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Thought experiment in the philosophy of mind
In philosophy of mind, the knowledge argument (also known as Mary's Room, Mary the Colour Scientist, or Mary the super-scientist) is a thought experiment
Knowledge_argument
Instances of subjective experience
Conaill, Donnchadh (2024). "Qualia: The Knowledge Argument § 5. The Dualist View About the Knowledge Argument". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics
Qualia
Attempt to persuade or to determine the truth of a conclusion
argument is one or more premises—sentences, statements, or propositions—directed towards arriving at a logical conclusion. The purpose of an argument
Argument
Metaphysical thesis
popular argument of this kind is the so-called knowledge argument as formulated by Frank Cameron Jackson, titled "Mary's room". The argument asks us to
Physicalism
Logical fallacy
non-fallacious argument as often as a fallacious argument in various sources. Some consider it a practical and sound way of obtaining knowledge that is generally
Argument_from_authority
Philosophical concept
of the knowledge argument claims not merely that Mary would lack subjective knowledge of "what red looks like," but that she would lack knowledge of an
Hard_problem_of_consciousness
Thought experiment in philosophy
behavior seems to be a reason to reject his principle. Frank Jackson's knowledge argument is based around a hypothetical scientist, Mary, who is forced to view
Philosophical_zombie
Two types of knowledge, justification, or argument
used in philosophy and linguistics to distinguish types of knowledge, justification, or argument by their reliance on experience. Roughly speaking, a proposition
A_priori_and_a_posteriori
Philosophical question
human a knowledge of God's existence. Islamic philosophers who developed arguments for the existence of God comprise Averroes, who made arguments influenced
Existence_of_God
Deductive philosophical argument
A transcendental argument is a kind of deductive argument that appeals to the necessary conditions that make experience and knowledge possible. Transcendental
Transcendental_argument
American philosopher (born 1948)
retrieved 2025-08-26 Nida-Rümelin, Martine (2002-09-03). "Qualia: The Knowledge Argument". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Bickle, John (2005), "Multiple
Terence_Horgan
Academic field of logic and rhetoric
antagonism through verbal fighting. Argumentation theory had its origins in foundationalism, a theory of knowledge (epistemology) in the field of philosophy
Argumentation_theory
Argument for the existence of God
possibility of experience and knowledge. A version was formulated by Immanuel Kant in his 1763 work The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration
Transcendental argument for the existence of God
Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God
Visual representation of the structure of an argument
An argument map or argument diagram is a visual representation of the structure of an argument. An argument map typically includes all the key components
Argument_map
Thought experiment on artificial intelligence
The Chinese room argument holds that a computer executing a program cannot have a mind, understanding, or consciousness, regardless of how intelligently
Chinese_room
Philosophical study of knowledge
and limits of knowledge. Also called the theory of knowledge, it explores different types of knowledge, such as propositional knowledge about facts, practical
Epistemology
Japanese philosopher (born 1975)
564-571, 2011. (2010) ‘The Knowledge Argument and Epiphenomenalism’, Erkenntnis 72, pp. 37–56, 2010. (2010) ‘The Ontological Argument and the Devil’, Philosophical
Yujin_Nagasawa
Awareness of facts, or competency
Unger, who uses this idea as an argument for skepticism. A distinction similar to the one between knowledge-that and knowledge-how was already discussed in
Knowledge
Argument for the existence of God
teleological argument (from τέλος, telos, 'end, aim, goal'), also known as physico-theological argument, argument from design, or intelligent design argument, is
Teleological_argument
Knowledge derived from familiarity
distinction between two different kinds of knowledge: knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description. Whereas knowledge by description is something like
Knowledge_by_acquaintance
Doomsday scenario on human births
The doomsday argument (DA), or Carter catastrophe, is a probabilistic argument that aims to predict the total number of humans who will ever live. It
Doomsday_argument
Awareness of facts
Declarative knowledge, also known as theoretical knowledge, descriptive knowledge, propositional knowledge, and knowledge-that, is an awareness of facts
Declarative_knowledge
Philosophical theory
as the science develops. Frank Jackson formulated his well-known knowledge argument based upon similar considerations. In this thought experiment, known
Mind–body_dualism
Philosophical problem
infinite regress argument is an argument against a theory based on the fact that this theory leads to an infinite regress. For such an argument to be successful
Infinite_regress
Argument for the existence of God
argument is a deductive philosophical argument, made from an ontological basis, that is advanced in support of the existence of God. Such arguments tend
Ontological_argument
Argument for the existence of God
The argument from consciousness is an argument for the existence of God that claims characteristics of human consciousness (such as qualia) cannot be explained
Argument_from_consciousness
Thought experiment
The wax argument or the sheet of wax example is a thought experiment that René Descartes created in the second of his Meditations on First Philosophy.
Wax_argument
Cryptographic primitive
developed the zk-SNARK protocol, an acronym for zero-knowledge succinct non-interactive argument of knowledge. The first widespread application of zk-SNARKs
Non-interactive zero-knowledge proof
Non-interactive_zero-knowledge_proof
Philosophical argument for the existence of God
The Kalam cosmological argument is a modern formulation of the cosmological argument for the existence of God. It is named after the Kalam (medieval Islamic
Kalam_cosmological_argument
Australian philosopher
mind. In the latter field he is best known for the "Mary's room" knowledge argument, a thought experiment that is one of the most discussed challenges
Frank_Cameron_Jackson
Argument for the existence of God
In philosophy of religion, a cosmological argument is an argument for the existence of God based on observational statements concerning the universe and
Cosmological_argument
Basic distinction in philosophy
being—posited, for instance, in his opus Being and Nothingness through his arguments about the 'being-for-others' and the 'for-itself' (i.e., an objective
Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)
Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy)
Study of correct reasoning
focuses on the epistemic role of arguments. It is based on the idea that arguments aim to increase our knowledge. They achieve this by linking justified
Logic
Statement supporting a conclusion
abductive arguments depends, among other things, on how plausible the explanation is and whether it is consistent with established knowledge. Analogical
Premise
Type of argument
In argumentation theory, an argumentation scheme or argument scheme is a template that represents a common type of argument used in ordinary conversation
Argumentation_scheme
Doubt about God's existence
skepticism and fallibilism, which deny that knowledge or absolute certainty are possible. Various arguments for and against agnosticism are discussed in
Agnosticism
Hypothesis that reality could be a computer simulation
"evil demon". In 2003, philosopher Nick Bostrom proposed the simulation argument suggesting that if a civilization becomes capable of creating conscious
Simulation_hypothesis
Field of artificial intelligence
et al. discussed the suitability of logic as a knowledge representation formalism and reviewed arguments presented by anti-logicists. Paul Smolensky criticized
Knowledge representation and reasoning
Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning
That mind-independent objects do not exist because it is impossible to conceive of them
Master argument for the classical master argument related to the problem of future contingents. The master argument is George Berkeley's argument that mind-independent
Master_argument
and a variety of arguments against physicalism about the mind. He published an alternative version of the popular Knowledge Argument in his book Matter
Howard_Robinson
British philosopher (born 1978)
Jackson's Knowledge Argument to show that a purely physical description of the world is not complete. Next, he used Chalmers's Conceivability Argument to argue
Philip_Goff_(philosopher)
Argument in philosophy that a term has a definition when used to define things
paradigm case argument (PCA) is an argument which is applied as a rebuttal to the claim that certain concepts, such as free will or knowledge are meaningless
Paradigm_case_argument
Method of logical reasoning
refers to a variety of methods of reasoning in which the conclusion of an argument is supported not with deductive certainty, but at best with some degree
Inductive_reasoning
Philosophical problem about what constitutes knowledge
trying to get and encapsulate the factivity of knowledge "on the cheap", as it were, or via a circular argument, by replacing an irreducible notion of factivity
Gettier_problem
Knowledge of how to perform a task
Procedural knowledge, also known as know-how, is the knowledge exercised in the performance of some task. Unlike descriptive knowledge (also known as
Procedural_knowledge
Knowledge base to enhance search results
The Knowledge Graph is a knowledge base from which Google serves relevant information in an infobox beside its search results. This allows the user to
Knowledge_Graph_(Google)
Thought experiment used to demonstrate the impossibility of proving any truth
must either start with some knowledge, as with dogmatism, not start at all, as with infinite regress, or be a circular argument, justified only by itself
Münchhausen_trilemma
Postulation about the act of dreaming
theory raises a new argument for skepticism, which he attempted to refute. In A Virtue Epistemology: Apt Belief and Reflective Knowledge, he states: "in dreaming
Dream_argument
Proving validity without revealing other data
categories: Succinct Non-Interactive ARguments of Knowledge (SNARK), Scalable Transparent ARgument of Knowledge (STARK), Verifiable Polynomial Delegation
Zero-knowledge_proof
Diagram showing relationships among concepts
designers, engineers, technical writers, and others to organize and structure knowledge. A concept map typically represents ideas and information as boxes or
Concept_map
Method in artificial intelligence
S\vdash c} Argument map Argumentation theory Defeater Diagrammatic reasoning Dialogical logic Logic and dialectic Logic of argumentation Knowledge representation
Argumentation_framework
Statement of infinite regress
The expression has been used to illustrate problems such as the regress argument in epistemology. Early variants of the saying do not always have explicit
Turtles_all_the_way_down
Aquinas's arguments that there is a real God
are: the argument from "first mover"; the argument from universal causation; the argument from contingency; the argument from degree; the argument from final
Five_Ways_(Aquinas)
use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument. All forms of human communication can contain fallacies. Because of their
List_of_fallacies
Problem in epistemology that any proposition can be endlessly questioned
In epistemology, the regress argument is the argument that any proposition requires a justification. However, any justification itself requires support
Regress argument (epistemology)
Regress_argument_(epistemology)
Philosophical argument against moral realism
devised are invalid and cannot be considered objective knowledge. Proponents of such arguments argue that they refute, or at least cast doubt on, moral
Evolutionary_debunking
Philosophical thought experiment
believes; a skeptical argument would contend that one certainly cannot know them, raising issues with the definition of knowledge. Other philosophers have
Brain_in_a_vat
Linguistic terminology
general (non-lexical) grammatical knowledge that is represented as phrase structure rules or the equivalent. Argument status determines the cognitive mechanism
Argument_(linguistics)
Precisely specified semantic version of a statement
this knowledge from its concrete integuments, and to render it explicit and pure." To demonstrate the important notion of the form of an argument, substitute
Logical_form
Argument for the existence of God
square, golden mountain) where knowledge can be gained and assert true claims out of things that do not exist. The argument implies, for instance, that:
Meinongian_argument
Type of informal fallacy
motte-and-bailey fallacy (named after the motte-and-bailey castle) is a form of argument and an informal fallacy where an arguer conflates two positions that share
Motte-and-bailey_fallacy
Philosophical argument that asserts an inconsistency with nonbelief and God's existence
The argument from nonbelief is a philosophical argument for the nonexistence of God that asserts an inconsistency between God's existence and a world
Argument_from_nonbelief
Skills, ideas and experiences
knowledge is knowledge of Propositions (“know-what”), and therefore the view that some knowledge can only be defined as “know-how”. Ryle's argument has
Tacit_knowledge
Thought experiment by Ibn Sina
This thought experiment is used to argue in favor of knowledge by presence. Ibn Sina wrote the argument while imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan in the
Floating_man
Argument for the existence of God
The argument from reason is a transcendental argument against metaphysical naturalism and for the existence of God (or at least a supernatural being that
Argument_from_reason
Category of positions in the philosophy of mind
Qualia" and "What Mary Didn't Know", Frank Jackson made the so-called knowledge argument against physicalism. The thought experiment was originally proposed
Property_dualism
Set of statements constructed to describe a set of facts which clarifies causes
this sense, arguments aim to contribute knowledge, whereas explanations aim to contribute understanding.[citation needed] While arguments attempt to show
Explanation
Semantic distinction in philosophy
of Kant's argument in the Introduction to the Critique of Pure Reason involves arguing that there is no problem figuring out how knowledge of analytic
Analytic–synthetic distinction
Analytic–synthetic_distinction
Philosophical theory attributed to Plato
Socrates makes similar arguments in, e.g., Euthyphro 5–6 and Meno 71–74; these arguments may also be related to the "argument from knowledge" (for which see
Theory_of_forms
American argumentation and rhetorical theorist
His most important works include Argumentation and the Social Grounds of Knowledge (1982) and A Theory of Argumentation (1988). He has published monographs
Charles_Arthur_Willard
Belief that the human mind is born with knowledge
already-formed ideas, knowledge, and beliefs. The opposing doctrine, that the mind is a tabula rasa (blank slate) at birth and all knowledge is gained from experience
Innatism
Theological argument
existence of God. As scientific knowledge continues to advance, these gaps tend to shrink, potentially weakening the argument for God's existence. Critics
God_of_the_gaps
Argument for the existence of God
The argument from morality is an argument for the existence of God. Arguments from morality tend to be based on moral normativity or moral order. Arguments
Argument_from_morality
In religion and philosophy, immaterial essence of a living being
room Consciousness Ekam History of the location of the soul Kami Knowledge argument Metaphysical naturalism Mind–body problem Nishimta in Mandaeism Open
Soul
Knowledge secret societies use for membership
Forbidden knowledge is information, sometimes in the form of forbidden books, to which access is restricted or deprecated for political or religious reasons
Forbidden_knowledge
Wissensgeschichte, meaning the history of knowledge. Following the establishment of the history of knowledge, arguments occurred over whether the history of
History_of_knowledge
20th-century tradition of Western philosophy
challenged the physicalist account of mind; so did Frank Jackson's knowledge argument, which argues for qualia. Finally, analytic philosophy has featured
Analytic_philosophy
Definitions of knowledge aim to identify the essential features of knowledge. Closely related terms are conception of knowledge, theory of knowledge, and analysis
Definitions_of_knowledge
Philosophical position
and transformed in the early modern period by Immanuel Kant's arguments that our knowledge of reality is completely based on mental structures: transcendental
Idealism
Philosophical view that nothing is morally right or wrong
tolerance, creation, and cooperation. The most prominent argument for nihilism is the argument from queerness. J. L. Mackie argues that there are no objective
Moral_nihilism
Person who facilitates knowledge transfer
resource constraints in personal and group knowledge management) accruing in "modern scientific practical arguments," draped across many fields" that are already
Knowledge_broker
Critique of planned economies
no advantage over a central calculator. Don Lavoie makes a local knowledge argument by taking this implication in reverse. The market socialists pointed
Economic_calculation_problem
Process of drawing correct inferences
Such an argument is called a valid argument, for example: all men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal. For valid arguments, it is
Logical_reasoning
Argument for the existence of God
The Christological argument is the argument for the existence of God, which holds that if certain claims about Jesus are valid, then one should accept
Christological_argument
Absence of belief in the existence of deities; the opposite of theism
of metaphysical knowledge. Both philosophers undermined the metaphysical basis of natural theology and criticized classical arguments for the existence
Atheism
American philosopher (born 1957)
which is explicated by Frank Cameron Jackson's knowledge argument and David Chalmers' conceivability argument against physicalism. The first response invokes
Derk_Pereboom
Property of possessing maximal knowledge
Omniscience is the property of possessing maximal knowledge. In Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and the Abrahamic religions, it is often attributed to a divine
Omniscience
Argument in economics
In economics, the local knowledge problem is the argument that the information required for rational economic planning is distributed among individual
Local_knowledge_problem
American philosopher (born 1937)
Chalmers Frank Jackson Galen Strawson Hard problem of consciousness Knowledge argument Phenomenology Neutral monism Nagel, Thomas, 1979, "Panpsychism", in
Thomas_Nagel
Form of incorrect argument in natural language
another framework. Its core idea is that arguments play an epistemic role: they aim to expand our knowledge by providing a bridge from already justified
Informal_fallacy
Family of views in the philosophy of mind
to account for some capacity of the mind. Arguments from qualia, such as Frank Jackson's knowledge argument, can be understood as objections to computational
Computational_theory_of_mind
require knowledge of truth of their premises. Deductions produce knowledge of the validity of arguments but ordinarily they do not produce knowledge of the
Argument–deduction–proof distinctions
Argument–deduction–proof_distinctions
Principle in epistemology
skeptical arguments. A skeptical argument of this type will involve knowledge of some piece of widely accepted information to be knowledge, which will
Epistemic_closure
Sub-field of artificial intelligence
and visualisation of arguments and debates. In the 1980s and 1990s, philosophical theories of arguments in general, and argumentation theory in particular
Argument_technology
Rejection of certain ideas about reality
knowledge, stating that truth does not exist. One argument in favor of radical skepticism asserts that absolute certainty is required for knowledge.
Nihilism
Philosophical views that question the possibility of knowledge or certainty
skeptical arguments in his Meditations to help establish his rationalist approach to knowledge—attempts to show that any proposed knowledge claim can
Philosophical_skepticism
Philosophical question
[human] knowledge with respect to the realms of value and modality" (method). "Thus, skeptical theism purports to undercut most a posteriori arguments against
Problem_of_evil
Argument in the philosophy of mathematics
The Quine–Putnam indispensability argument is an argument in the philosophy of mathematics for the existence of abstract mathematical objects such as
Quine–Putnam indispensability argument
Quine–Putnam_indispensability_argument
Argument that uses faulty reasoning
use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument that may appear to be well-reasoned if unnoticed. The term was introduced
Fallacy
Knowledge management software
A personal knowledge base (PKB) is an electronic tool used by an individual to express, capture, and later retrieve personal knowledge. It differs from
Personal_knowledge_base
KNOWLEDGE ARGUMENT
KNOWLEDGE ARGUMENT
Boy/Male
Indian
Knowledge
Boy/Male
Indian
Knowledge
Boy/Male
Tamil
Knowledge
Girl/Female
Indian
Knowledge
Boy/Male
Tamil
Pratibodh | பà¯à®°à®¤à®¿à®ªà¯‹à®¤
Knowledge
Pratibodh | பà¯à®°à®¤à®¿à®ªà¯‹à®¤
Girl/Female
Tamil
Bindhya | பீநà¯à®¤à¯à®¯à®¾
Knowledge
Bindhya | பீநà¯à®¤à¯à®¯à®¾
Boy/Male
Tamil
Knowledge
Girl/Female
Tamil
Chitkala | சிதà¯à®•à®²à®¾
Knowledge
Chitkala | சிதà¯à®•à®²à®¾
Girl/Female
Tamil
Knowledge
Boy/Male
Indian
Knowledge
Boy/Male
Indian
Knowledge
Girl/Female
Tamil
Knowledge
Girl/Female
Indian
Knowledge
Boy/Male
Tamil
Prabodhan | பà¯à®°à®ªà¯‹à®¤à®¨
Knowledge
Prabodhan | பà¯à®°à®ªà¯‹à®¤à®¨
Girl/Female
Tamil
Knowledge
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
True Knowlege; Lord Brahma; Having the True Knowledge
Girl/Female
Tamil
Mithriya | மீதà¯à®°à¯€à®¯à®¾
Knowledge
Mithriya | மீதà¯à®°à¯€à®¯à®¾
Girl/Female
Tamil
Budhipriya | பà¯à®¤à¯€à®ªà¯à®°à®¿à®¯à®¾
Knowledge
Budhipriya | பà¯à®¤à¯€à®ªà¯à®°à®¿à®¯à®¾
Girl/Female
Indian
Knowledge
Boy/Male
Indian
Knowledge
KNOWLEDGE ARGUMENT
KNOWLEDGE ARGUMENT
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Completing the Work; Finishing the Task
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Dreams
Male
French
Variant spelling of French Mathieu, MATTHIEU means "gift of God."
Boy/Male
Tamil
A sweet name
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Light of the Women
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit
Happy Like Cloud
Girl/Female
British, English, Swedish
Gift of God's Favor; Blend of Ann and Janet; Grace; Favour
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Knowledgeable
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Kannada
Flute of Lord Krishna
Girl/Female
American, British, English
Sweetheart; Laurel Crown; Keeper of the Keys
KNOWLEDGE ARGUMENT
KNOWLEDGE ARGUMENT
KNOWLEDGE ARGUMENT
KNOWLEDGE ARGUMENT
KNOWLEDGE ARGUMENT
v. i.
That which is or may be known; the object of an act of knowing; a cognition; -- chiefly used in the plural.
n.
Knowledge.
n.
The knowledge of a sciolist; superficial knowledge.
n.
Knowledge of one's self, or of one's own character, powers, limitations, etc.
v.
Knowledge.
n.
Knowledge; understanding.
n.
Deliberate consideration; knowledge.
v. t.
To own with gratitude or as a benefit or an obligation; as, to acknowledge a favor, the receipt of a letter.
v. t.
To acknowledge.
v. i.
Sexual intercourse; -- usually preceded by carnal; as, carnal knowledge.
v. i.
That which is gained and preserved by knowing; instruction; acquaintance; enlightenment; learning; scholarship; erudition.
v. i.
Scope of information; cognizance; notice; as, it has not come to my knowledge.
n.
Superficial knowledge; a smattering.
v. i.
That familiarity which is gained by actual experience; practical skill; as, a knowledge of life.
v. i.
The act or state of knowing; clear perception of fact, truth, or duty; certain apprehension; familiar cognizance; cognition.
n.
Knowledge; hence, experience.
a.
Knowing; having knowledge.
n.
Knowledge; knowledge of principles and causes; ascertained truth of facts.
n.
Prior knowledge.
v. t.
To of or admit the knowledge of; to recognize as a fact or truth; to declare one's belief in; as, to acknowledge the being of a God.