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Hypothetical situation
A thought experiment is an imaginary scenario that is meant to elucidate or test an argument or theory. It is often an experiment that would be hard,
Thought_experiment
Albert Einstein's hypothetical situations to argue scientific points
A hallmark of Albert Einstein's career was his use of visualized thought experiments (German: Gedankenexperiment) as a fundamental tool for understanding
Einstein's thought experiments
Einstein's_thought_experiments
Cognitive process independent of the senses
middle), counterfactual thinking (imagining alternatives to reality), thought experiments (testing theories through hypothetical scenarios), critical thinking
Thought
Category of thought experiment
In thought experiments, philosophers and scientists occasionally imagine entities with special abilities as a way to pose thought experiment or highlight
Demon_(thought_experiment)
1969 science fiction novel by Ursula K. Le Guin
called it a "thought experiment" which presupposes some changes to the world, and probes their consequences. The purpose of the thought experiment is not to
The_Left_Hand_of_Darkness
Thought experiment proposed by Hilary Putnam
Twin Earth is a thought experiment proposed by philosopher Hilary Putnam in his papers "Meaning and Reference" (1973) and "The Meaning of 'Meaning'" (1975)
Twin_Earth_thought_experiment
Series of public disputes between physicists Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein
the uncertainty principle could be violated, suggesting ingenious thought experiments which should permit the accurate determination of incompatible variables
Bohr–Einstein_debates
Celebrated demonstration of gravity
and all the students," most historians consider it to have been a thought experiment rather than a physical test. The 6th-century Byzantine Greek philosopher
Galileo's Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment
Galileo's_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_experiment
AI thought experiment
Roko's basilisk is a thought experiment which states that there could be an artificial superintelligence in the future that, while otherwise benevolent
Roko's_basilisk
Thought experiment in ethics
The trolley problem is a thought experiment in moral philosophy and moral psychology with many variations, involving hypothetical ethical dilemmas about
Trolley_problem
Hypothetical computer system postulated by Ned Block
Blockhead is a theoretical computer system invented as part of a thought experiment by philosopher Ned Block, which appeared in a paper titled "Psychologism
Blockhead (thought experiment)
Blockhead_(thought_experiment)
Thought experiment in quantum mechanics
quantum mechanics, Schrödinger's cat is a thought experiment concerning quantum superposition. In the thought experiment, a hypothetical cat inside a closed
Schrödinger's_cat
Thought experiment on artificial intelligence
discussed in the years since. The centerpiece of Searle's argument is a thought experiment known as the "Chinese room". The argument is directed against the
Chinese_room
Totality of psychological phenomena
empirical observation and neuroimaging to conceptual analysis and thought experiments. The mind is relevant to many other fields, including epistemology
Mind
Study of general and fundamental questions
conceptual analysis, reliance on common sense and intuitions, use of thought experiments, analysis of ordinary language, description of experience, and critical
Philosophy
Physics experiment
thinking through the implications of this single experiment. He also proposed (as a thought experiment) that if detectors were placed before each slit
Double-slit_experiment
Quantum mechanics thought experiment
Quantum suicide is a thought experiment in quantum mechanics and the philosophy of physics. Purportedly, it can falsify any interpretation of quantum mechanics
Quantum suicide and immortality
Quantum_suicide_and_immortality
Thought experiment in philosophy
philosophy of mind, a philosophical zombie (or "p-zombie") is a being in a thought experiment that is physically identical to a normal human being but does not
Philosophical_zombie
Society without rulers
philosophers began to look at anarchy in terms of the "state of nature", a thought experiment used to justify various forms of hierarchical government. By the late
Anarchy
Thought experiment about black hole information paradox
information, the Hayden–Preskill thought experiment (also known as the Hayden–Preskill protocol) is a thought experiment that investigates the black hole
Hayden–Preskill thought experiment
Hayden–Preskill_thought_experiment
Theorem in physics
a four-particle thought experiment in 1990, which David Mermin then simplified to use only three particles. In this thought experiment, Victor generates
Bell's_theorem
Historical critique of quantum mechanics
The Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) paradox is a thought experiment proposed by physicists Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen, which argues
Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox
Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen_paradox
Social media thought experiment
bear" (also called "man vs. bear") is a viral social media debate and thought experiment in which women consider whether they would prefer to be alone in the
Man_or_bear
Branch of physics
physics advances understanding through mathematical reasoning and thought experiments. This is perhaps the thing that surprises people most about the field:
Theoretical_physics
Thought experiment and Internet meme
"100 men versus a gorilla" is a satirical thought experiment originating from the Internet concerning the winner of a hypothetical battle between one hundred
100_men_versus_a_gorilla
Hypothesis about intelligent agents
almost any degree of intelligence. The Riemann hypothesis catastrophe thought experiment provides one example of instrumental convergence. Marvin Minsky, the
Instrumental_convergence
Work being continuously done without an external input of energy
from physicists' own thought experiments and often shed light upon certain aspects of physics. So, for example, the thought experiment of a Brownian ratchet
Perpetual_motion
Thought experiment in quantum mechanics
In physics, Mermin's device or Mermin's machine is a thought experiment intended to illustrate the non-classical features of nature without making a direct
Mermin's_device
Thought experiment about identity over time
Theseus, also known as Theseus's Paradox, is a paradox and common thought experiment about whether an object (in the most common stating of the paradox
Ship_of_Theseus
Thought experiment of 1867
Maxwell's demon is a thought experiment that appears to disprove the second law of thermodynamics. It was proposed by the physicist James Clerk Maxwell
Maxwell's_demon
Philosophical thought experiment
philosophy, the brain in a vat (BIV) is a scenario used in a variety of thought experiments intended to draw out certain features of human conceptions of knowledge
Brain_in_a_vat
Thought experiment in the philosophy of mind
Room, Mary the Colour Scientist, or Mary the super-scientist) is a thought experiment proposed by Frank Jackson in his article "Epiphenomenal Qualia" (1982)
Knowledge_argument
Ethical and physical thought experiment
Killing baby Hitler is a thought experiment in ethics and theoretical physics which poses the question of using backwards time travel to assassinate an
Killing_baby_Hitler
Thought experiment in theoretical quantum physics
Wigner's friend is a thought experiment in theoretical quantum physics, first published by the Hungarian-American physicist Eugene Wigner in 1961, and
Wigner's_friend
Thought experiment posed by Robert Nozick
The experience machine or pleasure machine is a thought experiment put forward by philosopher Robert Nozick in his 1974 book Anarchy, State, and Utopia
Experience_machine
Quantum physics thought experiment
Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment describes a family of thought experiments in quantum physics proposed by John Archibald Wheeler, with the most prominent
Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment
Wheeler's_delayed-choice_experiment
Instances of subjective experience
in the form of thought experiments designed to lead one to the conclusion that qualia exist. The inverted spectrum thought experiment, originally developed
Qualia
Hypothetical species and thought experiment
theory, Russell said in an interview in 2000; "The 'dinosauroid' was a thought experiment, based on an observable, general trend toward larger relative brain
Dinosauroid
Digital adaptation of continuum Morse theory for scalar volume data
tank thought experiment: Counting islands as the water level changes The essential insight of continuous Morse theory can be intuited by a thought experiment
Digital_Morse_theory
Philosophical thought experiment
The Boltzmann brain thought experiment suggests that it is probably more likely for a brain to spontaneously form, complete with a memory of having existed
Boltzmann_brain
Scottish physicist and mathematician (1831–1879)
mathematical analysis on control systems. In 1867, he proposed the thought experiment known as Maxwell's demon, which challenges how information affects
James_Clerk_Maxwell
2017 browser-based video game
the game and its overall concept draw from the paperclip maximizer thought experiment first described by Swedish philosopher Nick Bostrom in 2003, a concept
Universal_Paperclips
Thought experiment of infinite sets
(colloquially the Infinite Hotel Paradox or Hilbert's Hotel) is a thought experiment which illustrates a counterintuitive property of infinite sets. It
Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel
Hilbert's_paradox_of_the_Grand_Hotel
Phenomenon of a blind person gaining the ability to see
the ability to see, usually as a result of medical treatment. As a thought experiment, the phenomenon is usually referred to as Molyneux's problem. It is
Recovery_from_blindness
Philosophical study of being
the analysis of concepts and experience, the use of intuitions and thought experiments, and the integration of findings from natural science. Formal ontology
Ontology
Joke about falling cats and buttered toast
highlighted as a paradigmatic example of a thought experiment. Some people jokingly maintain that the experiment produces an anti-gravity effect. They propose
Buttered_cat_paradox
Thought experiment critiquing utilitarianism
The utility monster is a thought experiment in the study of ethics created by philosopher Robert Nozick in 1974 as a criticism of utilitarianism. A hypothetical
Utility_monster
Projecting human traits onto computers
displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Chinese room – Thought experiment on artificial intelligence Cold reading – Set of techniques used by
ELIZA_effect
Thought experiment
computing, the Two Generals' Problem (or Chinese Generals Problem) is a thought experiment meant to illustrate the pitfalls and design challenges of attempting
Two_Generals'_Problem
Thought experiment
mathematics, Newcomb's problem, also known as Newcomb's paradox, is a thought experiment posing a decision problem in which a player must decide whether to
Newcomb's_problem
Ethical theory based on maximizing well-being
always merely probable, although the probability may be very great. A thought experiment known as the happiness pump has been offered as a critique of act
Utilitarianism
1971 ethics essay by Judith Jarvis Thomson
sake of argument that the fetus has a right to life, Thomson uses thought experiments to argue that the right to life does not include, entail, or imply
A_Defense_of_Abortion
Suggestion of an alien civilization on Earth
conspiracy theories, characterized the hypothesis as "really more of a thought experiment designed to raise questions", while others note that "even people
Cryptoterrestrial_hypothesis
Philosophy of neuroscience
of localization of function is the radio repairman thought experiment. In this thought experiment, a radio repairman opens up a radio and rips out a tube
Neurophilosophy
notable experiments in physics. The list includes only experiments with Wikipedia articles. For hypothetical experiments, see thought experiment. Bell tests
List of experiments in physics
List_of_experiments_in_physics
Thought experiment proposed by Carneades of Cyrene
In ethics, the plank of Carneades is a thought experiment first proposed by the academic skeptic philosopher Carneades of Cyrene. It explores the concept
Plank_of_Carneades
Austrian physicist (1887–1961)
In popular culture, he is best known for "Schrödinger's cat", a thought experiment. He and Dirac tied for eighth in a Physics World poll of the greatest
Erwin_Schrödinger
Book by Albert Einstein
of physics are the same in all frames of reference. He provides a thought experiment of two co-ordinate systems, K and K′, moving uniformly to one another:
Relativity: The Special and the General Theory
Relativity:_The_Special_and_the_General_Theory
Thought experiment to assess ability to detect evidence of a prior advanced civilization
The Silurian hypothesis is a thought experiment which assesses the ability of modern science to detect evidence of a prior advanced civilization, perhaps
Silurian_hypothesis
Single-electron double-slit experiment
Council (CNR), the experiment is physically similar to a double-slit experiment with electrons described as a thought experiment by Richard Feynman in
Merli–Missiroli–Pozzi experiment
Merli–Missiroli–Pozzi_experiment
Thought experiment on the philosophy of identity
(also known in alternative forms as the duplicates paradox) is a thought experiment on philosophy of identity that challenges common intuitions on the
Teletransportation_paradox
Philosophical study of morality
October 29, 2021. Brun, Georg (2017). "Thought Experiments in Ethics". The Routledge Companion to Thought Experiments. Routledge. pp. 195–210. doi:10.4324/9781315175027-12
Ethics
Persian polymath, physician and philosopher (c. 980–1037)
(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–63. Thought Experiments: Popular Thought Experiments in Philosophy, Physics, Ethics, Computer Science &
Avicenna
Thought experiment about timing interstellar missions
known as the Waiting Problem or the Relativistic Race Paradox, is a thought experiment in astronautics and theoretical futurology that determines the optimal
The_Wait_Equation
Concept of perpetual recurrence of time
philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. Having briefly presented the idea as a thought experiment in The Gay Science, he explored it more thoroughly in his novel Thus
Eternal_return
Philosophical position
to machine-state functionalism can be read about in his Twin Earth thought experiment. In non-technical terms, a Turing machine is not a physical object
Functionalism (philosophy of mind)
Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)
American media franchise
ideas, but also the dilemma of choice vs. control, the brain in a vat thought experiment, messianism, and the concepts of interdependency and love. Influences
The_Matrix_(franchise)
Thought experiment by Ibn Sina
argument is a thought experiment by the Persian philosopher Ibn Sina (Avicenna) which argues for the existence of the soul. This thought experiment is used
Floating_man
2006 film by Christopher Nolan
United States. Ship of Theseus – Thought experiment about identity over time Teletransportation paradox – Thought experiment on the philosophy of identity
The_Prestige
Thought experiment
The wax argument or the sheet of wax example is a thought experiment that René Descartes created in the second of his Meditations on First Philosophy.
Wax_argument
American political philosopher (1921–200
occur. His argument for these principles of social justice uses a thought experiment called the "original position", in which people deliberatively select
John_Rawls
German-born theoretical physicist (1879–1955)
preferred most dated to a debate with Bohr in 1930. Einstein suggested a thought experiment in which two objects are allowed to interact and then moved apart
Albert_Einstein
Ethical thought experiment from Ludwig Wittgenstein
The "Big Book" is a thought experiment developed by Ludwig Wittgenstein about the nature of ethics and the verifiability of ethical knowledge. This account
Big_Book_(thought_experiment)
Philosophical thought experiment about utility
In philosophy, Pascal's mugging is a thought experiment demonstrating a problem in expected utility maximization. A rational agent should choose actions
Pascal's_mugging
Australian philosopher and cognitive scientist (born 1966)
problem of consciousness, and for popularizing the philosophical zombie thought experiment. Chalmers and David Bourget co-founded PhilPapers; a database of journal
David_Chalmers
Nondeterministic Newtonian mechanical system
Norton's dome is a thought experiment that exhibits a non-deterministic system within the bounds of Newtonian mechanics. It was devised by John D. Norton
Norton's_dome
Academic discipline
about the nature of the human mind. Some fiction can be thought of as a sort of a thought experiment in ethics: it describes fictional characters, their motives
Philosophy_and_literature
Type of thought experiment
An intuition pump is a type of thought experiment that leads the audience to a specific conclusion through intuition. Daniel Dennett, who coined the term
Intuition_pump
Thought experiment in political philosophy
knowledge, because everyone is behind a veil of ignorance, represents a thought experiment often associated with the work of the American philosopher John Rawls
Original_position
Individual person as the object of its own reflective consciousness
witness-consciousness, "reify[ing] consciousness as an eternal self." One thought experiment in the philosophy of personal identity is the teletransportation paradox
Self
School of thought within decision theory
many cases, they give different verdicts in certain philosophical thought experiments. For example, EDT prescribes taking only one box in Newcomb's paradox
Evidential_decision_theory
Awareness of facts
justification is not relevant to whether the belief is true. In one thought experiment, Smith and Jones apply for a job and before officially declaring the
Declarative_knowledge
Deliberate reduction or removal of stimuli
person can experience from what consciousness might be in Ibn Sīnā's thought experiment. The man later reflects on his existence. He will not question that
Sensory_deprivation
Philosophical thought experiment
one is around to hear it, does it make a sound?" is a philosophical thought experiment that raises questions regarding observation and perception. While
If a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound?
If_a_tree_falls_in_a_forest_and_no_one_is_around_to_hear_it,_does_it_make_a_sound?
American political philosopher (1938–2002)
into an experience machine limits us to a man-made reality. Another thought experiment Nozick proposes is the utility monster, designed to show that average
Robert_Nozick
2011 novel by Deborah Harkness
fantasy series, namely Twilight and Harry Potter. The novel began as a "thought experiment" for Harkness, who had previously only published works of historical
A_Discovery_of_Witches
British actress
between literature and philosophy, including the use of narrative and thought experiments in philosophy, the philosophy of mind in particular. She has written
Sophie_Ward
Thought experiment about gravity
Newton's cannonball was a thought experiment Isaac Newton used to hypothesize that the force of gravity was universal, and it was the key force for planetary
Newton's_cannonball
Counterintuitive result in probability
Philosophical thought experiment Second Borel–Cantelli lemma – Theorem in probability theory Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel – Thought experiment of infinite
Infinite_monkey_theorem
Distorted model of the body corresponding to sensory and motor nerve density
at a single glance. Penfield first conceived of his homunculi as a thought experiment, and went so far as to envision an imaginary world in which the homunculi
Cortical_homunculus
Italian physicist and astronomer (1564–1642)
The experiment was given less credence than the more substantive work of Galileo Galilei and his famous Leaning Tower of Pisa thought experiment of 1589
Galileo_Galilei
Hypothetical end-of-the-world scenario
replicating nanotechnology. Engines of Creation mentions "gray goo" as a thought experiment in two paragraphs and a note, while the popularized idea of gray goo
Gray_goo
Quantum mechanics experiment
Prize in Physics. The Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) paradox is a thought experiment proposed by physicists Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan
Aspect's_experiment
Rationality-focused community blog
to 8.2% by 2020. In July 2010, LessWrong contributor Roko posted a thought experiment to the site in which an otherwise benevolent future AI system tortures
LessWrong
Systematic study of values
various methods of inquiry, ranging from reliance on intuitions and thought experiments to the analysis of language, description of first-person experience
Value_theory
Set of Experiments concerning the Earth's rotation
experiments, a thought experiment and an actual experiment, by Galileo Galilei, the 16th- and 17th-century physicist and astronomer. The experiments were
Galileo's_ship
Probabilistic model of fair resource allocation
providing worst-case fairness guarantees in streaming settings. A thought experiment featured in the LSE blog imagines a scenario in which five Mars explorers
Boltzmann_Fair_Division
Thought experiment in American politics
The beer question is a thought experiment in politics that attempts to measure authenticity and likability in politicians by asking or polling voters about
Beer_question
Philosophical problem
proponents of the hard problem frequently turn to various philosophical thought experiments, involving philosophical zombies, or inverted qualia, or the ineffability
Hard_problem_of_consciousness
Family of views prioritizing pleasure
that beauty is an additional source of value, G. E. Moore used a thought experiment involving two worlds: one exceedingly beautiful and the other a heap
Hedonism
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