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Thought experiment in the philosophy of mind
In philosophy of mind, the knowledge argument (also known as Mary's Room, Mary the Colour Scientist, or Mary the super-scientist) is a thought experiment
Knowledge_argument
Attempt to persuade or to determine the truth of a conclusion
argument is one or more premises—sentences, statements, or propositions—directed towards arriving at a logical conclusion. The purpose of an argument
Argument
Instances of subjective experience
Conaill, Donnchadh (2024). "Qualia: The Knowledge Argument § 5. The Dualist View About the Knowledge Argument". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics
Qualia
Metaphysical thesis
popular argument of this kind is the so-called knowledge argument as formulated by Frank Cameron Jackson, titled "Mary's room". The argument asks us to
Physicalism
Logical fallacy
non-fallacious argument as often as a fallacious argument in various sources. Some consider it a practical and sound way of obtaining knowledge that is generally
Argument_from_authority
Philosophical concept
of the knowledge argument claims not merely that Mary would lack subjective knowledge of "what red looks like," but that she would lack knowledge of an
Hard_problem_of_consciousness
Two types of knowledge, justification, or argument
used in philosophy and linguistics to distinguish types of knowledge, justification, or argument by their reliance on experience. Roughly speaking, a proposition
A_priori_and_a_posteriori
Philosophical question
human a knowledge of God's existence. Islamic philosophers who developed arguments for the existence of God comprise Averroes, who made arguments influenced
Existence_of_God
American philosopher (born 1948)
retrieved 2025-08-26 Nida-Rümelin, Martine (2002-09-03). "Qualia: The Knowledge Argument". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Bickle, John (2005), "Multiple
Terence_Horgan
Thought experiment in philosophy
behavior seems to be a reason to reject his principle. Frank Jackson's knowledge argument is based around a hypothetical scientist, Mary, who is forced to view
Philosophical_zombie
Academic field of logic and rhetoric
antagonism through verbal fighting. Argumentation theory had its origins in foundationalism, a theory of knowledge (epistemology) in the field of philosophy
Argumentation_theory
Deductive philosophical argument
anti-skeptical arguments referring to the conditions making experience or knowledge possible. The philosopher Immanuel Kant gave transcendental arguments both their
Transcendental_argument
Awareness of facts, or competency
Unger, who uses this idea as an argument for skepticism. A distinction similar to the one between knowledge-that and knowledge-how was already discussed in
Knowledge
Thought experiment on artificial intelligence
The Chinese room argument holds that a computer executing a program cannot have a mind, understanding, or consciousness, regardless of how intelligently
Chinese_room
Argument for the existence of God
teleological argument (from τέλος, telos, 'end, aim, goal'), also known as physico-theological argument, argument from design, or intelligent design argument, is
Teleological_argument
Philosophical study of knowledge
and limits of knowledge. Also called the theory of knowledge, it explores different types of knowledge, such as propositional knowledge about facts, practical
Epistemology
Visual representation of the structure of an argument
An argument map or argument diagram is a visual representation of the structure of an argument. An argument map typically includes all the key components
Argument_map
Japanese philosopher (born 1975)
564-571, 2011. (2010) ‘The Knowledge Argument and Epiphenomenalism’, Erkenntnis 72, pp. 37–56, 2010. (2010) ‘The Ontological Argument and the Devil’, Philosophical
Yujin_Nagasawa
Knowledge derived from familiarity
distinction between two different kinds of knowledge: knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description. Whereas knowledge by description is something like
Knowledge_by_acquaintance
Australian philosopher
mind. In the latter field he is best known for the "Mary's room" knowledge argument, a thought experiment that is one of the most discussed challenges
Frank_Cameron_Jackson
and a variety of arguments against physicalism about the mind. He published an alternative version of the popular knowledge argument in his book Matter
Howard_Robinson
Philosophical theory
as the science develops. Frank Jackson formulated his well-known knowledge argument based upon similar considerations. In this thought experiment, known
Mind–body_dualism
Philosophical argument for the existence of God
The Kalam cosmological argument is a modern formulation of the cosmological argument for the existence of God. It is named after the Kalam (medieval Islamic
Kalam_cosmological_argument
Argument for the existence of God
The argument from consciousness is an argument for the existence of God that claims characteristics of human consciousness (such as qualia) cannot be explained
Argument_from_consciousness
Argument for the existence of God
argument is a deductive philosophical argument, made from an ontological basis, that is advanced in support of the existence of God. Such arguments tend
Ontological_argument
Awareness of facts
Declarative knowledge, also known as theoretical knowledge, descriptive knowledge, propositional knowledge, and knowledge-that, is an awareness of facts
Declarative_knowledge
Basic distinction in philosophy
being—posited, for instance, in his opus Being and Nothingness through his arguments about the 'being-for-others' and the 'for-itself' (i.e., an objective
Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)
Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy)
Philosophical problem
infinite regress argument is an argument against a theory based on the fact that this theory leads to an infinite regress. For such an argument to be successful
Infinite_regress
Argument for the existence of God
of experience and knowledge. Presuppositional apologetics attempts to provide an alternative to thomistic and evidentialist arguments. Bálint Békefi has
Transcendental argument for the existence of God
Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God
Doomsday scenario on human births
The doomsday argument (DA), or Carter catastrophe, is a probabilistic argument that aims to predict the total number of humans who will ever live. It
Doomsday_argument
Argument for the existence of God
In philosophy of religion, a cosmological argument is an argument for the existence of God based on observational statements concerning the universe and
Cosmological_argument
Cryptographic primitive
developed the zk-SNARK protocol, an acronym for zero-knowledge succinct non-interactive argument of knowledge. The first widespread application of zk-SNARKs
Non-interactive zero-knowledge proof
Non-interactive_zero-knowledge_proof
Argument for the existence of God
square, golden mountain) where knowledge can be gained and assert true claims out of things that do not exist. The argument implies, for instance, that:
Meinongian_argument
Thought experiment
The wax argument or the sheet of wax example is a thought experiment that René Descartes created in the second of his Meditations on First Philosophy.
Wax_argument
Study of correct reasoning
focuses on the epistemic role of arguments. It is based on the idea that arguments aim to increase our knowledge. They achieve this by linking justified
Logic
Argument in philosophy that a term has a definition when used to define things
paradigm case argument (PCA) is an argument which is applied as a rebuttal to the claim that certain concepts, such as free will or knowledge are meaningless
Paradigm_case_argument
That mind-independent objects do not exist because it is impossible to conceive of them
Master argument for the classical master argument related to the problem of future contingents. The master argument is George Berkeley's argument that mind-independent
Master_argument
Field of artificial intelligence
et al. discussed the suitability of logic as a knowledge representation formalism and reviewed arguments presented by anti-logicists. Paul Smolensky criticized
Knowledge representation and reasoning
Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning
Statement supporting a conclusion
abductive arguments depends, among other things, on how plausible the explanation is and whether it is consistent with established knowledge. Analogical
Premise
Doubt about God's existence
skepticism and fallibilism, which deny that knowledge or absolute certainty is possible. Various arguments for and against agnosticism are discussed in
Agnosticism
Information repository with multiple applications
In computer science, a knowledge base (KB) is a set of sentences, each sentence given in a knowledge representation language, with interfaces to tell
Knowledge_base
Type of knowledge base
In knowledge representation and reasoning, a knowledge graph is a knowledge base that uses a graph-structured data model or topology to represent and operate
Knowledge_graph
Problem in epistemology that any proposition can be endlessly questioned
In epistemology, the regress argument is the argument that any proposition requires a justification. However, any justification itself requires support
Regress argument (epistemology)
Regress_argument_(epistemology)
Hypothesis that reality could be a computer simulation
"evil demon". In 2003, philosopher Nick Bostrom proposed the simulation argument suggesting that if a civilization becomes capable of creating conscious
Simulation_hypothesis
Type of argument
In argumentation theory, an argumentation scheme or argument scheme is a template that represents a common type of argument used in ordinary conversation
Argumentation_scheme
Postulation about the act of dreaming
theory raises a new argument for skepticism, which he attempted to refute. In A Virtue Epistemology: Apt Belief and Reflective Knowledge, he states: "in dreaming
Dream_argument
reasoning that undermines an argument's support for its conclusion. In academic usage, the term usually applies to arguments, although it is sometimes used
List_of_fallacies
Method of logical reasoning
refers to a variety of methods of reasoning in which the conclusion of an argument is supported not with deductive certainty, but at best with some degree
Inductive_reasoning
Diagram showing relationships among concepts
designers, engineers, technical writers, and others to organize and structure knowledge. A concept map typically represents ideas and information as boxes or
Concept_map
Statement of infinite regress
The expression has been used to illustrate problems such as the regress argument in epistemology. Early variants of the saying do not always have explicit
Turtles_all_the_way_down
Philosophical argument against moral realism
devised are invalid and cannot be considered objective knowledge. Proponents of such arguments argue that they refute, or at least cast doubt on, moral
Evolutionary_debunking
Knowledge of how to perform a task
Procedural knowledge, also known as know-how, is the knowledge exercised in the performance of some task. Unlike descriptive knowledge (also known as
Procedural_knowledge
Proving validity without revealing other data
categories: Succinct Non-Interactive ARguments of Knowledge (SNARK), Scalable Transparent ARgument of Knowledge (STARK), Verifiable Polynomial Delegation
Zero-knowledge_proof
American argumentation and rhetorical theorist
His most important works include Argumentation and the Social Grounds of Knowledge (1982) and A Theory of Argumentation (1988). He has published monographs
Charles_Arthur_Willard
Argument for the existence of God
The argument from morality is an argument for the existence of God. Arguments from morality tend to be based on moral normativity or moral order. Arguments
Argument_from_morality
Knowledge base to enhance search results
The Knowledge Graph is a knowledge base from which Google serves relevant information in an infobox beside its search results. This allows the user to
Knowledge_Graph_(Google)
Thought experiment used to demonstrate the impossibility of proving any truth
must either start with some knowledge, as with dogmatism, not start at all, as with infinite regress, or be a circular argument, justified only by itself
Münchhausen_trilemma
Philosophical problem about what constitutes knowledge
trying to get and encapsulate the factivity of knowledge "on the cheap", as it were, or via a circular argument, by replacing an irreducible notion of factivity
Gettier_problem
Argument for the existence of God
The Christological argument is the argument for the existence of God, which holds that if certain claims about Jesus are valid, then one should accept
Christological_argument
Sub-field of artificial intelligence
and visualisation of arguments and debates. In the 1980s and 1990s, philosophical theories of arguments in general, and argumentation theory in particular
Argument_technology
Argument for the existence of God
The argument from reason is a transcendental argument against metaphysical naturalism and for the existence of God (or at least a supernatural being that
Argument_from_reason
Method in artificial intelligence
S\vdash c} Argument map Argumentation theory Defeater Diagrammatic reasoning Dialogical logic Logic and dialectic Logic of argumentation Knowledge representation
Argumentation_framework
Linguistic terminology
general (non-lexical) grammatical knowledge that is represented as phrase structure rules or the equivalent. Argument status determines the cognitive mechanism
Argument_(linguistics)
Category of positions in the philosophy of mind
Qualia" and "What Mary Didn't Know", Frank Jackson made the so-called knowledge argument against physicalism. The thought experiment was originally proposed
Property_dualism
Philosophical argument that asserts an inconsistency with nonbelief and God's existence
The argument from nonbelief is a philosophical argument for the nonexistence of God that asserts an inconsistency between God's existence and a world
Argument_from_nonbelief
Set of statements constructed to describe a set of facts which clarifies causes
this sense, arguments aim to contribute knowledge, whereas explanations aim to contribute understanding.[citation needed] While arguments attempt to show
Explanation
Precisely specified semantic version of a statement
this knowledge from its concrete integuments, and to render it explicit and pure." To demonstrate the important notion of the form of an argument, substitute
Logical_form
Aquinas's arguments that there is a real God
are: the argument from "first mover"; the argument from universal causation; the argument from contingency; the argument from degree; the argument from final
Five_Ways_(Aquinas)
require knowledge of truth of their premises. Deductions produce knowledge of the validity of arguments but ordinarily they do not produce knowledge of the
Argument–deduction–proof distinctions
Argument–deduction–proof_distinctions
German philosopher (born 1957)
science at LMU Munich. In her doctoral thesis, she discusses the knowledge argument by the Australian philosopher Frank Jackson, which is directed against
Martine_Nida-Rümelin
Philosophical thought experiment
believes; a skeptical argument would contend that one certainly cannot know them, raising issues with the definition of knowledge. Other philosophers have
Brain_in_a_vat
Argument for the existence of God
The trademark argument is an a priori argument for the existence of God developed by the French philosopher and mathematician René Descartes. The name
Trademark_argument
Family of views in the philosophy of mind
to account for some capacity of the mind. Arguments from qualia, such as Frank Jackson's knowledge argument, can be understood as objections to computational
Computational_theory_of_mind
2020 United States Supreme Court case
rejected that argument, arguing that “actual knowledge” meant that the person read and could recall the document. Sulyma argued that “actual knowledge” under
Intel Corp. Investment Policy Committee v. Sulyma
Intel_Corp._Investment_Policy_Committee_v._Sulyma
Type of informal fallacy
motte-and-bailey castle), also called the castle and courtyard, is a form of argument and an informal fallacy where an arguer conflates two positions that share
Motte-and-bailey_fallacy
Knowledge secret societies use for membership
Forbidden knowledge is information, sometimes in the form of forbidden books, to which access is restricted or deprecated for political or religious reasons
Forbidden_knowledge
Definitions of knowledge aim to identify the essential features of knowledge. Closely related terms are conception of knowledge, theory of knowledge, and analysis
Definitions_of_knowledge
Philosophical theory attributed to Plato
Socrates makes similar arguments in, e.g., Euthyphro 5–6 and Meno 71–74; these arguments may also be related to the "argument from knowledge" (for which see
Theory_of_forms
Principle in epistemology
skeptical arguments. A skeptical argument of this type will involve knowledge of some piece of widely accepted information to be knowledge, which will
Epistemic_closure
Rejection of certain ideas about reality
knowledge, stating that truth does not exist. One argument in favor of radical skepticism asserts that absolute certainty is required for knowledge.
Nihilism
Skills, ideas and experiences
knowledge is knowledge of Propositions (“know-what”), and therefore the view that some knowledge can only be defined as “know-how”. Ryle's argument has
Tacit_knowledge
Thought experiment by Ibn Sina
This thought experiment is used to argue in favor of knowledge by presence. Ibn Sina wrote the argument while imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan in the
Floating_man
Semantic distinction in philosophy
of Kant's argument in the Introduction to the Critique of Pure Reason involves arguing that there is no problem figuring out how knowledge of analytic
Analytic–synthetic distinction
Analytic–synthetic_distinction
Theological argument
existence of God. As scientific knowledge continues to advance, these gaps tend to shrink, potentially weakening the argument for God's existence. Critics
God_of_the_gaps
Approach within philosophy of mind
explanandum is characterized." PCS would help physicalists answer the knowledge argument because upon seeing red, Mary would have new thoughts about phenomenal
Phenomenal_concept_strategy
Philosophical view that nothing is morally right or wrong
tolerance, creation, and cooperation. The most prominent argument for nihilism is the argument from queerness. J. L. Mackie argues that there are no objective
Moral_nihilism
British philosopher (born 1978)
Jackson's Knowledge Argument to show that a purely physical description of the world is not complete. Next, he used Chalmers's Conceivability Argument to argue
Philip_Goff_(philosopher)
American philosopher (born 1957)
which is explicated by Frank Cameron Jackson's knowledge argument and David Chalmers' conceivability argument against physicalism. The first response invokes
Derk_Pereboom
Form of incorrect argument in natural language
another framework. Its core idea is that arguments play an epistemic role: they aim to expand our knowledge by providing a bridge from already justified
Informal_fallacy
Knowledge management software
A personal knowledge base (PKB) is an electronic tool used by an individual to express, capture, and later retrieve personal knowledge. It differs from
Personal_knowledge_base
Critique of planned economies
no advantage over a central calculator. Don Lavoie makes a local knowledge argument by taking this implication in reverse. The market socialists pointed
Economic_calculation_problem
Process of drawing correct inferences
Such an argument is called a valid argument, for example: all men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal. For valid arguments, it is
Logical_reasoning
American philosopher (born 1937)
Chalmers Frank Jackson Galen Strawson Hard problem of consciousness Knowledge argument Phenomenology Neutral monism Nagel, Thomas, 1979, "Panpsychism", in
Thomas_Nagel
Person who facilitates knowledge transfer
resource constraints in personal and group knowledge management) accruing in "modern scientific practical arguments," draped across many fields" that are already
Knowledge_broker
Philosophical views that question the possibility of knowledge or certainty
skeptical arguments in his Meditations to help establish his rationalist approach to knowledge—attempts to show that any proposed knowledge claim can
Philosophical_skepticism
Argument for the belief in God
philosophical argument advanced by Blaise Pascal (1623–1662), a French mathematician, philosopher, physicist, and theologian. This argument posits that
Pascal's_wager
Critique of direct realism in perception
the argument runs, we can never gain any knowledge about the stick, as we only ever perceive a sense-datum, and not the stick itself. This argument was
Argument_from_illusion
Facts assumed to be known to all humans
In artificial intelligence research, commonsense knowledge consists of facts about the everyday world, such as "Lemons are sour" or "Cows say moo", that
Commonsense knowledge (artificial intelligence)
Commonsense_knowledge_(artificial_intelligence)
In religion and philosophy, immaterial essence of a living being
room Consciousness Ekam History of the location of the soul Kami Knowledge argument Metaphysical naturalism Mind–body problem Nishimta in Mandaeism Open
Soul
Wissensgeschichte, meaning the history of knowledge. Following the establishment of the history of knowledge, arguments occurred over whether the history of
History_of_knowledge
KNOWLEDGE ARGUMENT
KNOWLEDGE ARGUMENT
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
True Knowlege; Lord Brahma; Having the True Knowledge
Girl/Female
Tamil
Knowledge
Boy/Male
Tamil
Pratibodh | பà¯à®°à®¤à®¿à®ªà¯‹à®¤
Knowledge
Pratibodh | பà¯à®°à®¤à®¿à®ªà¯‹à®¤
Boy/Male
Indian
Knowledge
Girl/Female
Tamil
Knowledge
Boy/Male
Tamil
Prabodhan | பà¯à®°à®ªà¯‹à®¤à®¨
Knowledge
Prabodhan | பà¯à®°à®ªà¯‹à®¤à®¨
Boy/Male
Indian
Knowledge
Girl/Female
Tamil
Bindhya | பீநà¯à®¤à¯à®¯à®¾
Knowledge
Bindhya | பீநà¯à®¤à¯à®¯à®¾
Boy/Male
Indian
Knowledge
Girl/Female
Tamil
Knowledge
Girl/Female
Indian
Knowledge
Girl/Female
Tamil
Chitkala | சிதà¯à®•à®²à®¾
Knowledge
Chitkala | சிதà¯à®•à®²à®¾
Girl/Female
Indian
Knowledge
Girl/Female
Tamil
Budhipriya | பà¯à®¤à¯€à®ªà¯à®°à®¿à®¯à®¾
Knowledge
Budhipriya | பà¯à®¤à¯€à®ªà¯à®°à®¿à®¯à®¾
Boy/Male
Tamil
Knowledge
Boy/Male
Tamil
Knowledge
Boy/Male
Indian
Knowledge
Boy/Male
Indian
Knowledge
Girl/Female
Indian
Knowledge
Girl/Female
Tamil
Mithriya | மீதà¯à®°à¯€à®¯à®¾
Knowledge
KNOWLEDGE ARGUMENT
KNOWLEDGE ARGUMENT
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu
Intellect; Sweet
Boy/Male
Tamil
The king of birds, Falcon
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Bracelet; Son of Baali
Girl/Female
Hebrew
Doe.
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Celtic, Christian, English, Indian
From the Noble's Home; Place Name; Noble One's Settlement; From the Old Manor
Girl/Female
Hindu
Obstacle
Boy/Male
Arthurian Legend
Name of a king.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Musical notes
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Joy of Life
Girl/Female
Australian, Finnish, Swedish
Forest; Woman of the Wood; From the Forest
KNOWLEDGE ARGUMENT
KNOWLEDGE ARGUMENT
KNOWLEDGE ARGUMENT
KNOWLEDGE ARGUMENT
KNOWLEDGE ARGUMENT
n.
Knowledge.
a.
Knowing; having knowledge.
v.
Knowledge.
n.
Superficial knowledge; a smattering.
v. i.
Scope of information; cognizance; notice; as, it has not come to my knowledge.
v. t.
To of or admit the knowledge of; to recognize as a fact or truth; to declare one's belief in; as, to acknowledge the being of a God.
n.
Prior knowledge.
n.
The knowledge of a sciolist; superficial knowledge.
v. i.
The act or state of knowing; clear perception of fact, truth, or duty; certain apprehension; familiar cognizance; cognition.
n.
Knowledge; knowledge of principles and causes; ascertained truth of facts.
v. i.
Sexual intercourse; -- usually preceded by carnal; as, carnal knowledge.
v. i.
That which is or may be known; the object of an act of knowing; a cognition; -- chiefly used in the plural.
n.
Knowledge of one's self, or of one's own character, powers, limitations, etc.
n.
Knowledge; understanding.
v. t.
To own with gratitude or as a benefit or an obligation; as, to acknowledge a favor, the receipt of a letter.
n.
Deliberate consideration; knowledge.
v. t.
To acknowledge.
v. i.
That familiarity which is gained by actual experience; practical skill; as, a knowledge of life.
n.
Knowledge; hence, experience.
v. i.
That which is gained and preserved by knowing; instruction; acquaintance; enlightenment; learning; scholarship; erudition.