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Mechanism in a some relational databases to store past states of a relation
Tuple-versioning (also called point-in-time) is a mechanism used in a relational database management system to store past states of a relation. Normally
Tuple-versioning
Database model
Relation Relational database Relational database management system Tuple-versioning Codd, E.F (1969), Derivability, Redundancy, and Consistency of Relations
Relational_model
Structure in data warehousing
the previous row. The null End_Date in row two indicates the current tuple version. A standardized surrogate high date (e.g. 9999-12-31) may instead be
Slowly_changing_dimension
Structure that categorizes facts and measures in a data warehouse
containing the new value(s), and distinguish between the rows using Tuple-versioning techniques. Type three: Add a new attribute to the existing row. Source:
Dimension_(data_warehouse)
columns of type DATETIME: StartDate and EndDate. This is known as tuple versioning. These two additional columns define a period of time of "validity"
Log_trigger
Smooth approximation of one-hot arg max
also known as softargmax or normalized exponential function, converts a tuple of K real numbers into a probability distribution over K possible outcomes
Softmax_function
List of versions of the Java programming language
customers ended in April 2015. This version introduced a new versioning system for the Java language, although the old versioning system continued to be used
Java_version_history
Object-oriented programming language
a result, TUPLE [A, B, C] conforms to (may be assigned to) TUPLE [A, B], to TUPLE [A] and to TUPLE (without parameters), the topmost tuple type to which
Eiffel_(programming_language)
similarly to what is dubbed RDBMS, Tuple Stores, also known as Triple Store or Quad Store but also Generic Tuple Store, Document database, that mimics
Ordered_key–value_store
General-purpose programming language
operator can be used to concatenate two tuples, which does not directly modify their contents, but produces a new tuple containing the elements of both. For
Python_(programming_language)
Programming language and superset of JavaScript
bringing many language additions like tuples in rest parameters and spread expressions, rest parameters with tuple types, generic rest parameters and so
TypeScript
Principal protocol used to stream data across an IP network
sees any evidence of an attack. A TCP connection is identified by a four-tuple of the source address, source port, destination address, and destination
Transmission_Control_Protocol
Microsoft embedded database engine
ESE supports a concurrency control mechanism called multi-versioning. In multi-versioning, every transaction queries a consistent view of the entire
Extensible_Storage_Engine
Medical condition caused by chromosomal abnormality
are now understood to be presentations of a single syndrome. ICD-10 2015 version mentions DiGeorge syndrome using two codes: D82.1 (Di George syndrome)
DiGeorge_syndrome
Coordinates comprising a distance and two angles
Once the radius is fixed, the three coordinates (r, θ, φ), known as a 3-tuple, provide a coordinate system on a sphere, typically called the spherical
Spherical_coordinate_system
Set of tuples consisting of values indexed by attributes
database theory, a relation, as originally defined by E. F. Codd, is a set of tuples (d1,d2,...,dn), where each element dj is a member of Dj, a data domain.
Relation_(database)
Relational database programming language
with or without an index. Originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, SQL consists of many types of statements, which may
SQL
Integer side lengths of a right triangle
is a Pythagorean n-tuple for any tuple of positive integers (m1, ..., mn) with m2 1 > m2 2 + ... + m2 n. The Pythagorean n-tuple can be made primitive
Pythagorean_triple
Object detection system
{\displaystyle S^{2}} patches. The output of the network on each patch is a tuple as follows: ( p 1 , … , p C , c 1 , x 1 , y 1 , w 1 , h 1 , … , c B , x
You_Only_Look_Once
Mathematical concept and applications in software development
mathematics, a circular shift is the operation of rearranging the entries in a tuple, either by moving the final entry to the first position, while shifting
Circular_shift
Method for specifying point positions
interchangeable; they are commonly distinguished by their position in an ordered tuple, or by a label, such as in "the x-coordinate". The coordinates are taken
Coordinate_system
Templates in computer programming
arguments template <typename... Ts> class Tuple; The above template class Tuple (representing a product type or tuple) will take any number of typenames as
Variadic_template
Type of programming language
known as a tuple space because its basic addressable unit is a tuple, an ordered sequence of typed data objects; specifically in Linda, a tuple is a sequence
Linda_(coordination_language)
Programming language
compound data types: Tuples Tuples are containers for a fixed number of Erlang data types. The syntax {D1,D2,...,Dn} denotes a tuple whose arguments are
Erlang_(programming_language)
2011 edition of the C++ programming language standard
exists std::make_tuple to automatically create std::tuples using type deduction and auto helps to declare such a tuple. std::tie creates tuples of lvalue references
C++11
Toolkit for manipulation of images
output results in an error message. For the black-and-white version of PAM (depth 1, tuple type BLACKANDWHITE), corresponding to PBM, PAM uses one byte
Netpbm
Relational database access language
QUEL is a relational database query language, based on tuple relational calculus, with some similarities to SQL. It was created as a part of the Ingres
QUEL_query_languages
Revision of the C++ programming language released in 2026
loops (a.k.a. expansion statements) to iterate over type/parameter packs, tuple-like objects and meta-objects. Allow attaching the entry point, main, to
C++26
Programming language
parenthetical expression or tuple (... | ...) (proofs | values) .<...>. termination metric @(...) flat tuple or variadic function parameters tuple (see example's printf)
ATS_(programming_language)
Set of rules defining correctly structured programs
append(5) Tuples (class tuple) are immutable sequences of items of arbitrary types. There is also a special syntax to create tuples my_tuple: tuple[int |
Python_syntax_and_semantics
Property that assigns truth values to k-tuples of individuals
subset of the Cartesian product X1 × ... × Xn; that is, it is a set of n-tuples (x1, ..., xn), each being a sequence of elements xi in the corresponding
Finitary_relation
General-purpose programming language
List comprehension – C# 3 LINQ Tuples – .NET Framework 4.0 but it becomes popular when C# 7.0 introduced a new tuple type with language support Nested
C Sharp (programming language)
C_Sharp_(programming_language)
Type of data structure
least one array index or key, the collection of which may be a tuple, known as an index tuple. In general, an array is a mutable and linear collection of
Array_(data_structure)
2014 edition of the C++ programming language standard
Standard Library Types (part 1 - version 4)" (PDF). Spertus, Mike (19 April 2013). "N3670 Wording for Addressing Tuples by Type: Revision 2". Wakely, Jonathan
C++14
Authorization software system
lists (ACLs) expressed as relationship tuples under a relationship-based access control (ReBAC) model. Each tuple represents a subject, a relation, and
Google_Zanzibar
Free and open-source object relational database management system
PlanetScale". planetscale.com. September 22, 2025. Retrieved April 28, 2026. "Versioning policy". PostgreSQL Global Development Group. Retrieved October 4, 2018
PostgreSQL
Microsoft programming language
the arity of the tuple. A 3-tuple would be represented as (A, B, C), where A, B, and C are values of possibly different types. A tuple can be used to store
F Sharp (programming language)
F_Sharp_(programming_language)
Colour matching system
5, the majority are divisible by 10. Conversion from RAL Design number tuple to CIELAB RAL Design = ( h a b ∘ , L ∗ , C a b ∗ ) a ∗ = C a b ∗ ⋅ cos
RAL_colour_standard
Encoding for a sequence of byte values using 85 printable characters
and the following is the end of the quote (penultimate 4-tuple): As however the final 4-tuple is incomplete after the period, it must be padded with three
Ascii85
Prime differing from another prime by two
than n tends to 1 as n tends to infinity. Cousin prime Prime gap Prime k-tuple Prime quadruplet Prime triplet Sexy prime Glaisher, J. W. L. (March 1878)
Twin_prime
Tensor having both covariant and contravariant indices
Such a tensor can be defined as a linear function which maps an (M + N)-tuple of M one-forms and N vectors to a scalar. Consider the following octet of
Mixed_tensor
Initial result in using test functions to find extremum
are stated everywhere except the finite set of discontinuity points. If a tuple of continuous functions f 0 , f 1 , … , f n {\displaystyle f_{0},f_{1},\dots
Fundamental lemma of the calculus of variations
Fundamental_lemma_of_the_calculus_of_variations
Feature of programming languages
{ optional<tuple<int>> result = std::execution::sync_wait(test()); std::println("Result: {}", std::get<0>(result).value_or(std::make_tuple(-1))); return
Async/await
2023 edition of the C++ programming language standard
std::unreachable: a function to mark unreachable code made std::tuple compatible with other tuple-like objects std::basic_common_reference specialization for
C++23
Technical standard
r 2 {\displaystyle q=r_{2}} . The RSA public key is represented as the tuple ( n , e ) {\displaystyle (n,e)} , where the integer e is the public exponent
PKCS_1
Standard for computer data connections
transfer, it sends a TOKEN packet containing an endpoint specified with a tuple of (device_address, endpoint_number). If the transfer is from the host to
USB
Mathematical notation
concept of an integer index to an ordered tuple of indices. An n-dimensional multi-index is an n {\textstyle n} -tuple α = ( α 1 , α 2 , … , α n ) {\displaystyle
Multi-index_notation
Way to specify the location of data on computer storage devices
cylinder-head-sector (CHS) scheme, where blocks were addressed by means of a tuple which defined the cylinder, head, and sector at which they appeared on the
Logical_block_addressing
Reduction of data redundancy
form BCNF: Boyce–Codd normal form 4NF: Fourth normal form ETNF: Essential tuple normal form 5NF: Fifth normal form DKNF: Domain-key normal form 6NF: Sixth
Database_normalization
Geometric space with four dimensions
life. Single locations in Euclidean 4D space can be given as vectors or 4-tuples, i.e., as ordered lists of numbers such as (x, y, z, w). For example, the
Four-dimensional_space
Pair of mathematical objects
always equals the unordered pair {b,a}. Ordered pairs are also called 2-tuples, or sequences (sometimes, lists in a computer science context) of length
Ordered_pair
Enterprise architecture framework
– Object – also used in RDF. See Tuple. TRAK requires each tuple to be explicit. The Architecture Description Tuples are defined by the TRAK Metamodel
TRAK
Theorem in mathematics
complex variable. It generalizes to functions from n-tuples (of real or complex numbers) to n-tuples, and to functions between vector spaces of the same
Inverse_function_theorem
Mathematical expression with disputed status
interpretation of b0 is the number of 0-tuples of elements from a b-element set; there is exactly one 0-tuple. The set-theoretic interpretation of b0
Zero_to_the_power_of_zero
Functions whose execution you can pause
std::optional<std::tuple<Ts...>>. This is an example of C++20 coroutines with the C++26 std::execution::task class. import std; using std::optional; using std::tuple; using
Coroutine
manipulation of tuples as ValueTuple instances; this also provides for the arbitrary renaming of the tuples' constituent fields (as opposed to Tuple, where the
Comparison of C Sharp and Java
Comparison_of_C_Sharp_and_Java
Relationship among tones of the chromatic scale
In twelve-tone equal temperament, one can start off with an ordered 12-tuple (tone row) of integers: (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) representing
Circle_of_fifths
Design pattern in functional programming to build generic types
string tuple, then takes in a function (like foo) that maps from an integer to an integer and string tuple. Its output is an integer and string tuple, which
Monad (functional programming)
Monad_(functional_programming)
Counts tuples of non-intersecting lattice paths
mathematics, the Lindström–Gessel–Viennot lemma provides a way to count the tuples of non-intersecting lattice paths, or, more generally, paths on a directed
Lindström–Gessel–Viennot lemma
Lindström–Gessel–Viennot_lemma
Coding language, extension for Erlang
"Trillian"} 2> Msg. "Trillian" LFE: lfe> (set (tuple len status msg) #(8 ok "Trillian")) lfe> ;; or with LFE literal tuple syntax: lfe> (set `#(,len ,status ,msg)
LFE_(programming_language)
which are finite bags of tuples (rows). StreamSQL adds the ability to manipulate streams, which are infinite sequences of tuples that are not all available
StreamSQL
Open-source web application framework
2016, Microsoft released ASP.NET Core as ASP.NET's successor. This new version is a re-implementation of ASP.NET as a modular web framework, together
ASP.NET
Simplicial set constructed from the objects and morphisms of a small category
and Ai → Ai+1 into the morphism Ai−1 → Ai+1, yielding a (k − 1)-tuple for every k-tuple. Similarly, the degeneracy maps s i : N ( C ) k → N ( C ) k + 1
Nerve_(category_theory)
Enterprise software company
xTuple is a privately held American enterprise software company that develops and markets software under the brand name xTuple ERP. The company was originally
XTuple
Metaprogramming technique
typename... Args> struct Concatenator<Concat, tuple<Args...>> { using Type = typename Concatenator<Concat - 1, tuple<typename Res<Number<Concat>>::Result, Args
Template_metaprogramming
Paradox in set theory
R . {\displaystyle R\in R\iff R\not \in R.} Russell also showed that a version of the paradox could be derived in the axiomatic system constructed by
Russell's_paradox
Pattern matching algorithm
WMEs where each WME contains a fixed-length tuple. In this case, tuples are typically triplets (3-tuples). Each WME enters the Rete network at a single
Rete_algorithm
Unexplained empirical equation in particle physics
removing the requirement of positive roots, it is possible to fit an extra tuple in the quark sector (the one with strange, charm and bottom). The Koide
Koide_formula
Technique to compress data
size n {\displaystyle n} . Tuple W = ( w 1 , w 2 , … , w n ) {\displaystyle W=(w_{1},w_{2},\dots ,w_{n})} , which is the tuple of the (positive) symbol
Huffman_coding
Feature in programming languages
PROCEDURE [ANY, TUPLE [STRING, STRING]] -- Drawing agent of Current. feature {NONE} -- Implementation draw (a_data_agent: FUNCTION [ANY, TUPLE, TUPLE [name, color:
Double_dispatch
Chinese-born American mathematician
This result implies the existence of an infinitely repeatable prime 2-tuple, thus establishing a theorem akin to the twin prime conjecture. Zhang's
Yitang_Zhang
Mathematical theorem
variations. At this point in the proof, the gradient (defined as the n-tuple of partial derivatives) is guaranteed to exist almost everywhere; for each
Rademacher's_theorem
Packet alteration framework for Linux and the umbrella project for software of the same
protocol, source address, destination address, layer-4 protocol, layer-4 key) tuple. The layer-4 key depends on the transport protocol; for TCP/UDP it is the
Netfilter
Computation complexity problem
perfect matchings on n {\displaystyle n} nodes). Their goal is to output a tuple ⟨ i , j , b ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle i,j,b\rangle } such that the edge (
Hidden_matching_problem
Concept in axiomatic set theory
In many popular versions of axiomatic set theory, the axiom schema of specification, also known as the axiom schema of separation (Aussonderungsaxiom)
Axiom_schema_of_specification
Extracting features from raw data for machine learning
operations. These redundancies can be reduced by using techniques such as tuple id propagation. There are a number of open-source libraries and tools that
Feature_engineering
Overview of and topical guide to Rust
management Ownership Pattern matching Serialization Smart pointers Strings Tuples and structs Traits Type inference Unit testing Variables Compile time performance
Outline of the Rust programming language
Outline_of_the_Rust_programming_language
Type of Turing machine
symbols { A, C, D, R, L, N, ; } to encode each 5-tuple; as described in the article Turing machine, his 5-tuples are only of types N1, N2, and N3. The number
Universal_Turing_machine
Organized collection of data in computing
directly updated. Codd used mathematical terms to define the model: relations, tuples, and domains rather than tables, rows, and columns. The terminology that
Database
Improved version of the vi text editor
Stevie editor ported to Amiga (by Tony Andrews et al.) as a starting point. Version 1.14 (completed 2 November 1991) became the first public release. It was
Vim_(text_editor)
General-purpose programming language
the tuple and array types can be written through listing the values, and can be accessed with .index (with tuples) or [index] (with arrays): let tuple: (u32
Rust_(programming_language)
Algorithm for selecting the best sources for time estimation
endpoint] Start at beginning of the list (lowest offset) consider each tuple in order. endcount = endcount−type. If endcount ≥ M−f then lower = offset
Intersection_algorithm
Concept in linear algebra
vector is a representation of a vector as an ordered list of numbers (a tuple) that describes the vector in terms of a particular ordered basis. An easy
Coordinate_vector
Data structure for query optimization in databases
organized on key field or primary key field). One index entry for every tuple in the data file (dense index) contains the value of the indexed attribute
Database_index
Computational method in group theory
represented as weakly decreasing tuples; for example, two of the partitions of 8 are (5,2,1) and (3,3,1,1). There are two versions of the Murnaghan-Nakayama
Murnaghan–Nakayama_rule
Alternative foundation of mathematics
dependently-typed tuples used in mathematics and the records or structs used in most programming languages. An example of a dependently-typed 3-tuple is two integers
Intuitionistic_type_theory
Format for legal agreements that is executable in software
references to smart contract logic created a hybrid version of the Ricardian contract. This form proposes a tuple of {prose, parameters, code} where the parameters
Ricardian_contract
Punctuation mark
primarily for array indexing. But they are also used to denote general tuples, sets and other structures, just as in mathematics. There may be several
Bracket
Abstract calculator
(Recursive Unsolvability of a Problem of Thue) atomized the Turing 5-tuples to 4-tuples: "Our quadruplets are quintuplets in the Turing development. That
Post–Turing_machine
Document that proposed additions to the C++ standard library
sph_neumannl(unsigned int n, long double x); new <tuple> header file – tuple based on Boost Tuple library vaguely an extension of the standard std::pair
C++_Technical_Report_1
Erlang-based database management software
contain a key value and a data field. This data field may in turn be a tuple containing an Erlang data structure of any complexity. Mnesia has three
Mnesia
Theorem of convex functions
a definitive version of this inequality by considering genuine non‐commutative convex combinations. In particular, if one has an n‑tuple of bounded self‐adjoint
Jensen's_inequality
Choosing the fewest coins to make a given amount of money
coin]. n is the number to obtain with the fewest coins. coins is a list or tuple with the available denominations. """ m = _get_change_making_matrix(coins
Change-making_problem
Given more time, a Turing machine can solve more problems
denotes an input that encodes the Turing machine M. Let m be the size of the tuple ([M], x). We know that we can decide membership of Hf by way of a deterministic
Time_hierarchy_theorem
Axiom of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory
map, they must in fact be equal. Some old texts use an apparently weaker version of the axiom of infinity, to wit: ∃ x ( ∃ y ( y ∈ x ) ∧ ∀ y ( y ∈ x → ∃
Axiom_of_infinity
OLAP query language
coordinated in sets and tuples (see below). Tuple. Tuple is an ordered collection of one or more members from different dimensions. Tuples can be specified by
MultiDimensional_eXpressions
Complexity class
two items a and b such that f(a) = f(b). Let x be a mapping, and y a 2-tuple of items in its domain. The binary relation in question P(x,y) has the meaning
TFNP
Method for making finite automata deterministic
input symbols (aka: "ε-moves"). Such an automaton may be defined as a 5-tuple (Q, Σ, T, q0, F), in which Q is the set of states, Σ is the set of input
Powerset_construction
Bioinformatics computer program
algorithm works by calculating the similarity scores as the number of k-tuple matches between two sequences, accounting for a set penalty for gaps. The
Clustal
Tool used in probabilistic polynomial identity testing
{n+d}{d}}} monomials. Instead, we can evaluate the polynomial at a random tuple of points over a sufficiently large field and if the result is indeed 0
Schwartz–Zippel_lemma
TUPLE VERSIONING
TUPLE VERSIONING
Surname or Lastname
Irish (County Cork)
Irish (County Cork) : Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Murthuile, ‘descendant of Murthuile’, a personal name from murthuile ‘sea tide’ (muir ‘sea’ + tuile ‘tide’, ‘flood’).Irish (Donegal and Mayo) : Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Murghaile ‘descendant of Murghal’, a personal name from muir ‘sea’ + gal ‘valor’.English : possibly of Irish origin, but it occurs chiefly in southwestern counties, suggesting that it may be a variant of the habitational name Morley, from Moreleigh in Devon.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived by a small stream or an intermittent spring (Old English flÅd(e), from flÅwan ‘to flow’).Anglicized form of the Welsh personal name Llwyd (see Lloyd).Irish : translation of various names correctly or erroneously associated with Gaelic tuile ‘flood’ (see Toole).
Female
Finnish
Estonian form of Finnish Tuuli, TUULE means "wind."
TUPLE VERSIONING
TUPLE VERSIONING
Boy/Male
Danish, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Latin, Swedish
Citizen of Roman; Man from Rome
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Punjabi, Sikh, Tamil, Telugu
Polite; Fragrance; Smart
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained. It may be a variant of Bastin, or a habitational name from a lost or unidentified place. Compare Baisden.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
A Ray of Light; Angel Sweet Lovely Beautiful
Boy/Male
Muslim
Wish, Hope, Love
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of several places called Withington. The majority, including those in Cheshire, Herefordshire, Lancashire, and Shropshire, are named from an unattested Old English wīðign ‘willow copse’ + tūn ‘enclosure’, ‘settlement’; Withington in Gloucestershire appears in Domesday Book as Widindune, from the genitive case of an Old English personal name Widia + Old English dūn ‘hill’.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sindhi
A New Flower
Boy/Male
Muslim
Appearing fresh and healthy
Girl/Female
Bengali, Indian
Brave
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Victorious
TUPLE VERSIONING
TUPLE VERSIONING
TUPLE VERSIONING
TUPLE VERSIONING
TUPLE VERSIONING
n.
A large bulrush (Scirpus lacustris, and S. Tatora) growing abundantly on overflowed land in California and elsewhere.
n.
A kind of silk lace or light netting, used for veils, etc.
n.
In plate armor, a suspended plate in from of the thigh. See Illust. of Tasses.
n.
An arrangement of lace or tulle, looped ornamentally, and worn by women on the front of the dress.
a.
Double.