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Design of high-performance computers
to supercomputer architecture have taken dramatic turns since the earliest systems were introduced in the 1960s. Early supercomputer architectures pioneered
Supercomputer_architecture
American supercomputer
It is based on the Cray EX Shasta architecture. El Capitan displaced Frontier as the world's fastest supercomputer in the 64th edition of the TOP500 (November
El_Capitan_(supercomputer)
Supercomputer in Jülich, Germany
based on a modular architecture featuring NVIDIA GH200 Grace Hopper Superchips and is recognized as Europe's fastest supercomputer, ranking 4th on the
Jupiter_(supercomputer)
Type of extremely powerful computer
A supercomputer is a type of computer with a high level of performance as compared to a general-purpose computer. Supercomputers play an important role
Supercomputer
Top green supercomputers List of fastest computers History of supercomputing High-performance computing Supercomputer architecture Supercomputer operating
List of the top supercomputers in the United States
List_of_the_top_supercomputers_in_the_United_States
Japanese supercomputer
It became the fastest supercomputer in the world in the June 2020 TOP500 list as well as becoming the first ARM architecture-based computer to achieve
Fugaku_(supercomputer)
Database project devoted to the ranking of computers
June 2022[update], all supercomputers on TOP500 are 64-bit supercomputers, mostly based on CPUs with the x86-64 instruction set architecture, 384 of which are
TOP500
Use of Operative System by type of extremely powerful computer
changes have occurred in supercomputer architecture. While early operating systems were custom tailored to each supercomputer to gain speed, the trend
Supercomputer operating system
Supercomputer_operating_system
American supercomputer
Packard Enterprise Frontier, or OLCF-5, is the world's first exascale supercomputer. It is hosted at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF)
Frontier_(supercomputer)
US DOE supercomputer by Intel and Cray
Aurora is an exascale supercomputer that was sponsored by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and designed by Intel and Cray for Argonne National
Aurora_(supercomputer)
Former supercomputer built by IBM
Roadrunner was a supercomputer built by IBM for the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, USA. The US$100-million Roadrunner was designed for
Roadrunner_(supercomputer)
Supercomputer developed by IBM
Summit or OLCF-4 was a supercomputer developed by IBM for use at Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF), a facility at the Oak Ridge National
Summit_(supercomputer)
American semiconductor company
, headquartered in Sunnyvale, California, develops semiconductors, supercomputers, and related software to power artificial intelligence deep-learning
Cerebras_Systems
American supercomputer manufacturer
Cray Inc. is an American supercomputer manufacturer headquartered in Seattle, Washington. A subsidiary of Hewlett Packard Enterprise, it also manufactures
Cray
is generally considered the first supercomputer. However, some earlier computers were considered supercomputers for their day such as the 1954 IBM NORC
History_of_supercomputing
US Department of Energy supercomputer
install Perlmutter supercomputer featuring Cray's Shasta system". Data Centre Dynamics. Retrieved 13 January 2019. "Perlmutter Architecture". NERSC. Retrieved
Perlmutter_(supercomputer)
Distributed data processing framework
and more efficiently than it would be in a more conventional supercomputer architecture that relies on a parallel file system where computation and data
Apache_Hadoop
is a supercomputer built by the Computational Research Laboratories, a company founded by Dr. Narendra Karmarkar, for scaling up a supercomputer architecture
EKA_(supercomputer)
Indian series of supercomputers
PARAM is a series of Indian supercomputers designed and assembled by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in Pune. PARAM means "supreme"
PARAM
Series of supercomputers by NEC
NEC SX describes a series of vector supercomputers designed, manufactured, and marketed by NEC. This computer series is notable for providing the first
NEC_SX
Family of RISC-based computer architectures
used for desktops and servers, including Fugaku, the world's fastest supercomputer from 2020 to 2022. With over 230 billion ARM chips produced, since at
Arm_architecture_family
T3E was Cray Research's second-generation massively parallel supercomputer architecture, launched in late November 1995. The first T3E was installed at
Cray_T3E
Computer processor which works on arrays of several numbers at once
Barrel processor Tensor Processing Unit History of supercomputing Supercomputer architecture "asm-lessons/lesson_01/index.md at main · FFmpeg/asm-lessons"
Vector_processor
British semiconductor and software design company
second fastest supercomputer (previously fastest) in 2022, the Japanese Fugaku is based on Arm AArch64 architecture. The supercomputer maker Cray has
Arm_Holdings
Parallel supercomputing architecture
SpiNNaker (spiking neural network architecture) is a massively parallel, manycore supercomputer architecture designed by the Advanced Processor Technologies
SpiNNaker
Supercomputer developed by IBM
United States' nuclear weapons. Sierra is very similar in architecture to the Summit supercomputer built for the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The nodes
Sierra_(supercomputer)
NASA supercomputer at Ames Research Center/NAS
Pleiades (/ˈplaɪədiːz, ˈpliːə-/) is a petascale supercomputer housed at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) facility at NASA's Ames Research Center
Pleiades_(supercomputer)
Yellowstone was the inaugural supercomputer at the NCAR-Wyoming Supercomputing Center (NWSC) in Cheyenne, Wyoming. It was installed, tested, and readied
Yellowstone_(supercomputer)
Overview of technology development
China started operating supercomputers some two decades after the first supercomputer was fielded with the "Yinhe-1" in 1983. According to IDC, while
Supercomputing_in_China
Computer architecture where code and data share a common bus
example the non-uniform memory access (NUMA) architecture—this approach is commonly employed by supercomputers. It is less clear whether the intellectual
Von_Neumann_architecture
Topics referred to by the same term
, "cyclopss", or "cyclopses" on Wikipedia. Cyclops64, an IBM supercomputer architecture Cyclopes (disambiguation) Cyclopia, a birth defect Cyclopsitta
Cyclops_(disambiguation)
Set of computers configured in a distributed computing system
architecture may also be used to achieve very high levels of performance. The TOP500 organization's semiannual list of the 500 fastest supercomputers
Computer_cluster
American supercomputer
Titan or OLCF-3 was a supercomputer built by Cray at Oak Ridge National Laboratory for use in a variety of science projects. Titan was an upgrade of Jaguar
Titan_(supercomputer)
Supercomputer designed by Tesla
million cars. This goal led to a considerably different architecture than conventional supercomputer designs. In August 2025, Bloomberg News reported that
Tesla_Dojo
1993 supercomputer model
3-Dimensional) was Cray Research's first attempt at a massively parallel supercomputer architecture. Launched in 1993, it also marked Cray's first use of another
Cray_T3D
Supercomputer in Finland
petascale supercomputer located at the CSC data center in Kajaani, Finland. In January 2023, the computer became the fastest supercomputer in Europe.
LUMI
Topics referred to by the same term
telecommunications cable TI Advanced Scientific Computer, 1966 supercomputer architecture Aberdeen Science Centre, a science museum in Scotland Admiralty
ASC
Red Storm was a supercomputer architecture designed for the US Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration Advanced Simulation and
Red_Storm_(computing)
64-bit extension of x86 architecture
with a new incompatible 64-bit architecture in the Itanium processor. As of 2023[update], a HPE EPYC-based supercomputer called Frontier is number one
X86-64
Measure of computer performance
reliability of any supercomputer ever built, and "was supercomputing's high-water mark in longevity, price, and performance". NEC's SX-9 supercomputer was the world's
Floating point operations per second
Floating_point_operations_per_second
Supercomputer in Italy
Leonardo is a petascale supercomputer located at the CINECA datacenter in Bologna, Italy. The system consists of an Atos BullSequana XH2000 computer,
Leonardo_(supercomputer)
Multi-core microprocessor microarchitecture
conventional supercomputer. The black hole calculations are not memory-intensive and are highly localizable, and so are well-suited to this architecture. Khanna
Cell_(processor)
Research institute in high-performance computing
prepare the application codes of Swiss researchers for upcoming supercomputer architectures. In September 2025, researchers from EPFL, ETH Zurich, and the
Swiss National Supercomputing Centre
Swiss_National_Supercomputing_Centre
Supercomputer
Connection Machine (CM) is a member of a series of massively parallel supercomputers sold by Thinking Machines Corporation. The idea for the Connection Machine
Connection_Machine
Set of rules describing computer system
proprietary research communication about the Stretch, an IBM-developed supercomputer for Los Alamos National Laboratory (at the time known as Los Alamos
Computer_architecture
Large and powerful computer
and supercomputers cannot always be clearly distinguished; up until the early 1990s, many supercomputers were based on a mainframe architecture with
Mainframe_computer
Supercomputer in Jiangsu, China
TaihuLight (Chinese: 神威·太湖之光 Shénwēi·tàihú zhī guāng) is a Chinese supercomputer which, as of November 2025[update], is ranked 24th in the TOP500 list
Sunway_TaihuLight
American supercomputer and AI firm (1983–1994)
Thinking Machines Corporation (TMC) was a supercomputer manufacturer and artificial intelligence (AI) company, founded in Waltham, Massachusetts, in 1983
Thinking_Machines_Corporation
Microprocessor designed by Fujitsu
64-bit ARM architecture microprocessor designed by Fujitsu. The processor is replacing the SPARC64 XIfx as Fujitsu's processor for supercomputer applications
Fujitsu_A64FX
Supercomputer operated by the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS)
the world's first single-system image (SSI) Linux supercomputer, based on SGI's Altix 3000 architecture and 512 Intel Itanium 2 processors. It was originally
Kalpana_(supercomputer)
difficulty purchasing foreign supercomputers. As of November 2025[update], the AIRAWAT supercomputer is the fastest supercomputer in India, having been ranked
Supercomputing_in_India
Environment in which a piece of software is executed
multimedia player platform for video game console development Supercomputer architectures Cross-platform software Hardware virtualization Third platform
Computing_platform
Supercomputer in the Barcelona Supercomputing Center
the main supercomputer in the Barcelona Supercomputing Center. It is the most powerful supercomputer in Spain, one of thirteen supercomputers in the Spanish
MareNostrum
Computer architecture bit width
computer architecture, buses, memory, and CPUs and, by extension, the software that runs on them. 64-bit CPUs have been used in supercomputers since the
64-bit_computing
High-performance computing center
petascale supercomputers, data analysis and visualization servers, an operational weather forecasting system, an experimental supercomputing architecture platform
NCAR-Wyoming Supercomputing Center
NCAR-Wyoming_Supercomputing_Center
pinyin: Yínhé), also called "Yinhe" or "Milky Way", refers to a series of supercomputers developed by the National University of Defense Technology of China
Galaxy_(supercomputer_series)
Family of 1960s mainframe computers
They Create Worlds". November 8, 2014. Paul B. Schneck (2012). Supercomputer Architecture. Springer. p. 47. ISBN 978-1461579571. In later years, special
CDC_6000_series
Supercomputer in Kobe, Japan
Japanese word/numeral "kei" (京), meaning 10 quadrillion (1016) – was a supercomputer manufactured by Fujitsu, installed at the Riken Advanced Institute for
K_computer
Supercomputer in Madrid, Spain
of the most powerful supercomputers in Spain. It also reached the second best Spanish position in the TOP500 list of supercomputers. It is installed in
Magerit
64-bit extension of the ARM architecture
version of the ARM architecture family, a widely used set of computer processor designs. It was introduced in 2011 with the ARMv8 architecture and later became
AArch64
Computing with supercomputers and clusters
High-performance computing (HPC) is the use of supercomputers and computer clusters to solve advanced problems. HPC integrates systems administration (including
High-performance_computing
Line of Nvidia produced servers and workstations
was priced at launch at $149,000. Designed as a turnkey deskside AI supercomputer, the DGX Station is a tower computer that can function completely independently
Nvidia_DGX
Processor executing one instruction in minimal clock cycles
used in supercomputers, such as the Fugaku. A number of systems, going back to the 1960s, have been credited as the first RISC architecture, partly based
Reduced instruction set computer
Reduced_instruction_set_computer
2010 family of multi-core microprocessors by IBM
develop a petascale supercomputer architecture before the end of 2010 in the HPCS project. The contract also states that the architecture shall be available
POWER7
Brand of microprocessors by AMD
TOP500 list of supercomputers. In 2002, a "128-Node 256-Processor AMD Athlon Supercomputer Cluster" was installed at the Ohio Supercomputer Center at the
Athlon
Processors using some version of the MIPS architecture
introduced a massively parallel MIPS-based supercomputer in 2007. The machines are based on the MIPS64 architecture and a high performance interconnect using
MIPS_architecture_processors
RISC instruction set architecture
SPARC (Scalable Processor ARChitecture) is a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architecture originally developed by Sun Microsystems
SPARC
Supercomputer of Taiwan
other Top 500 supercomputers. More information about supercomputer architecture, visit here! Taiwania series is a family of supercomputers made by Taiwan
Taiwania_3
The Cray MTA, formerly known as the Tera MTA, is a supercomputer architecture based on thousands of independent threads, fine-grain communication and synchronization
Cray_MTA
Machine designed to mimic the human brain
Neural Network Architecture) is a massively parallel, manycore supercomputer architecture designed by the Advanced Processor Technologies Research Group
Cognitive_computer
Series of computing systems
among the world's most powerful supercomputers. HPC6 is built on the HPE Cray EX4000 platform, featuring a hybrid architecture with 3,472 nodes. Each node
HPC_(Eni)
Instruction set architecture
Graphics. Other uses of the R4000 included high-end embedded systems and supercomputers. MIPS III was eventually implemented by a number of embedded microprocessors
MIPS_architecture
IBM supercomputer at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Sequoia was a petascale Blue Gene/Q supercomputer constructed by IBM for the National Nuclear Security Administration as part of the Advanced Simulation
Sequoia_(supercomputer)
Instruction set
were used in many of IBM's servers, minicomputers, workstations, and supercomputers. These processors are called POWER1 (RIOS-1, RIOS.9, RSC, RAD6000) and
IBM_POWER_architecture
Series of stored-program electronic computers
project. SpiNNaker: Spiking Neural Network Architecture is a massively parallel, manycore supercomputer architecture designed by Steve Furber in the University
Manchester_computers
the Cray supercomputers.[dead link] The growth of information technology in Pakistan has driven its supercomputing. But what about supercomputer exports
Supercomputing_in_Pakistan
NASA Supercomputer
Columbia was a supercomputer built by Silicon Graphics (SGI) for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), installed in 2004 at the NASA
Columbia_(supercomputer)
Supercomputer in Wyoming
The Cheyenne supercomputer at the NCAR-Wyoming Supercomputing Center (NWSC) in Cheyenne, Wyoming operated for seven years as one of the world's most powerful
Cheyenne_(supercomputer)
Series of supercomputers by IBM
Blue Gene was an IBM project aimed at designing supercomputers that can reach operating speeds in the petaFLOPS (PFLOPS) range, with relatively low power
IBM_Blue_Gene
Desktop computer
The Tesla Personal Supercomputer is a desktop computer (personal supercomputer) that is backed by Nvidia and built by various hardware vendors. It is
Nvidia Tesla Personal Supercomputer
Nvidia_Tesla_Personal_Supercomputer
Computer systems capable of one exaFLOPS
provided funding to the Institute for Advanced Architectures for the development of an exascale supercomputer; Sandia National Laboratory and the Oak Ridge
Exascale_computing
American technology company
Its $1.6 billion supercomputer data center for Nvidia in Plano, Texas, has been described by Nvidia as the fastest AI supercomputer in the world. The
CoreWeave
Swiss high-performance computer
The Alps supercomputer is a high-performance computer funded by the Swiss Confederation through the ETH Domain, with its main location in Lugano. It is
Alps_(supercomputer)
Type of low-level computer architecture
architecture is a dataflow-based computer architecture that directly contrasts the traditional von Neumann architecture or control flow architecture.
Dataflow_architecture
High-performance computing facility in Pakistan
background of Pakistan Supercomputer Centre (PakSupercomputer) is linked to earlier work on heterogeneous supercomputer architecture in Pakistan. In January
Pakistan Supercomputing Centre
Pakistan_Supercomputing_Centre
Series of x86 manycore processors from Intel
made by Intel. It was intended for use in supercomputers, servers, and high-end workstations. Its architecture allowed use of standard programming languages
Xeon_Phi
Storage layer in high-performance computing
storage systems. Burst buffers accelerate scientific data movement on supercomputers. For example, scientific applications' life cycles typically alternate
Burst_buffer
GPU microarchitecture designed by Nvidia
Grace Hopper Has Entered Full Production & Announcing DGX GH200 AI Supercomputer". Anandtech. May 29, 2023. Archived from the original on May 29, 2023
Hopper_(microarchitecture)
Series of supercomputers for earth sciences
The Earth Simulator (ES) (地球シミュレータ, Chikyū Shimyurēta) is a series of supercomputers deployed at Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology Yokohama
Earth_Simulator
multithreaded shared memory supercomputer architecture by Cray, based on the third generation of the Tera MTA architecture, targeted at large graph problems
Cray_XMT
Anupam is a series of supercomputers designed and developed by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) for their internal usages. It is mainly used for molecular
Anupam_(supercomputer)
Supercomputer in Portugal
list. The Deucalion supercomputer consists of two main general-purpose compute partitions based on different processor architectures (ARMv8-A and x86) and
Deucalion_(supercomputer)
1974 supercomputer
The CDC STAR-100 is a vector supercomputer that was designed, manufactured, and marketed by Control Data Corporation (CDC). It was one of the first machines
CDC_STAR-100
GPU microarchitecture by Nvidia
2017. Retrieved 2 June 2017. "NVIDIA TITAN V Transforms the PC into AI Supercomputer". "Introducing NVIDIA TITAN V: The World's Most Powerful PC Graphics
Volta_(microarchitecture)
Computer component
length or Instruction count Schneck, Paul B. (6 December 2012). Supercomputer Architecture - Paul B. Schneck - Google Książki. Springer. ISBN 9781461579571
Instruction_unit
Supercomputer
fastest supercomputer until late 2000. It was the first ASCI machine that the Department of Energy acquired, and also the first supercomputer to score
ASCI_Red
iWarp was an experimental parallel supercomputer architecture developed as a joint project by Intel and Carnegie Mellon University. The project started
IWarp
Supercomputer family
Altix is a line of server computers and supercomputers produced by Silicon Graphics (and successor company Silicon Graphics International), based on Intel
SGI_Altix
Stardent Computer, Inc. was a manufacturer of graphics supercomputer workstations in the late 1980s. The company was formed in 1989 when Ardent Computer
Stardent_Inc.
generation computer History of supercomputing Personal supercomputer Supercomputer architecture Supercomputing in Europe Supercomputing in India Supercomputing
Supercomputing_in_Taiwan
SUPERCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
SUPERCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly Kent and Sussex)
English (chiefly Kent and Sussex) : occupational name for a designer or engineer, from a Middle English reduced form of Old French engineor ‘contriver’ (a derivative of engaigne ‘cunning’, ‘ingenuity’, ‘stratagem’, ‘device’). Engineers in the Middle Ages were primarily designers and builders of military machines, although in peacetime they might turn their hands to architecture and other more pacific functions.German : from the Latin personal name Januarius (see January 1). Jänner is a South German word for ‘January’, and so it is possible that this is one of the surnames acquired from words denoting months of the year, for example by converts who had been baptized in that month, people who were born or baptized in that month, or people whose taxes were due in January.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a person of a cheerful disposition, from Middle English, Old French joie, joye. In some cases it may derive from a personal name (normally borne by women) of this origin, which was in sporadic use during the Middle Ages.Thomas Joy (c. 1610–78), an architect and builder born probably in Hingham, Norfolk, England, appears in land records in Boston, MA, in 1636. He had a considerable influence on Boston architecture.
SUPERCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
SUPERCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
Boy/Male
Latin Dutch
A Latin name based on the Greek word for kid or goatskin.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Semper.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Giver of Good Tidings
Boy/Male
Bengali, English, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Name of a Saint
Boy/Male
Afghan, Arabic, Muslim
The Successor; The Opener
Girl/Female
Muslim
Jewel
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from a place in Cambridgeshire, named in Old English as ‘Mūl’s enclosure’, from Mūl, a personal name or byname meaning ‘mule’ + worð ‘enclosure’. It may also be derived from Mouldsworth in Cheshire, so called from Old English molda ‘crown of the head’, ‘top of a hill’ + worð ‘enclosure’.
Female
English
English variant spelling of Roman Latin Jillian, GILLIAN means "descended from Jupiter (Jove)."
Boy/Male
Native American
Son.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Punjabi, Sikh
Immortal Love of God
SUPERCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
SUPERCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
SUPERCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
SUPERCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
SUPERCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
a.
Of or pertaining to the Saracens; as, Saracenic architecture.
n.
The art or science of building; especially, the art of building houses, churches, bridges, and other structures, for the purposes of civil life; -- often called civil architecture.
n.
An ornament much used in Egyptian architecture, generally asserted to have been suggested by the Egyptian water lily.
a.
Of or pertaining to Trophonius, his architecture, or his cave and oracle.
n.
A small circular opening, and ring of moldings surrounding it, used in window tracery in Gothic architecture.
a.
Of or pertaining to stone; as, lithic architecture.
n.
A concave molding used especially in classical architecture.
n.
In arts, works, games, etc.: The rules of construction, or of procedure, conforming to the conditions of success; a principle, maxim; or usage; as, the laws of poetry, of architecture, of courtesy, or of whist.
n.
The medium through which light is admitted, as a window, or window pane; a skylight; in architecture, one of the compartments of a window made by a mullion or mullions.
a.
Of or pertaining to Tuscany in Italy; -- specifically designating one of the five orders of architecture recognized and described by the Italian writers of the 16th century, or characteristic of the order. The original of this order was not used by the Greeks, but by the Romans under the Empire. See Order, and Illust. of Capital.
n.
A cage or open chamber of rich architecture, open below into the building or tower which it crowns.
n.
The name now generally given to the projecting molding by the sides, and over the tops, of openings in mediaeval architecture. It always has a /quare form, as in the illustration.
a.
Of or relating to the Middle Ages; as, mediaeval architecture.
n.
The disposition of a column and its component parts, and of the entablature resting upon it, in classical architecture; hence (as the column and entablature are the characteristic features of classical architecture) a style or manner of architectural designing.
a.
Curious and fanciful; affected; odd; whimsical; antique; archaic; singular; unusual; as, quaint architecture; a quaint expression.
a.
Pertaining to, or designating, architecture, in which the beginnings of the Doric style are supposed to be found.
n.
Naval architecturel the art of constructing ships and other vessels.
n.
A running ornament consisting of leaves and tendrils, used in Gothic architecture.
a.
Somewhat resembling the Roman; -- applied sometimes to the debased style of the later Roman empire, but esp. to the more developed architecture prevailing from the 8th century to the 12th.