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Term in Marxist economics
Unequal exchange is used primarily in Marxist economics, but also in ecological economics (more specifically also as ecologically unequal exchange), to
Unequal_exchange
Concept from ecological economics
Ecologically or ecological unequal exchange is a concept from ecological economics that builds from the notion of unequal exchange. It considers the inequities
Ecologically_unequal_exchange
Foreign control of assets and decisions
internal colonialism, settler colonialism, investment imperialism, and unequal exchange. Colonialism is a system of domination characterised by a foreign group's
Economic_imperialism
French economist
economist who became known in the 1960s and 1970s for his theory of 'unequal exchange'. Emmanuel was born in Patras, Greece, the son of Charalambos Emmanuel
Arghiri_Emmanuel
Economic concept
called unequal exchange. Thus, he commented that: "From the possibility that profit may be less than surplus value, hence that capital [may] exchange profitably
Surplus_labour
metropolitan countries in which Capital historically accumulates. Unequal exchange between countries and regions is another concept to which is attributed
Super-exploitation
British economist and politician (1772–1823)
different levels of development and that this raised the prospect of 'unequal exchange' which might hamper a country's development, as we saw in the case
David_Ricardo
Economic hypothesis
economics United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Unequal exchange Rabah Arezki; Kaddour Hadri; Prakash Loungani; Yao Rao (August 2013)
Prebisch–Singer_hypothesis
Theory of capitalism and globalization
understandings of imperialism, dependency, super-exploitation and unequal exchange. Leon Trotsky began expressing his theory of uneven and combined development
Theories_of_imperialism
Anarchist school of thought and socialist economic theory
French anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, who proposed the abolition of unequal exchange and the establishment of a new economic system based on reciprocity
Mutualism_(economic_theory)
Social movement
indigenous populations around resource extraction. Unequal exchange is a term used to describe the unequal economic and trade relationship between countries
Environmental_justice
Brazilian economist and sociologist (1932–1997)
one of the creators of dependency theory, Super-exploitation, and Unequal exchange. He is the author of the work "Dialéctica de la Dependencia" (Dialectic
Ruy_Mauro_Marini
American sociologist and economic historian (1930–2019)
periphery through unequal exchange relations. At the same time, the core benefits from the semi-periphery through unequal exchange relations. Defines
Immanuel_Wallerstein
International relations theory
Dependency Theory, after close reading of Marx, that super-exploitation and unequal exchange characteristically arose out of the specific forms in the capital reproduction
Dependency_theory
1926 book by Frederick Soddy
Environmental justice Externality Green politics Planetary boundaries Post-growth Social metabolism Thermodynamics Thermoeconomics Unequal exchange v t e
Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt
Wealth,_Virtual_Wealth_and_Debt
Economic phenomenon
denotes an unjust social relationship based on an asymmetry of power or unequal exchange of value between workers and their employers. When speaking about exploitation
Exploitation_of_labour
Terms that denote two groups of countries
appropriation in the world economy: Drain from the global South through unequal exchange, 1990–2015". Global Environmental Change. 73 102467. Bibcode:2022GEC
Global_North_and_Global_South
Marxist concept
Neo-colonialism Profit (economics) Overexploitation Surplus value Unequal exchange Booth, Adam (5 June 2014). "Marx's Capital: Chapters 4-8 – Surplus
Superprofit
Egyptian-French economist and political scientist (1931–2018)
Amin) Amin's theory of a global law of value describes a system of unequal exchange, in which the difference in the wages between labor forces in different
Samir_Amin
Proportion of worth at which a commodity can be traded for other commodities
Paradox of value Prices of production Real prices and ideal prices Unequal exchange Use value Value in economics Value-form Sign value Howard Nicholas
Exchange_value
Concept in political science
World-systems theory Concepts Conquest Great power Hegemony North–South model Unequal exchange Balance of trade Global labor arbitrage Ecological Sphere of influence
Imperial_boomerang
Economic anthropologist (born 1982)
appropriation amounted to $242 trillion. Hickel et al. write that this unequal exchange is a leading driver of uneven development, increasing global inequality
Jason_Hickel
Philosophy calling for reduced consumption and production to achieve sustainability
wasteful, ecologically unsustainable, maldeveloped, exploitative, and unequal, class-hierarchical world." When it comes to agriculture, a degrowth society
Degrowth
1972 book by Walter Rodney
World-systems theory Concepts Conquest Great power Hegemony North–South model Unequal exchange Balance of trade Global labor arbitrage Ecological Sphere of influence
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
How_Europe_Underdeveloped_Africa
Book by Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt
World-systems theory Concepts Conquest Great power Hegemony North–South model Unequal exchange Balance of trade Global labor arbitrage Ecological Sphere of influence
Empire_(Hardt_and_Negri_book)
Argentine economist (1901–1986)
Development.(United Nations) Import substitution industrialization Unequal exchange Samir Amin Celso Furtado Fair trade Money doctor Cypher, James M.;
Raúl_Prebisch
Concept in Karl Marx's critique of political economy
value with unequal exchange (the exchange of unequal values). For Marx, the exchange of non-equivalents was not an aberration in the exchange process at
Law_of_value
Book by Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt
counter-Empire, an alternative political organization of global flows and exchanges." Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt. Multitude: War and Democracy in the
Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire
Multitude:_War_and_Democracy_in_the_Age_of_Empire
State whose economic system is no longer a form of capitalism
Environmental justice Externality Green politics Planetary boundaries Post-growth Social metabolism Thermodynamics Thermoeconomics Unequal exchange v t e
Post-capitalism
Political ideology promoting free-market capitalism
journal Global Environmental Change, Jason Hickel et al. argued that unequal exchange between the Global North and Global South in the era of neoliberal
Neoliberalism
contributions are on international economic relations and the problems of unequal exchange. From 1979–1980 he was Associate Professor of Economics at the University
Kunibert_Raffer
American founder of the Black Panther Party (1942–1989)
handling the case, Newton is believed to have shot Smith after a casual exchange on the street during which she referred to him as "Baby," a childhood nickname
Huey_P._Newton
Maoist interpretation of international relations
Retrieved 21 June 2021. Biberaj, Elez (1986). Albania and China: a study of an unequal alliance. Westview special studies in international relations. Boulder:
Three_Worlds_Theory
Marxist term for a country dominated by another
Satellite state Sovereignty Theories of imperialism Three-world model Unequal exchange Uneven and combined development United Nations list of non-self-governing
Semi-colony
theory of 'unequal exchange' as presented by Arghiri Emmanuel is also partly inspired by Habbakuk's thesis. See J. Brolin 'Unequal Exchange' in I. Ness
Habakkuk_thesis
American philosopher (1960-)
World-systems theory Concepts Conquest Great power Hegemony North–South model Unequal exchange Balance of trade Global labor arbitrage Ecological Sphere of influence
Michael_Hardt
Colonial sociology term
World-systems theory Concepts Conquest Great power Hegemony North–South model Unequal exchange Balance of trade Global labor arbitrage Ecological Sphere of influence
Lumpenbourgeoisie
Danish communist writer (born 1952)
Capitalism. Iskra Books. ISBN 9798330404315 Lauesen, Torkil (2025). Unequal Exchange: Past, Present, and Future. Iskra Books. ISBN 9798330613342 "The Principal
Torkil_Lauesen
Italian economist and sociologist (1937–2009)
World-systems theory Concepts Conquest Great power Hegemony North–South model Unequal exchange Balance of trade Global labor arbitrage Ecological Sphere of influence
Giovanni_Arrighi
English radiochemist (1877–1956)
most of his proposals – "to abandon the gold standard, let international exchange rates float, use federal surpluses and deficits as macroeconomic policy
Frederick_Soddy
Part of Islamic law
Ahmad). Unequal exchange. In addition to loan interest, this can include the exchange of nonequivalent quantities of goods (riba al-fadl) or unequal exposure
Riba
American academic (born 1953)
World-systems theory Concepts Conquest Great power Hegemony North–South model Unequal exchange Balance of trade Global labor arbitrage Ecological Sphere of influence
John_Bellamy_Foster
Catalan economist
Environmental justice Externality Green politics Planetary boundaries Post-growth Social metabolism Thermodynamics Thermoeconomics Unequal exchange v t e
Joan_Martinez_Alier
Beyond optimum economic growth
for reducing economic output and promoting self-sufficiency and regional exchange. In his book Liberation from Affluence, he proposes measures such as a
Post-growth
1972 book on economic and population growth
form at similar times and in similar ways less effectively because of the unequal distributions of populations and resources. These issues indicate that
The_Limits_to_Growth
Extension of rule over foreign nations
bases, cultural dominance and the IMF. In 1967 Frank claimed that "unequal exchange" (pricing controlled by the empire) itself reproduced empire. In 1978
Imperialism
Guyanese politician, activist and historian (1942–1980)
World-systems theory Concepts Conquest Great power Hegemony North–South model Unequal exchange Balance of trade Global labor arbitrage Ecological Sphere of influence
Walter_Rodney
Statistical test of whether two populations have equal means
Welch's t-test, or unequal variances t-test in statistics is a two-sample location test which is used to test the (null) hypothesis that two populations
Welch's_t-test
Nation with a relatively low living standard
appropriation in the world economy: Drain from the global South through unequal exchange, 1990–2015". Global Environmental Change. 73 102467. Bibcode:2022GEC
Developing_country
Heterodox economic theory
biological and physical resources to produce, distribute, consume and exchange goods and services, while generating various types of waste and environmental
Thermoeconomics
Theory in classical and Marxian economics
interest. This explanation of exploitation does not rely on cheating or unequal exchange; it occurs even when all commodities, including labor-power, are bought
Labor_theory_of_value
1949–1991 international economic union
members were viewed as rational and fair because they counteracted unequal exchange. The organization of Comecon was officially focused on common expansion
Comecon
2014 OECD data sharing initiative
Reporting Standard (CRS) is an information standard for the Automatic Exchange Of Information (AEOI) regarding financial accounts on a global level, between
Common_Reporting_Standard
Soviet revolutionary and politician (1888–1938)
World-systems theory Concepts Conquest Great power Hegemony North–South model Unequal exchange Balance of trade Global labor arbitrage Ecological Sphere of influence
Nikolai_Bukharin
Separation of tasks in any system so that participants may specialise
world and third world countries necessitated by companies (through unequal exchange) that create a labour aristocracy by exploiting the poverty of workers
Division_of_labour
Mechanism occurring in nature and mimicked in industry and engineering
unequal flows, the equilibrium condition will occur somewhat closer to the conditions of the stream with the higher flow. A cocurrent heat exchanger is
Countercurrent_exchange
Absence of government restriction on international trade
largely maintained by his successor Joe Biden. Imperialism entails unequal exchange for the benefit of the mother country, often at the expense of the
Free_trade
Inefficiently allocated markets
establishes that distribution or fairness of exchange does affect motivation to work, and therefore unequal bargaining power is a market failure. Notably
Market_failure
Post-Marxism Arghiri Emmanuel Patras, Greece Paris, France Greek 1911–2001 Unequal exchange Friedrich Engels Barmen, Kingdom of Prussia (today Wuppertal, Germany)
List of contributors to Marxist theory
List_of_contributors_to_Marxist_theory
Large rainforest in South America
2026. Bunker, S.G. (1985). Underdeveloping the Amazon: Extraction, Unequal Exchange, and the Failure of the Modern State. University of Illinois Press
Amazon_rainforest
Concept in Marxian political economy
Uneven and combined development (also known as "unequal and combined development", and similar to "uneven development") is a concept in Marxian political
Uneven and combined development
Uneven_and_combined_development
British ecological economist (born 1957)
Environmental justice Externality Green politics Planetary boundaries Post-growth Social metabolism Thermodynamics Thermoeconomics Unequal exchange v t e
Tim_Jackson_(economist)
North south Model
World-systems theory Concepts Conquest Great power Hegemony North–South model Unequal exchange Balance of trade Global labor arbitrage Ecological Sphere of influence
North–South_model
Marxist theory of the origin of capitalism
price policy where the state would use its monopoly on industry to set unequal exchange rates between agricultural and industrial goods. Preobrazhensky insisted
Primitive_accumulation
Marxist conception of capitalist ecological crisis
(June 2009). "Ecological Imperialism and the Global Metabolic Rift: Unequal Exchange and the Guano/Nitrates Trade". International Journal of Comparative
Metabolic_rift
American radical social economist (1809–1897)
socialists. In short a belief that the source of employers profits is an unequal exchange with employees in which the latter is not paid the full value of their
John_Francis_Bray
Communist political ideology
Guevara – via Marxists Internet Archive. Unequal Exchange, a Study of the Imperialism of Trade, Arghiri Emmanuel. Unequal Development: An Essay on the Social
Maoism–Third_Worldism
Economic growth that reflects or creates a decline in the quality of life
Environmental justice Externality Green politics Planetary boundaries Post-growth Social metabolism Thermodynamics Thermoeconomics Unequal exchange v t e
Uneconomic_growth
German-British economist (1910–2006)
Department of Economic Affairs, 1949, p. 126; quoted from J. Brolin, 'Unequal Exchange' in I. Naess & Z. Cope (eds), The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism
Hans_Singer
Political neologism and concept
World-systems theory Concepts Conquest Great power Hegemony North–South model Unequal exchange Balance of trade Global labor arbitrage Ecological Sphere of influence
Nekolim
Approach emphasizing the world-system as the primary unit of social analysis
spread of industrialization and capitalist economy, indirectly resulting in unequal development. Though other commentators refer to Wallerstein's project as
World-systems_theory
Dominance of states through indirect means
World-systems theory Concepts Conquest Great power Hegemony North–South model Unequal exchange Balance of trade Global labor arbitrage Ecological Sphere of influence
Neocolonialism
Environmental justice Externality Green politics Planetary boundaries Post-growth Social metabolism Thermodynamics Thermoeconomics Unequal exchange v t e
The Path to Degrowth in Overdeveloped Countries
The_Path_to_Degrowth_in_Overdeveloped_Countries
Monetary system based on the value of gold
trust in failing fiat and those governments that create the fiat. The unequal distribution of gold deposits makes the gold standard more advantageous
Gold_standard
1929 book by Henryk Grossman
the centralisation and concentration of capital. Foreign trade and unequal exchange, through which surplus value is transferred from less-developed to
The Law of Accumulation and Breakdown of the Capitalist System
The_Law_of_Accumulation_and_Breakdown_of_the_Capitalist_System
Converting waste materials into new products
identified as the metabolic rift by Karl Marx, who identified the unequal exchange rate between energy and nutrients flowing from rural areas to feed
Recycling
School of economic thought
accumulation Evolutionary economics Surplus labour Labour power Law of value Unequal exchange Value product Productive and unproductive labour Regulation school
Marxian_economics
American economist (1909–1964)
World-systems theory Concepts Conquest Great power Hegemony North–South model Unequal exchange Balance of trade Global labor arbitrage Ecological Sphere of influence
Paul_A._Baran
Economic indicator
Environmental justice Externality Green politics Planetary boundaries Post-growth Social metabolism Thermodynamics Thermoeconomics Unequal exchange v t e
Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare
Index_of_Sustainable_Economic_Welfare
Theory that resource wealth slows growth
of redirect targets Resource monotonicity – Mathematical principle Unequal exchange – Term in Marxist economics Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo – Venezuelan politician
Resource_curse
Italian political philosopher (1933–2023)
since identity itself is based on property and sovereignty.'" In the same exchange in Artforum between Harvey and Micheal Hardt and Antonio Negri, Hardt and
Antonio_Negri
Dynamic that motivates pursuit of profit
income – Income gained through ownership of land and other monopoly Unequal exchange – Term in Marxist economics Value investing – Investment paradigm Caves
Capital_accumulation
Study of materials and energy flows between nature and society
Environmental justice Externality Green politics Planetary boundaries Post-growth Social metabolism Thermodynamics Thermoeconomics Unequal exchange v t e
Social_metabolism
French Marxian economist and historian
under conditions where these countries pry themselves free from their unequal and asymmetrical connections with the world market, dominated by imperialist
Charles_Bettelheim
1902 book by John A. Hobson
World-systems theory Concepts Conquest Great power Hegemony North–South model Unequal exchange Balance of trade Global labor arbitrage Ecological Sphere of influence
Imperialism_(Hobson_book)
Marxist term for peaceful capitalism
keep the agrarian states un-industrial by force". Rather, "it is a very unequal but multifarious system, with political independence for the ex-colonies
Ultra-imperialism
Ideology of internationalist struggle, in the late Black Panther Party
World-systems theory Concepts Conquest Great power Hegemony North–South model Unequal exchange Balance of trade Global labor arbitrage Ecological Sphere of influence
Intercommunalism
Economic theories regarding cyclical recessions
Osorio, Jaime and Reyes, Cristobal (2024) Labour Super-Exploitation, Unequal Exchange and Capital Reproduction: Writings on Marxist Dependency Theory ibidem
Crisis_theory
American economist (1938–2022)
Environmental justice Externality Green politics Planetary boundaries Post-growth Social metabolism Thermodynamics Thermoeconomics Unequal exchange v t e
Herman_Daly
Sum of all the energy required to produce any goods or services
Environmental justice Externality Green politics Planetary boundaries Post-growth Social metabolism Thermodynamics Thermoeconomics Unequal exchange v t e
Embodied_energy
American Marxist economist (1910–2004)
World-systems theory Concepts Conquest Great power Hegemony North–South model Unequal exchange Balance of trade Global labor arbitrage Ecological Sphere of influence
Paul_Sweezy
1966 book by Paul Sweezy and Paul A. Baran
World-systems theory Concepts Conquest Great power Hegemony North–South model Unequal exchange Balance of trade Global labor arbitrage Ecological Sphere of influence
Monopoly_Capital
Swedish economist (1948–2025)
ecology at Lund University with the thesis "Land Matters. Agrofuel, Unequal Exchange and Appropriation of Ecological Space". Before the 2014 parliamentary
Kenneth_Hermele
German-American sociologist (1929–2005)
World-systems theory Concepts Conquest Great power Hegemony North–South model Unequal exchange Balance of trade Global labor arbitrage Ecological Sphere of influence
Andre_Gunder_Frank
Technology for the production of textiles
ISBN 978-0-8130-3378-5 Dean, Bartholomew (1994). "Multiple Regimes of Value: Unequal Exchange and the Circulation of Urarina Palm-Fiber Wealth". Museum Anthropology
Weaving
Period of rapid economic growth in Taiwan, as one of the Four Asian Tigers
on the peasants an unequal exchange with the industrial economy, with credit and fertilizer controls and a non monetary exchange to trade agrarian products
Taiwan_Miracle
Concept in Marxism
as a result of underdevelopment, imperialism, state intervention, unequal exchange, fictitious capital, credit bubbles, or capital gains from rising property
Relations_of_production
1950 British forced resettlement plan during the Malayan Emergency
World-systems theory Concepts Conquest Great power Hegemony North–South model Unequal exchange Balance of trade Global labor arbitrage Ecological Sphere of influence
Briggs_Plan
American economist
Environmental justice Externality Green politics Planetary boundaries Post-growth Social metabolism Thermodynamics Thermoeconomics Unequal exchange v t e
Robert_Costanza
Economic system based on social ownership of the means of production in a market economy
outcomes and leads to unequal exchanges. According to him, Adam Smith's moral intent and moral philosophy espousing equal exchange was undermined by the
Market_socialism
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