Search references for THYROGLOBULIN DOMAIN. Phrases containing THYROGLOBULIN DOMAIN
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Protein family
Thyroglobulin type-1 repeat is an evolutionary conserved protein domain. Thyroglobulin type 1 repeats are thought to be involved in the control of proteolytic
Thyroglobulin_domain
Protein produced and used by the thyroid
Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a 660 kDa, dimeric glycoprotein produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid and used entirely within the thyroid gland. Tg is
Thyroglobulin
Enzyme expressed mainly in the thyroid gland
iodide ions to form iodine atoms for addition onto tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin for the production of thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3), the thyroid
Thyroid_peroxidase
Neurotoxin
of thyroglobulin type I domain (Thyroglobulin type-1 1 and Thyroglobulin type-1 2) and a signal peptide. Based on the presence of the thyroglobulin domains
U24-ctenitoxin-Pn1a
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
protein (IGFBP) family and encodes a protein with an IGFBP domain and a type-I thyroglobulin domain. The protein binds both insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)
IGFBP1
Topics referred to by the same term
Garden (fetish club), London, England Thapsigargin, a tumor promoter Thyroglobulin, a protein Transgenic, the transfer of genes between organisms Triglyceride
TG
testican-2's follistatin-like domain (FS), extracellular calcium-binding domain (EC), and thyroglobulin type-1 domain (TY) fold into a compact FS–EC–TY
Testican
Family of glycoprotein hormones in vertebrata
triiodothyronine (T3) that remain attached to the thyroglobulin protein. (4) Increased endocytosis of the iodinated thyroglobulin protein across the apical membrane
Thyroid-stimulating_hormone
Insufficient production of thyroid hormones
autoantibodies against specific thyroid antigens such as thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin and the TSH receptor. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is associated with other
Hypothyroidism
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
coregulatory protein that contains several nuclear receptor–interacting domains and possesses intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity. It is encoded
Nuclear receptor coactivator 1
Nuclear_receptor_coactivator_1
Chemical compound
facilitating iodine's addition to tyrosine residues on the hormone precursor thyroglobulin, a necessary step in the synthesis of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine
Thiamazole
Protein family
these antigens come from various amino acids in the protein’s extracellular domain. When encoding for glycoproteins, they will constantly undergo genetic recombination
Glycophorin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
coregulatory protein that contains several nuclear receptor interacting domains and an intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity. NCOA2 is recruited
Nuclear receptor coactivator 2
Nuclear_receptor_coactivator_2
Chemical compound
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. New Drug Therapy Approvals 2024 (PDF). FDA.gov (Report). US: Food and Drug
Resmetirom
Protein domain
metalloendopeptidases. All ADAMs are characterized by a particular domain organization featuring a pro-domain, a metalloprotease, a disintegrin, a cysteine-rich, an
ADAM_(protein)
Class of chemical compounds
is an example of a mammalian RiPP due to its biosynthetic origin as thyroglobulin. Amatoxins and phallotoxins are highly toxic cyclic peptides of fungal
Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides
Ribosomally_synthesized_and_post-translationally_modified_peptides
Class of membrane-less organelles within biological cells
neurological synapses, cell-cell tight junctions, or other membrane domains. Secreted thyroglobulin colloid and colloid nodules of the thyroid gland Secreted casein
Biomolecular_condensate
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
overall health, in good status. Within the thyroid follicular cell, thyroglobulin is hydrolyzed to form thyroid hormones and mono- and diiodotyrosine
Iodotyrosine_deiodinase
Regulators of feedback on FSH-production
have intrinsic serine/threonine kinase activities in their cytoplasmic domains: Activin type 1 receptors: ACVR1, ACVR1B, ACVR1C Activin type 2 receptors:
Activin_and_inhibin
Human chromosome
double-stranded RNA binding protein 2 SYBU: Syntabulin TG: thyroglobulin THAP1: THAP domain containing, apoptosis associated protein 1 TMEM67: encoding
Chromosome_8
Medical condition
FOXE1 is known to bind to promoters and upregulate the expression thyroglobulin (TG) and thyroperoxidase (TPO), which are critical for proper thyroid
Bamforth–Lazarus_syndrome
– thymidine – thymidylate synthase inhibitor – thymoma – Thyrogen – thyroglobulin – thyroid follicular cell – thyroid hormone – thyroid-stimulating hormone
Index_of_oncology_articles
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
all functional aspects of the thyroid cell, including iodine pumping; thyroglobulin synthesis, iodination, endocytosis, and proteolysis; thyroid peroxidase
Thyrotropin_receptor
Beta blocker drug
sodium (sodium iopodate) Propranolol Propylthiouracil Others Iodine Iodine-131 Selenium Thyroglobulin Tyrosine See also: Receptor/signaling modulators
Propranolol
Chemical-analysis technique
molecular weight), and a sample containing a very large molecule such as thyroglobulin to determine the void volume. (Blue dextran is not recommended for Vo
Size-exclusion_chromatography
Chemical changes in proteins following their translation from mRNA
an iodine atom to the aromatic ring of a tyrosine residue (e.g. in thyroglobulin) nucleotide addition such as ADP-ribosylation persulfidation, the addition
Post-translational modification
Post-translational_modification
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
PMC 139241. PMID 12477932. Wang R, Khatri IA, Forstner JF (2002). "C-terminal domain of rodent intestinal mucin Muc3 is proteolytically cleaved in the endoplasmic
Mucin_17
Protein-coding gene in humans
component Sialoglycoprotein CD43 Glycophorin Glycophorin C Thrombopoietin Thyroglobulin Thyroxine-binding proteins Transcortin Tumor necrosis factor alpha Uteroglobin
Decorin
Protein-coding gene in humans
biology, the protein domain Sushi 2 is also known as the fifth protein domain of beta-2 glycoprotein 1 (β2-GP1). This protein domain is only found in eukaryotes
Apolipoprotein_H
Transmembrane glycoprotein
extracellular domain (242 amino acids) with epidermal growth factor (EGF)- and thyroglobulin repeat-like domains, a single transmembrane domain (23 amino
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule
Epithelial_cell_adhesion_molecule
Human protein
transmembrane domain. Beyond the transmembrane domain is a SEA domain that contains a cleavage site for release of the large extracellular domain. The release
Mucin_short_variant_S1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
associated with MUC2 dysregulation. The mucin 2 protein features a central domain containing tandem repeats rich in threonine and proline that varies between
Mucin_2
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
"Characterization of the human mucin gene MUC5AC: a consensus cysteine-rich domain for 11p15 mucin genes?". The Biochemical Journal. 305 (Pt 1): 211–219. doi:10
Mucin_5AC
Protein complex in bird egg white
component Sialoglycoprotein CD43 Glycophorin Glycophorin C Thrombopoietin Thyroglobulin Thyroxine-binding proteins Transcortin Tumor necrosis factor alpha Uteroglobin
Ovomucin
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
peroxidase to iodinium (I+) which in turn iodinates tyrosine residues of the thyroglobulin proteins in the follicle colloid. Thus, NIS is essential for the synthesis
Sodium/iodide_cotransporter
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
thyroid (thyrocytes), where it can serve as a receptor for the protein thyroglobulin (Tg). LRP2 is also expressed on the apical surface of epithelial cells
LRP2
has four major intramolecular domains: a signal peptide of 16 amino acid residues; a negatively-charged N-terminal domain containing sulfated tyrosine
Lumican
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
of three different domains: An N-terminal domain A tandem repeat domain A C-terminal domain The N-terminal and tandem repeat domains are both entirely
Mucin-16
Mammalian protein found in humans
p41/43 differ in the length of their luminal domains, with p41 and p43 containing an additional thyroglobulin-like region that influences proteolytic processing
CD74
Amino acid
of the target protein, or may form part of a signaling cascade via SH2 domain binding. A tyrosine residue also plays an important role in photosynthesis
Tyrosine
Mammalian protein found in humans
positively charged amino acid cluster in the juxta-membrane cytoplasmic domain of CD44, CD43, and ICAM-2". J. Cell Biol. 140 (4): 885–95. doi:10.1083/jcb
CD43
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
Hp2-2 being the weakest binder. Allele 2 encodes for two multimerization domains. This results in oligomer formation in carriers of allele 2. The frequency
Haptoglobin
Protein family
allow for the addition of the GPI anchor, glypicans have a hydrophobic domain at the C-terminus of the protein. Within 50 amino acids of this GPI anchor
Glypican
Glycoprotein
EGF-like domain containing mucins. These include MUC3(A,B), MUC4, MUC12, MUC13, and MUC17. Some EGF-like mucins, plus MUC1 and MUC16, carry SEA domains, a vertebrate
Mucin
Protein-coding gene in humans
Lee SS, Javier RT, Pasquale EB, Stallcup WB (August 2000). "The multi-PDZ domain protein MUPP1 is a cytoplasmic ligand for the membrane-spanning proteoglycan
CSPG4
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
globular domains named N-and C-lobes. N-lobe corresponds to amino acid residues 1-333 and C-lobe to 345-692, and the ends of those domains are connected
Lactoferrin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
protein (IGFBP) family and encodes a protein with an IGFBP domain and a thyroglobulin type-I domain. The protein binds both insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)
IGFBP4
Class of enzymes
Deiodinase 1 and 3 are found in the plasma membrane. The related catalytic domains of Deiodinases 1-3 feature a thioredoxine-related peroxiredoxin fold. The
Iodothyronine_deiodinase
Polymer in bacterial cell walls
cell walls and their taxonomic implications have been described. Archaea (domain Archaea) do not contain peptidoglycan (murein). Some Archaea contain pseudopeptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan
Serum protein related to amyloid diseases
of patients with schizophrenia. Transthyretin is known to contain a Gla domain, and thus be dependent for production on post-translational modification
Transthyretin
Protein found in humans
Evangelista CM, Samant SS, Elguindi EC, Blond SY (March 2004). "The SANT2 domain of the murine tumor cell DnaJ-like protein 1 human homologue interacts with
Alpha_1-antichymotrypsin
Uniporter protein
a signal sequence; its C-terminus, N-terminus, and the very hydrophilic domain in the protein's center are all predicted to lie on the cytoplasmic side
GLUT1
Type of protein
component Sialoglycoprotein CD43 Glycophorin Glycophorin C Thrombopoietin Thyroglobulin Thyroxine-binding proteins Transcortin Tumor necrosis factor alpha Uteroglobin
Avidin
are stored prior to release in an iodine-containing protein called thyroglobulin. T4 and T3 contain four and three atoms of iodine per molecule, respectively;
Iodine_in_biology
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
protease domain (212–450). The light chain contains the Gla- and EGF-like domains and the aromatic segment. The heavy chain contains the protease domain and
Protein_C
Protein that in humans is encoded by the ACAN gene
structural domains (G1 and G2) at the N-terminal end and one globular domain (G3) at the C-terminal end, separated by a large extended domain (CS) heavily
Aggrecan
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
broken into 4 domains: 1) a Ca2+ binding domain near the glutamic acid-rich region at the amino terminus (domain I), 2) a cysteine-rich domain (II), 3) a
Osteonectin
brevican, versican, and aggrecan all share similar N-terminal and C-terminal domains. CSPGs play an active role in the neural development of postnatal babies
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan
Chondroitin_sulfate_proteoglycan
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Its cytoplasmic domain is highly positively charged but presumably does not fold into a globular structure. The extracellular domain is structurally similar
Myelin_protein_zero
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
HK, Ulianich L, Grassadonia A, Suzuki K, Kohn LD (November 2000). "Thyroglobulin repression of thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) gene expression
NFIX
Gene regulation in autoimmune diseases
an epigenetic role in the pathology of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The thyroglobulin (Tg) gene, a gene involved in the synthesis of the thyroid hormones
Epigenetics of autoimmune disorders
Epigenetics_of_autoimmune_disorders
Protein family
highly glycoslated extracellular domain (residues 1-58), a transmembrane domain (residues 59-81) and an intracellular domain (residues 82-128). About 90%
Glycophorin_C
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
structure of CETP is that of dimer of two tubular lipid (TULIP) binding domains. Each domain consists of a core of six elements: four beta-sheets forming an extended
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein
Cholesteryl_ester_transfer_protein
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
component Sialoglycoprotein CD43 Glycophorin Glycophorin C Thrombopoietin Thyroglobulin Thyroxine-binding proteins Transcortin Tumor necrosis factor alpha Uteroglobin
B-cell_activating_factor
Vitamin K-dependent plasma glycoprotein synthesized in the liver
has a Gla domain and several EGF-like domains (four rather than two), but no serine protease domain. Instead, there is a large C-terminus domain that is
Protein_S
Type of peptides
glycopeptides carrying two N-glycans and effects of glycosylation on the peptide domain". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 70 (24): 9990–9996. doi:10.1021/jo051729z
Glycopeptide
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Chin WW, Burris TP (March 2002). "Requirement of helix 1 and the AF-2 domain of the thyroid hormone receptor for coactivation by PGC-1". J. Biol. Chem
Thyroid_hormone_receptor_beta
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
PMID 1883350. Dunn AD, Crutchfield HE, Dunn JT (October 1991). "Thyroglobulin processing by thyroidal proteases. Major sites of cleavage by cathepsins
Cathepsin_D
Protein
except for the N-terminal domain. The protein consists of three domains: The N-terminal Somatomedin B domain (1-39) A central domains with hemopexin homology
Vitronectin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Faissner A (1997). "Mapping of a defined neurocan binding site to distinct domains of tenascin-C". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (43): 26905–12. doi:10.1074/jbc.272
Neurocan
Protein found in humans
progenitor cell adhesion and proliferation interact with the first mucin domain of the CD164 receptor". J. Immunol. 165 (2): 840–51. doi:10.4049/jimmunol
CD164
Protein which in humans is encoded by the SDC1 gene
extracellular domain which can be substituted with heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains, a highly conserved transmembrane domain, and
Syndecan_1
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
factor 1 and Pax8 synergistically activate the promoter of the human thyroglobulin gene". Journal of Molecular Endocrinology. 27 (1): 59–67. doi:10.1677/jme
NK2_homeobox_1
Cell-surface glycoprotein
(February 1992). "Lymphocyte CD44 binds the COOH-terminal heparin-binding domain of fibronectin". The Journal of Cell Biology. 116 (3): 817–825. doi:10.1083/jcb
CD44
Protein found in humans
aggrecan and Versican form networks with fibulin-2 through their lectin domain binding". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (2): 1253–61. doi:10
Brevican
Protein involved in blood clotting, wound healing and inflammation
Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
Platelet_factor_4
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
and extracellular protein chaperones in the rescue of misassembled thyroglobulin in the follicular lumen". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
HSP90B1
Nuclear protein
ligand binding domain (LBD) that allows them to bind to thyroid hormone with high affinity. The fourth domain is a transactivation domain which allows the
Thyroid_hormone_receptor
Mammalian protein found in humans
component Sialoglycoprotein CD43 Glycophorin Glycophorin C Thrombopoietin Thyroglobulin Thyroxine-binding proteins Transcortin Tumor necrosis factor alpha Uteroglobin
CD70
Molecular and Cellular Biology Robert Lesh Baldwin University of Wisconsin Thyroglobulin Eric Glendinning Ball Harvard Medical School Also won in 1937 Orlin
List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1958
List_of_Guggenheim_Fellowships_awarded_in_1958
Protein-coding gene in humans
their hinge domains creating V-shaped heterodimers. The N-terminal domain of RAD21 binds to the coiled coil of SMC3 just above the head domain while the
SMC3
Protein-coding gene in humans
consists of an extracellular domain responsible for receptor binding, a transmembrane region, and a short intracellular domain, and can also exist in a soluble
TNFSF9
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
The central domain of versican V0 contains both the GAG-α and GAG-β domains. V1 isoforms has the GAG-β domain, V2 has the GAG-α domain, V3 is void of
Versican
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
component Sialoglycoprotein CD43 Glycophorin Glycophorin C Thrombopoietin Thyroglobulin Thyroxine-binding proteins Transcortin Tumor necrosis factor alpha Uteroglobin
Thrombopoietin
Human protein linked to hemoglobin
Bode W (June 1995). "A helping hand for collagenases: the haemopexin-like domain". Structure. 3 (6). London, England: 527–530. doi:10.1016/s0969-2126(01)00185-x
Hemopexin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
1042/BJ20020057. PMC 1223100. PMID 12371907. Li D, Wang F, Samuels HH (Dec 2001). "Domain structure of the NRIF3 family of coregulators suggests potential dual roles
Thyroid hormone receptor alpha
Thyroid_hormone_receptor_alpha
MeSH D12.776.624.664.700.175.600.100 – ets-domain protein elk-1 MeSH D12.776.624.664.700.175.600.300 – ets-domain protein elk-4 MeSH D12.776.624.664.700.177
List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776)
THYROGLOBULIN DOMAIN
THYROGLOBULIN DOMAIN
Girl/Female
Tamil
Nibedita | நீபேதீதா
You like to make your own decisions and to be the master of your domain
Nibedita | நீபேதீதா
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, English, French, Irish, Jamaican
Court Attendant; Dweller by the Dark Stream; Court-dweller; Domain of Curtis; From Courtenay; Snub Nosed
Surname or Lastname
Scottish and northern English
Scottish and northern English : topographic name for a dweller at the chief farm (or home farm) on an estate, Scottish mains, or a habitational name from any of the various minor places named with this word (originally a shortened form of domain, later associated with the adjective main ‘principal’).English and Scottish : variant of Main 1–4.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Deemer.French : habitational name apparently associated with a specific domain; the source is unclear, because of the wide range of local variants.
Surname or Lastname
English (of Norman origin)
English (of Norman origin) : habitational name from a lost place, of uncertain location, named in Anglo-Norman French as mesnil Warin ‘domain of Warin’ (see Waring). The surname has had a large number of variant spellings; it is normally pronounced ‘Mannering’.
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Chinese, English, French, Polish
Weapon; Matthews Estate; Gift of God; Domain Belonging to Maccius
Boy/Male
Australian, British, English, French, Polish
From Matthew's Estate; Club; Domain of Maccius; Weapon
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Chinese, French, Polish
Gift of the Lord; Weapon; Domain of Maccius; Variation of Matthew
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, English, French, German, Indian, Irish, Italian, Jamaican, Latin
Court-dweller; Courtly; Courteous; Domain of Curtis; From Courtenay; Snub Nosed; Royal Attendant
Surname or Lastname
Irish and Scottish
Irish and Scottish : reduced form of McGee, Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac Aodha ‘son of Aodh’ (see McCoy).English : this is a common name in northern England, of uncertain origin. The existence of a patronymic form Geeson points to a personal name, but this has not been satisfactorily identified. It may in fact be the Irish or Scottish name in an English context.French (Gée) : habitational name from any of several places called Gé or Gée, for example in Maine-et-Loire, derived from the Gallo-Roman domain name Gaiacum.
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Chinese, English, Polish
Weapon; Derived from Medieval Male Form of Matthew; Domain Belonging to Maccius; Gift of God
Boy/Male
Australian, French, Polish
Weapon; Gift of God; From Matthew's Estate; Domain of Maccius
Girl/Female
American, British, English, French, Latin
Courteous; Domain of Curtius; Short Nose
Girl/Female
American, British, Chinese, English, Polish
Weapon; Derived from Medieval Male Form of Matthew; Domain of Maccius
Girl/Female
Hindu
You like to make your own decisions and to be the master of your domain
Male
Iranian/Persian
Persian name of one of the 23 Hamkar archangels, GOVAD means "good wind." Govad's special domain is "wind and waves."Â
Girl/Female
American, British, English, French, Jamaican, Latin
Domain of Curtis; Short Nose; From Courtenay
THYROGLOBULIN DOMAIN
THYROGLOBULIN DOMAIN
Boy/Male
Anglo Saxon English Irish
Rock.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for the servant (Middle English man) of a nobleman (Middle English hold(e)).English : variant of Oldman, derived from Old English (e)ald ‘old’ + mann ‘man’.North German (Holdmann) : topographic name from Middle Low German holt ‘small wood’ + man ‘man’.
Girl/Female
Gaelic
pleasant.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Boy/Male
British, English, Latin
An Eagle
Girl/Female
Hindu
Derived from the word Mausam which means season, And can also be Mausami
Girl/Female
Indian
Gold
Boy/Male
French, German, Greek, Latin
Ever-living; Divine; Immortal
Boy/Male
Hindu
Twilight, Evening, Close of the day
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sindhi, Tamil
Son of the Sun
THYROGLOBULIN DOMAIN
THYROGLOBULIN DOMAIN
THYROGLOBULIN DOMAIN
THYROGLOBULIN DOMAIN
THYROGLOBULIN DOMAIN
n.
A castle and domain conferred on a nobleman for life.
n.
The domain or sphere of scoundrels; scoundrels, collectively; the state, ideas, or practices of scoundrels.
n.
Ownership of land; an estate or patrimony which one has in his own right; absolute proprietorship; paramount or sovereign ownership.
n.
The realm or domain of dunces.
n.
Seigniory; domain; the territory over which a lord holds jurisdiction; a manor.
n.
Hence, in general, province; region; country; domain; department; division; as, the realm of fancy.
a.
Kingly; pertaining to the crown or the sovereign; suitable for a king or queen; regal; as, royal power or prerogative; royal domains; the royal family; royal state.
adv. & prep.
Formerly: (a) An inclosure which surrounded the mere homestead or dwelling of the lord of the manor. [Obs.] (b) The whole of the land which constituted the domain. [Obs.] (c) A collection of houses inclosed by fences or walls.
n.
Landed property; estate; especially, the land about the mansion house of a lord, and in his immediate occupancy; demesne.
v. t.
To elevate from the domain of the senses; to purify.
n.
A warlike or hostile entrance into the possessions or domains of another; the incursion of an army for conquest or plunder.
n.
One invested with royal privileges and rights within his domains; a count palatine. See Count palatine, under 4th Count.
n.
Originally, one appointed to the command of a burg (fortress or castle); but the title afterward became hereditary, with a domain attached.
a.
Of or relating to a domain or to domains.
a.
Lying outside of the domain of logic.
n.
The act or process of uniting lands, rights, or revenues, to the ecclesiastical chamber, i. e., to the pope's domain.
n.
State of being a rascal; rascality; domain of rascals; rascals, collectively.
n.
The domain of puzzles; puzzles, collectively.
n.
A royal jurisdiction or domain; a region which is under the dominion of a king; a kingdom.
n.
Domain; province; sphere.