_polymerase_chain_reaction
Modification of the polymerase chain reaction
Reverse complement polymerase chain reaction (RC-PCR) is a modification of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It is primarily used to generate amplicon libraries
Reverse complement polymerase chain reaction
Reverse_complement_polymerase_chain_reaction
Medical condition
through a column of absorbent material. DNA analysis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), to amplify small samples of DNA. Variants of PCR used to diagnose
Sickle_cell_disease
Variant of SARS-CoV-2 detected late 2020
Omicron variant had effectively driven the Delta variant and other earlier variants extinct. COVID-19 portal Medicine portal Viruses portal Variants of SARS-CoV-2:
SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant
DNA polymerases that originate from thermophiles
Ultra, Velocity or Z-Taq) are used as a PCR variant with shorter amplification cycles (fast PCR, high-speed PCR) due to their high synthesis rate. Processivity
Thermostable_DNA_polymerase
Technique used to identify individuals via DNA characteristics
identification of microbial, fungal, plant and animal individuals. A variant of PCR, arbitrarily amplified DNA, has been particularly useful in DNA fingerprinting
DNA_profiling
Lab procedure detecting 5-methylcytosines in DNA
methylation-specific PCR. Following PCR amplification of the region of interest, pyrosequencing is used to determine the bisulfite-converted sequence of specific
Bisulfite_sequencing
Variant of the SARS-Cov-2 virus
portal Variants of SARS-CoV-2: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, Zeta, Theta, Iota, Kappa, Lambda, Mu, Omicron "Delta-PCR-testen" [The Delta PCR Test]
SARS-CoV-2_Eta_variant
Variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus
Beta variant (B.1.351) was a variant of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. One of several SARS-CoV-2 variants initially believed to be of particular
SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant
Protocols for reporting qPCR experiments
Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) guidelines are a set of protocols for conducting and reporting quantitative real-time PCR experiments
MIQE
Modified polymerase chain reaction protocol
COLD-PCR (co-amplification at lower denaturation temperature PCR) is a modified polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol that enriches variant alleles
COLD-PCR
Collection of techniques used to analyze biological markers in the genome and proteome
that amplify the variant of interest more efficiently than wildtype sequence. PCR is currently the most widely used method for detection of DNA sequences
Molecular_diagnostics
Thermostable form of DNA polymerase I used in polymerase chain reaction
used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a method for greatly amplifying the quantity of short segments of DNA. T. aquaticus is a bacterium that lives
Taq_polymerase
Statistical technique
component regression (PCR) is a regression analysis technique that is based on principal component analysis (PCA). PCR is a form of reduced rank regression
Principal component regression
Principal_component_regression
Individual differences in genomic DNA
However, the operational range of structural variants has widened to include events > 50bp. Some structural variants are associated with genetic diseases
Structural_variation
DNA profiling technique
generally recognized as methodological variants within the broader class of arbitrarily amplified DNA (AAD) techniques. AP-PCR uses a single oligonucleotide primer
Arbitrarily_primed_PCR
Omicron subvariant of SARS-CoV-2
Saltation (biology) Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic Timeline of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant Variants of SARS-CoV-2 Other variants of either interest or concern:
BA.2.86
Omicron subvariant of SARS-CoV-2
assigning new COVID variants Greek alphabet names, and in March 2023, they officially revised their policy to name only Variants of Concern (VOCs) – As
BA.3.2
Preparation and analysis method for DNA
sequencing is in the detection of DNA/RNA copy numbers by estimating the relative frequency of variants. A method for counting PCR template molecules with application
Duplex_sequencing
Genetics research practice
Multiplexed Assays of Variant Effect (MAVE) is a method used to determine sequence-function relationships, identify variants that alter protein structure
Multiplexed Assays of Variant Effect
Multiplexed_Assays_of_Variant_Effect
(inverse PCR) is a variant of the polymerase chain reaction that is used to amplify DNA with only one known sequence. One limitation of conventional PCR is
Inverse polymerase chain reaction
Inverse_polymerase_chain_reaction
Replication of DNA
polymerase is combined with selective PCR amplification to produce many copies of mutant DNA. RT-PCR differs from conventional PCR as it synthesizes cDNA from mRNA
DNA_synthesis
Variant of polymerase chain reaction
Kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) is a homogenous, fluorescence-based genotyping variant of polymerase chain reaction. It is based on allele-specific
Kompetitive allele specific PCR
Kompetitive_allele_specific_PCR
Laboratory technique
splicing variants, ability to perform multiplex PCR with higher numbers of PCR primers, and the ability to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms. rhPCR primers
RNase_H-dependent_PCR
High resolution melt technique for detection of mutations, polymorphisms in Dna
zygosity status of a gene at a particular locus. These methods include the use of PCR with specifically designed probes to detect the variants of the genes
High-resolution melting analysis
High-resolution_melting_analysis
Interpretation of results of heating DNA
genetic variants and in ensuring the accuracy of the quantification. dHRM is enabled by the use of sensitive DNA-binding dyes and digital PCR instrumentation
Melting_curve_analysis
Bioengineering process
g. by error-prone PCR or sequence saturation mutagenesis, is applied to a protein, and a selection regime is used to select variants having desired traits
Protein_engineering
Laboratory technique used in molecular biology
of a cDNA copy of the RNA sequence of interest, produced through reverse transcription, followed by PCR amplification of the cDNA copies (see RT-PCR)
Rapid amplification of cDNA ends
Rapid_amplification_of_cDNA_ends
Single DNA sequences obtained from a high-throughput analysis of marker genes
"amplicon reads," are created following the removal of erroneous sequences generated during PCR and sequencing, using ASVs makes it possible to distinguish
Amplicon_sequence_variant
Diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV-2 virus infection
as real-time RT-PCR or quantitative RT-PCR and is sometimes abbreviated qRT-PCR, rRT-PCR or RT-qPCR, although sometimes RT-PCR or PCR are used. The Minimum
COVID-19_testing
Scientific instrument that automates the DNA sequencing process
DNA sequencing technique or by errors during PCR amplification. DNA sequencer manufacturers use a number of different methods to detect which DNA bases
DNA_sequencer
Viral disease caused by the varicella zoster virus
infections in the CNS, PCR is the recommended method of testing for VZV. Negative PCR does not rule out VZV involvement, but a positive PCR can be used for diagnosis
Shingles
Measurement of genetic variations
"A Novel Amplification-Refractory Mutation System-PCR Strategy to Screen MT-TL1 Pathogenic Variants in Patient Repositories". Genetic Testing and Molecular
SNP_genotyping
Single nucleotide in genomic DNA at which different sequence alternatives exist
applications such as designing PCR primers to detect viruses, in which the viral RNA or DNA sample may contain single-nucleotide variants. However, this nomenclature
Single-nucleotide polymorphism
Single-nucleotide_polymorphism
Fetal DNA in the maternal bloodstream
PCR (RT-qPCR). In 401 of 403 pregnancies where maternal blood was drawn at seven weeks gestation or more, both segments of DNA were found. The use of
Cell-free_fetal_DNA
Protein engineering method
iterative rounds of mutagenesis (creating a library of variants), selection (expressing those variants and isolating members with the desired function) and
Directed_evolution
digesting a mixture of PCR amplified variants of a single gene using one or more restriction enzymes and detecting the size of each of the individual resulting
Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism
Terminal_restriction_fragment_length_polymorphism
Rare genetic disorder
RT-PCR tests result in cDNA showing the absence of an entire exon or exons, then multiplex genomic PCR testing is performed. Multiplex genomic PCR testing
Lesch–Nyhan_syndrome
Medical laboratory and software provider
Hamilton-Basich, Melanie (17 February 2021). "Lab Detects UK Covid-19 Variant with PCR Test, Confirmed with RNA Sequencing - Clinical Lab Products". clpmag
LigoLab
Modified polymerase chain reaction
Hot start PCR is a modified form of conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that reduces the presence of undesired products and primer dimers due
Hot_start_PCR
that influence disease. Genetic variants are located and analyzed to help researchers figure out whether the variant is associated with a disease. By
Genome_informatics
amplification. Applications include analysis of unique cDNAs to avoid PCR biases in iCLIP, variant calling in ctDNA, gene expression in single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq)
Unique_molecular_identifier
Single nucleic acid sequence created from fragments that are normally separated
artifact of PCR amplification. It occurs when the extension of an amplicon is aborted, and the aborted product functions as a primer in the next PCR cycle
Chimera_(molecular_biology)
Laboratory process
respectively. These gene variants differ in the number of base pairs, enabling their detection through amplification by PCR followed by gel electrophoresis
Genotyping
Genes on human chromosome 6
result in an increasing appearance of ambiguity. Because gene typing is based on SSP-PCR, it is possible that new variants, in particular in the class I and
Human_leukocyte_antigen
Contagious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2
emerged at the end of 2021, saw a large number of mutations compared to previous variants and has been dominant since. New variants can quickly come to
COVID-19
Group of techniques to detect a particular nucleic acid sequence
Amplification (BDA). It is a temperature-robust PCR which selectively amplifies all sequence variants within a roughly 20 nt window by 1000-fold over
Nucleic_acid_test
Microbiological classification system for genus Salmonella
motile) variants were therefore designated H forms (German Hauch, for film, literally breath or mist); nonflagellated (nonswarming, nonmotile) variants growing
Kauffman–White_classification
Rate-limiting enzyme in the methyl cycle
some variants have been reported to influence susceptibility to occlusive vascular disease, neural tube defects, Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
Methylenetetrahydrofolate_reductase
Repeated DNA variation between individuals
visualized using high resolution FISH and qPCR. It was found that the high starch diet populations which consists of the Japanese, Hadza, and European American
Copy_number_variation
Flat plate with multiple "wells" used as small test tubes
used for disposable microplates for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method of DNA amplification. Glass or quartz is also, albeit less commonly & rather
Microplate
DNA profiling technique
family of arbitrarily amplified DNA profiling methods that include DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) and arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR). These
Random amplification of polymorphic DNA
Random_amplification_of_polymorphic_DNA
Repeating sequences of 2–13 base pairs of DNA
increasing availability of DNA amplification by PCR at the beginning of the 1990s triggered a large number of studies using the amplification of microsatellites
Microsatellite
Invasion of an organism's body by pathogenic agents
amplification of nucleic acid in infected tissue offers an opportunity to detect the infectious agent by using PCR. Third, the essential tools for directing PCR, primers
Infection
involve the use of doped nucleotides in oligonucleotide synthesis, or conducting a PCR reaction in conditions that enhance misincorporation of nucleotides
Mutagenesis (molecular biology technique)
Mutagenesis_(molecular_biology_technique)
Sequencing of all the exons of a genome
function of rare variants and help prioritize rare functional variants. Incorporating these annotations can effectively boost the power of genetic association
Exome_sequencing
Biochemistry detection method
Angelman syndrome. Giner-Delgado, Carla, et al. described a variant of MLPA combining it with iPCR. They call these new method iMLPA and its procedure is the
Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification
Multiplex_ligation-dependent_probe_amplification
African scientists begin seeing samples where PCR tests have S-gene target failure (which occurs in a few variants, but not in Delta which had by far dominated
Timeline of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant
Timeline_of_the_SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant
Genus of viruses
reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) tests have been developed for rabies but only been used as a confirmatory test. Real-time PCR-based tests which have
Lyssavirus
Technique used in protein engineering
site-directed mutagenesis PCR with a randomised codon in the primers (e.g. SeSaM) or by artificial gene synthesis, with a mixture of synthesis nucleotides
Saturation_mutagenesis
and 6,297 by PCR tests. Total COVID cases reached 564,216 (from PCR tests). 30,726 PCR tests were processed, raising the pandemic PCR test total to 18
COVID-19_pandemic_in_Victoria
Assembly PCR) is a method for the assembly of large DNA oligonucleotides from shorter fragments. The process uses the same technology as PCR, but takes
Polymerase_cycling_assembly
Contagious virus mainly affecting dogs
by either an ELISA or a hemagglutination test, or by electron microscopy. PCR has become available to diagnose CPV2, and can be used later in the disease
Canine_parvovirus
Study of the microorganisms that inhabit, create, or contaminate food
capable of identifying unique variants of Salmonella. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a quick and inexpensive method to generate numbers of copies of a DNA
Food_microbiology
Romanian communist activist, journalist, and politician (1892–1946)
Romanian communist journalist who served as general secretary of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR or PCdR) between December 1940 and April 1944. Born a Transylvanian
Ștefan_Foriș
Parasitic bacterium
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests have become common and commercially available. Tests that can confirm or deny the presence of infection in the body are
Mycoplasma_haemofelis
have continued to take arms since. Composed of UID, UNIR, PCP, PSR, PCR, FOCEP and PUM. Also UIR Composed of PCP-PR, VR-PC, and FLN. García Yrigoyen, Franklin
Communism_in_Peru
that enriches variant alleles from a mixture of wild-type and mutation-containing DNA might be considered (e.g. COLD-PCR). The DNA of interest is denatured
Surveyor_nuclease_assay
Single tube technique for the amplification of DNA
contrast to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, in which the reaction is carried out with a series of alternating temperature steps or cycles
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification
Loop-mediated_isothermal_amplification
Semi-automatic pistol made by ČZUB
used variants of the AK-47). Following the Second World War, brothers Josef and František Koucký participated to some extent on designing all of CZUB's
CZ_75
amplification, magnetics, is a highly sensitive digital PCR method that combines emulsion PCR and flow cytometry to identify and quantify specific somatic
BEAMing
also 826 new cases (259 PCR, 567 RAT), raising total cases to 29,245 (23,296 PCR, 5,949 RAT). Active cases were at 5,647 (1,463 PCR, 4,184 RAT). There were
COVID-19 pandemic in the Australian Capital Territory
COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory
TILLING method relies on the formation of DNA heteroduplexes that are formed when multiple alleles are amplified by PCR and are then heated and slowly cooled
TILLING_(molecular_biology)
Indian scientific research institute
Mitigation" (PDF). Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. 14 August 2021. "COVIDsure Multiplex Realtime RT-PCR Kit | qualitative RT-PCR assay for COVID-19"
Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology
Institute_of_Genomics_and_Integrative_Biology
Cell surface receptor protein found on antigen-presenting cells
a great many T-cells, each with unique T-cell receptor (TCR) variants. A few TCR variants that recognize these DQ/antigen complexes are on CD4 positive
HLA-DQ
Russian-born Romanian communist activist and intelligence officer
Doftana, he became the ringleader of imprisoned Soviet spies, together with whom he joined the Romanian Communist Party (PCR). He expressed his loyalty toward
Gheorghe_Pintilie
Species of fungus
though at least some genetic variants possess the potential of human-to-human transmission, e.g. Type VII and Type VIII. As of 2024 it is an emerging STD
Trichophyton_mentagrophytes
family of DNA profiling methods that amplify template nucleic acids with arbitrary oligonucleotide primers using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). AAD
Arbitrarily_amplified_DNA
Collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface
spotted microarrays, the probes are oligonucleotides, cDNA or small fragments of PCR products that correspond to mRNAs. The probes are synthesized prior to deposition
DNA_microarray
Two nucleobases bound by hydrogen bonds
in vitro techniques, namely PCR amplification of DNA and PCR-based applications. Their results show that for PCR and PCR-based applications, the d5SICS–dNaM
Base_pair
Collection of genetic material fragments
of artificial methods exist for making libraries of variant genes. Variation throughout the gene can be introduced randomly by either error-prone PCR
Library_(biology)
Pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2
Transmission of the virus is often through airborne particles. Mutations have produced many strains (variants) with varying degrees of infectivity and
COVID-19_pandemic
analysis of genetic markers. It is an extension to the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to more
Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence
Cleaved_amplified_polymorphic_sequence
Viral disease of poultry
useful for the specific detection of IBDV in infected tissues. RT-PCR (as mentioned above) was designed for the detection of IBDV genome, such as VP1 coding
Infectious_bursal_disease
Study of viruses
the site of the infection. In laboratories, many of the diagnostic test for detecting viruses are nucleic acid amplification methods such as PCR. Some tests
Virology
Molecular biology technique
population in a sample of interest in the form of small tags that correspond to fragments of those transcripts. Several variants have been developed since
Serial analysis of gene expression
Serial_analysis_of_gene_expression
Korean biotechnology company
Evaluation of "AccuPower SARS-CoV-2 Multiplex RT-PCR kit (Bioneer, South Korea)" and "Allplex 2019-nCoV Assay (Seegene, South Korea)" for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Diagnosis:
Seegene
Sexually transmitted infection
fluorescent antibody test, PCR of likely infected areas and pus, are also sometimes used. DFA test for the L-type serovar of C. trachomatis is the most
Lymphogranuloma_venereum
Nonfunctional allele caused by a genetic mutation
characterized by short, repeated sequences of nucleotides. Primers that are specific to a particular locus are used in PCR amplification to bind to these nucleotide
Null_allele
SARS-CoV-2 variants, Trudeau announced a series of new travel restrictions. Travellers arriving in Canada would be required to receive a COVID-19 PCR test on
COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada
French multinational biotechnology company
surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 variants. The application identifies variants based on international nomenclatures, including any new variant of concern (VOC)
BioMérieux
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