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Rare transient luminous events that occur over tops of thunder storms
Upper-atmospheric lightning and ionospheric lightning are short-lived electrical-breakdown phenomena that occur well above the altitudes of normal lightning
Upper-atmospheric_lightning
Layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere
latitudes. Upper-atmospheric lightning is a family of short-lived electrical breakdown phenomena that occur well above the altitudes of normal lightning and
Stratosphere
Electrical discharges above thunderstorm clouds
called upper-atmospheric lightning. However, they are cold plasma phenomena that lack the hot channel temperatures of tropospheric lightning, so they
Sprite_(lightning)
Sub-field of physics dealing with the atmosphere's structure, composition, and motion
ionosphere, and the atmosphere is known as the global atmospheric electrical circuit. Lightning discharges 30,000 amperes, at up to 100 million volts
Atmospheric_physics
Sprite (lightning) Subsun Sun dog Tangent arc Tyndall effect Upper-atmospheric lightning, including red sprites, Blue jets, and ELVES Water sky "Belt
List of atmospheric optical phenomena
List_of_atmospheric_optical_phenomena
Distant flashes of cloud-to-ground lightning from a cumulonimbus
lightning List of lightning phenomena Upper-atmospheric lightning Sprite lightning Distribution of lightning Ball lightning "What Is Heat Lightning?"
Heat_lightning
Broadband electromagnetic impulse
generated by lightning strokes can propagate into the magnetosphere along the geomagnetic lines of force. Finally, upper-atmospheric lightning or sprites
Radio_atmospheric_signal
Weather phenomenon involving electrostatic discharge
Lightning influences the global atmospheric electrical circuit and atmospheric chemistry and is a natural ignition source of wildfires. Lightning is
Lightning
Region of Earth's atmosphere
621 mi) Geospace Magnetosphere Near space Upper-atmospheric lightning Morton, Oliver (2022-08-26). "Upper atmosphere Definition und Bedeutung". Collins
Upper_atmosphere
Science of the upper region of the Earth's or other planetary atmospheres
of atmospheric tides allow researchers to monitor and predict changes in the Earth's atmosphere. "Upper-atmospheric lightning" or "upper-atmospheric discharge"
Aeronomy
University geophysicist Colin Price's work said that occurrences of upper-atmospheric lightning such as sprites, elves might explain some reports of UFO sightings
Identification studies of UFOs
Identification_studies_of_UFOs
Continuous movement of charge carriers
A global atmospheric electrical circuit is the continuous movement of atmospheric charge carriers, such as ions, between an upper conductive layer (often
Global atmospheric electrical circuit
Global_atmospheric_electrical_circuit
charge, and this can trigger upward lightning flashes and upper-atmospheric lightning. Ball lightning may be an atmospheric electrical phenomenon, the physical
List_of_lightning_phenomena
Topics referred to by the same term
eclipse, an astronomical event Transient luminous event, or upper-atmospheric lightning, a weather phenomenon Two-line element set, a format for distributing
TLE
coastal flooding Hail High winds – 93 km/h(58 mph) or higher. Lightning (Upper-atmospheric lightning) Thundersnow, Snowsquall Tornado Windstorm (gradient pressure
List of severe weather phenomena
List_of_severe_weather_phenomena
Sprite (lightning) Subsun Sun dog Tangent arc Tyndall effect Upper-atmospheric lightning, including red sprites, Blue jets, and ELVES Water sky Oceanographic
List_of_natural_phenomena
Layer of the atmosphere directly above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere
Ionosphere Meteors Noctilucent clouds Polar aurora Sprite (lightning) Upper atmospheric lightning (Transient luminous event) Aeronomy Amateur radio high-altitude
Mesosphere
Topics referred to by the same term
used on gas cookers and many other applications Jets, a form of upper-atmospheric lightning Matra Djet (Matra Sports Jet), a French sports car Access Database
Jet
Hypothesis on animal lifeforms in space
hypothesis Psychosocial hypothesis Time-traveler UFO hypothesis Upper-atmospheric lightning "Who 'Discovered Space Animals'?", Civilian Saucer Intelligence
Space_animal_hypothesis
Observable events that result from the interaction of light and matter
Sprite (lightning) Subsun Sun dog Tangent arc Tyndall effect Upper-atmospheric lightning, including red sprites, Blue jets, and ELVES Water sky Dichromatism
Optical_phenomenon
State of matter
present, in which case plasma is called partially ionized. Neon signs and lightning are examples of partially ionized plasmas. Unlike the phase transitions
Plasma_(physics)
Vibrations with frequencies lower than 20 hertz
bolides, waterfalls, calving of icebergs, aurorae, meteors, lightning and upper-atmospheric lightning. Nonlinear ocean wave interactions in ocean storms produce
Infrasound
Gas layer surrounding Earth
Scatter) Model of the Upper Atmosphere". www.ukssdc.ac.uk. Retrieved 2026-03-04. Jacob, Daniel J. (1999). Introduction to atmospheric chemistry (Online-Ausg ed
Atmosphere_of_Earth
Topics referred to by the same term
Pixie (name), list of people with the name Pixie, a type of upper-atmospheric lightning Pixie cut, short layered women's hairstyle with a shaggy fringe
Pixie_(disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
system, also called airway surface liquid (ASL) ELVES, a type of upper atmospheric lightning Enceladus Life Finder, a proposed NASA astrobiology mission to
Elf_(disambiguation)
Ionized part of Earth's upper atmosphere
Research Program Ionospheric heater S4 Index Soft gamma repeater Upper-atmospheric lightning Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility TIMED (Thermosphere Ionosphere
Ionosphere
ISS-based upper-atmospheric lightning observation project
powerful electric fields course through the atmosphere, just before a lightning bolt travels along the same path. These results were published in July
Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor
Atmosphere-Space_Interactions_Monitor
Fifth planet from the Sun
ice, which fall deep into the atmosphere. Upper-atmospheric lightning has been observed in Jupiter's upper atmosphere, bright flashes of light that last
Jupiter
Atmospheric optical phenomenon, which appears as a light ribbon in the sky
particles from space. Space weather Thermosphere Solar prominence Upper-atmospheric lightning Unusual types of aurorae FrontierSat McRae, Mike (24 April 2017)
STEVE
Optical characteristics of the atmosphere
Sprite (lightning) Subsun Sun dog Tangent arc Tyndall effect Upper-atmospheric lightning, including red sprites, Blue jets, and ELVES Water sky Alpenglow
Atmospheric_optics
Gas layer surrounding Jupiter
droplets and water ice particles may generate higher-altitude lightning. Upper-atmospheric lightning has also been observed 260 km above the 1 bar level. The
Atmosphere_of_Jupiter
South African artist
Sweden 2017, Mysterium Tremendum, Hologram - Miami 2017, 2018,Upper Atmospheric Lightning, Video Installation - Berlin, Cape Town 2017, 2019,Aurum, Performance
Faith47
Layer of the Earth's atmosphere above the mesosphere and below the exosphere
was the largest such since at least 1967. ELVES are a type of upper-atmospheric lightning that occur at the lower boundary of the thermosphere. They often
Thermosphere
Private crewed spaceflight to the International Space Station in 2025
Institute of Earth Physics and Space Science) — photographing upper-atmospheric lightning, namely sprites, blue and gigantic jets from the ISS VISPRO (University
Axiom_Mission_4
Topics referred to by the same term
an Amor asteroid TARANIS, a satellite mission for study of upper atmospheric lightning phenomena; failed to reach orbit in 2020 Taranis, a character
Taranis_(disambiguation)
Global electromagnetic resonances, generated and excited by lightning discharges
(1984). Atmospheric Electrodynamics. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Price, C.; Pechony, O.; Greenberg, E. (2006). "Schumann resonances in lightning research"
Schumann_resonances
Remote observation of lightning strikes
A lightning detector is a device that detects lightning produced by thunderstorms. There are three primary types of detectors: ground-based systems using
Lightning_detector
25th expedition to the International Space Station
radiation during terrestrial lightning and thunder conditions to study terrestrial gamma-ray flashes and upper-atmospheric lightning. Remote sensing MW-radiometry
Expedition_25
Thunderstorm cloud that forms above a heat source
CbFg reaches the upper troposphere or even lower stratosphere and may involve precipitation (although usually light), hail, lightning, extreme low-level
Cumulonimbus_flammagenitus
Region of Earth's atmosphere
include galactic cosmic rays, zodiacal light, moonlight, and lightning discharge. Atmospheric tides are large-scale oscillations created by cycles of solar
Near_space
Atmospheric phenomenon
Atmospheric convection is the vertical transport of heat and moisture in the atmosphere. It occurs when warmer, less dense air rises, while cooler, denser
Atmospheric_convection
Branch of space physics and aeronomy
Heliosphere Magnetic cloud Magnetosheath Meteorology Plasma physics Upper-atmospheric lightning Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring Solar physics Space
Space_weather
Electric discharge between the atmosphere and the ground
A lightning strike or lightning bolt is a lightning event in which an electric discharge takes place between the atmosphere and the ground. Most originate
Lightning_strike
Metal rod intended to protect a structure from a lightning strike
lightning rod or lightning conductor (British English) is a metal rod mounted on a structure and intended to protect the structure from a lightning strike
Lightning_rod
Narrow corridor of concentrated moisture in the atmosphere
An atmospheric river (AR) is a narrow corridor or filament of concentrated moisture in the atmosphere. Other names for this phenomenon are tropical plume
Atmospheric_river
Scientific study of the atmosphere focusing on weather forecasting
rain), and atmospheric phenomena such as winds, thunder, lightning, snow, floods, valleys, rivers, lakes. In 1021, Alhazen showed that atmospheric refraction
Meteorology
Genus of dense, towering vertical clouds
due to potent wind currents but also reduced visibility and lightning, as well as atmospheric icing and hail if flying inside the cloud. Within and in the
Cumulonimbus_cloud
Study of the Earth's atmosphere
Aeronomy is the study of the upper layers of the atmosphere, where dissociation and ionization are important. Atmospheric science has been extended to
Atmospheric_science
Intensity Discharge UMIST linear system Undulator Upper hybrid oscillation Upper-atmospheric lightning Vacuum arc, thermionic vacuum arc generates a pure
List of plasma physics articles
List_of_plasma_physics_articles
Gas layer surrounding Venus
for the charge to be sustained, preventing lightning. Lightning could potentially contribute to atmospheric chemistry, through making the molecules present
Atmosphere_of_Venus
Branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the atmosphere is studied
Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science that studies the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets. This multidisciplinary
Atmospheric_chemistry
Layer of gases surrounding an astronomical body held by gravity
magnetosphere. The further a body is from the Sun, the lower the rate of atmospheric stripping. Aside from Mercury, all Solar System planets have substantial
Atmosphere
Interceptor aircraft, British, 1960s–1980s
Electric Lightning is a British fighter aircraft that served as an interceptor from 1960 to 1988. It is capable of a top speed above Mach 2. The Lightning was
English_Electric_Lightning
Up quark Upper-atmospheric lightning Upper-convected Maxwell model Upper-convected time derivative Upper critical solution temperature Upper hybrid oscillation
Index_of_physics_articles_(U)
production of weather charts. aerology See atmospheric science. aeronomy The branch of meteorology that studies the upper regions of the Earth's or other planetary
Glossary_of_meteorology
Technology development overview
spacecraft Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor – ISS-based upper-atmospheric lightning observation project Fine Guidance Sensor (HST) – Hubble Space
Outline of artificial satellites
Outline_of_artificial_satellites
precipitation (also called energetic electron precipitation or EEP) is an atmospheric phenomenon that occurs when previously trapped electrons enter the Earth's
Electron_precipitation
Gaseous phase of water
the megawatt outputs of lightning. After a cloud, for instance, has started its way to becoming a lightning generator, atmospheric water vapor acts as a
Water_vapor
Luminous plasma created in an electric field
rod-like object such as a mast, spire, chimney, or animal horn in an atmospheric electric field. It has also been observed on the leading edges and windshields
St._Elmo's_fire
Term for nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide
of lightning strikes occurring on Earth. Therefore, space weather can be a major driving force of lightning-produced atmospheric NOx. Atmospheric constituents
NOx
NOAA weather satellite
Stano, Geoffrey (May 2013). "The GOES-R Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM)" (PDF). Atmospheric Research. 125–126. Elsevier: 34–49. Bibcode:2013AtmRe
GOES-16
Remnants of ancient lightning activity
lightning on Earth's atmosphere continues today, especially with regard to feedback mechanisms of lightning-produced nitrate compounds on atmospheric
Paleolightning
Optical phenomenon of the sky
a connotation of the assembly court of Lord Indra – the Hindu god of lightning, thunder, and rain. The natural phenomena may be reproduced artificially
Halo_(optical_phenomenon)
Gas layer surrounding Mars
Yelle, R.; Stone, S.; Alsaeed, N. (31 March 2017). "Mars' atmospheric history derived from upper-atmosphere measurements of 38Ar / 36Ar". Science. 355 (6332):
Atmosphere_of_Mars
Pacific tropical storm in 2013
Hawaii (2013). Hawaii Event Report: Lightning. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January
Tropical_Storm_Flossie_(2013)
Body that enters the Earth's atmosphere
century. Before that, they were seen in the West as an atmospheric phenomenon, like lightning, and were not connected with strange stories of rocks falling
Meteor
Deviation from the normal change of an atmospheric property with altitude
stop atmospheric convection (which is normally present) from happening in the affected area and can lead to high concentrations of atmospheric pollutants
Inversion_(meteorology)
window (see under Threats) ball lightning balloon (aircraft) baroclinity barotropicity barometer ("to measure atmospheric pressure") berg wind biometeorology
Index_of_meteorology_articles
Particle helping to form an ice crystal
are several research groups that study ice nucleating properties of atmospheric aerosols (for example see FIN-02 research article by DeMott et al. 2018
Ice_nucleus
Weather research laboratory
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) weather research laboratory under the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. It is one of
National Severe Storms Laboratory
National_Severe_Storms_Laboratory
Layer of gasses surrounding the moon Titan
1944 using a spectroscopic technique that yielded an estimate of an atmospheric partial pressure of methane of the order of 100 millibars (10 kPa). Subsequent
Atmosphere_of_Titan
Sealable enclosures containing desiccants to preserve moisture-sensitive items
with water from humidity. The contents of desiccators are exposed to atmospheric moisture whenever the desiccators are opened. It also requires some time
Desiccator
Highest mountain in Arizona
Mt Humphreys is often subject to lightning, especially during the monsoon months in the summer. Additionally, the upper half of the mountain is above the
Humphreys_Peak
Fast-flowing atmospheric air current
polar and subtropical jet streams are the product of two factors: the atmospheric heating by solar radiation that produces the large-scale polar, Ferrel
Jet_stream
Short-term state of the atmosphere
temperature, precipitation, and other atmospheric conditions, whereas climate is the term for the averaging of atmospheric conditions over longer periods of
Weather
American electrical engineer and academician
connections to other atmospheric regions and climate." In 2011, he was named as Fellow of the IEEE "for contributions to lightning remote sensing and artificial
Steven_Cummer
Environmental Information. "Kern County Event Report: Lightning". Storm Event Database. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original
List_of_California_hurricanes
American project monitoring Soviet nuclear activity
a double event like an atmospheric nuclear explosion would be something incredibly rare like a meteoroid generated lightning superbolt. However, radiation
Project_Vela
Violently rotating column of air
and patterns of lightning. Tornadic storms do not produce more lightning than other storms and some tornadic cells never produce lightning at all. More often
Tornado
Form of cumulus clouds
Wilkinson (2019). "Intensification of single cell storms prior to lightning onset". Atmospheric Science Letters. 20 (e873): e873. doi:10.1002/asl.873. "What
Cumulus_congestus_cloud
Painting by Jan van Kessel the Elder
represented by a wide variety of creatures of flight, mythological figures and atmospheric conditions. A multitude of birds, including peacocks, turkeys, parrots
Air_(painting)
Layer of silicate rock
melting of the mantle at subduction zones produces continental crust. Earth's upper mantle is divided into two major rheological layers: the rigid lithospheric
Earth's_mantle
Interior of the earth
where high pressures solidify the rock, and not to be confused with the atmospheric mesosphere); and a liquid outer core and a solid inner core. The differing
Internal_structure_of_Earth
Unincorporated community in Pennsylvania, US
As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 7,495. The town is part of Upper Macungie Township and is located approximately 11 miles (18 km) southwest
Breinigsville,_Pennsylvania
Group of satellites to detect nuclear detonations
strike on the spacecraft that produces a bright flash or triggering on a lightning superbolt in the Earth's atmosphere, as may have occurred in the Vela
Vela_(satellite)
Genus of clouds, low-level cloud
this might even produce a positive feedback, where the increasing upper atmospheric moisture further warms the earth, resulting in an increasing number
Cumulus_cloud
Microscopic solid or liquid matter suspended in the Earth's atmosphere
affect human health and impact climate and precipitation. Categories of atmospheric particles include inhalable coarse particles, designated PM10, which
Particulate_matter
Weather feature
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2008-02-08. Martin J. Murphy and Nicholas W. S. Demetriades. An Analysis of Lightning Holes in a DFW
Bounded_weak_echo_region
2013 EF3 tornado in Oklahoma, U.S.
mid-to-upper level trough and closed mid-level low pressure area moved east-northeastward, with a lead upper low pivoting over the Dakotas and Upper Midwest
2013_El_Reno_tornado
Wind blowing from sea to land
be off the water, thus making Florida the place most often struck by lightning in the United States, and one of the most on Earth.[citation needed] These
Sea_breeze
Planned Indian Venus orbiter
wavelength camera will capture atmospheric circulation dynamics and study wave phenomena and lightning LIVE (Lightning Instrument for Venus): LIVE will
Venus_Orbiter_Mission
Water ice in symmetrical shapes
plates, and dendritic crystals. Ice crystals are responsible for various atmospheric optical displays and cloud formations. At ambient temperature and pressure
Ice_crystal
Condensed water vapor that falls from clouds
In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls from clouds due to gravitational pull. The main
Precipitation
Turkish scientist, academic and academician
Science, ionospheric and upper atmospheric physics, radiation belts, electromagnetic wave-particle interactions, lightning-ionosphere interaction and
Umran_Inan
Form of solid precipitation
"The characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning activity in hailstorms over northern China". Atmospheric Research. 91 (2–4): 459–465. Bibcode:2009AtmRe
Hail
referred to as the "Lightning Capital of the World" for its frequent thunderstorms. Though Central Florida receives as much lightning during the summer
Climate_of_the_Tampa_Bay_area
lightning. Lightning also has a record of destroying infrastructure, one family in Beitbridge were left stranded as they lost their home to lightning
Geography_of_Zimbabwe
British scientist
particularly perturbations from below by atmospheric phenomenon. Scott was the first scientist to demonstrate lightning effects on the 'sporadic E' layer; transient
Christopher_Scott_(scientist)
Overview of the history of atmospheric sciences
the area of atmospheric sciences. The most notable advancements in observational meteorology, weather forecasting, climatology, atmospheric chemistry,
Timeline_of_meteorology
Fields of natural science related to Earth
subdisciplines include meteorology, climatology, atmospheric chemistry, and atmospheric physics. Atmosphere Atmospheric chemistry Geography Climatology Meteorology
Earth_science
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