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Form of involuntary unemployment
Structural unemployment is a form of involuntary unemployment caused by a mismatch between the skills that workers in the economy can offer, and the skills
Structural_unemployment
People without work and actively seeking work
of unemployment include structural unemployment, frictional unemployment, cyclical unemployment, involuntary unemployment and classical unemployment. Structural
Unemployment
Key concept in the study of economic activity
of unemployment may feature involuntary unemployment. The natural rate of unemployment is a combination of frictional and structural unemployment that
Natural_rate_of_unemployment
April 2018, Cyclical Upswing, Structural Change, International Monetary Fund, 2018, Table B1. Advanced Economies: Unemployment, Employment, and Real GDP per
List of countries by unemployment rate
List_of_countries_by_unemployment_rate
Type of unemployment
broad categories of unemployment, the others being structural unemployment and cyclical unemployment. Causes of frictional unemployment include better job
Frictional_unemployment
Unemployment caused by technological change
Technological unemployment is the loss of jobs due to technological change. It is a key type of structural unemployment. Technological change typically
Technological_unemployment
Fundamental shifts in systems
changes in spending and production resulting in structural unemployment. Historically, structural change has not always been strictly for the better. The
Structural_change
Social science studying goods and services
Structural unemployment is similar to frictional unemployment since both reflect the problem of matching workers with job vacancies, but structural unemployment
Economics
Condition in which a person is unemployed despite being willing to work
needed] Structural unemployment is also involuntary. Economists have several theories explaining the possibility of involuntary unemployment, including
Involuntary_unemployment
number since January 2008. Spain suffers a high level of structural unemployment. Unemployment began rising in Francoist Spain during the 1970s. During
Unemployment_in_Spain
Former UK welfare benefit
Invalidity Benefit rather than Unemployment Benefit. It argues that changes to the criteria for receiving Unemployment Benefit made it harder to receive
Invalidity_Benefit
Overview of the situation in the People's Republic of China
Unemployment has been a serious social issue in the People's Republic of China in recent years, regarding both an increase in quantity and an unequal impact
Unemployment_in_China
19th-century English anti-automation group
economists to refer to the fear that technological unemployment inevitably generates structural unemployment and is consequently macroeconomically injurious
Luddites
Economic situation with no or low unemployment
disappearance of all unemployment and a 100% employment-to-population ratio. For other economists full employment can occur even when structural and frictional
Full_employment
Fossil fuels, is a major problem. Morocco suffers from structural unemployment, The unemployment rate for youth (15 to 24) was 27.2% in Q2 2026. About
Economy_of_Morocco
Study of the markets for wage labour
over. Natural rate of unemployment (also known as full employment) – This is the summation of frictional and structural unemployment, that excludes cyclical
Labour_economics
Relationship between unemployment and job vacancies
to decompose unemployment into different types of unemployment: deficient-demand (or cyclical) unemployment and structural unemployment. In the first
Beveridge_curve
available jobs would be structural. During the Great Depression, "hard core" structural unemployment was very common. Hard-core unemployment refers to individuals
Causes of unemployment in the United States
Causes_of_unemployment_in_the_United_States
English economist, social scientist and critic of imperialism (1858–1940)
through oversaving and underconsumption, in unemployment (thus he rejected the position that structural unemployment was caused by "Collective Bargaining" encouraged
J._A._Hobson
Spending in excess of revenue
part of countercyclical fiscal policy, but that there should not be a structural deficit (i.e., permanent deficit): the government should run deficits
Deficit_spending
person currently employed. Workforce Unemployment rate Structural unemployment List of countries by unemployment rate List of countries by GDP (real)
List of countries by GDP (PPP) per person employed
List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_person_employed
Marxist term to describe the unemployed and undereployed in capitalist society
capitalist era in human history (i.e. before the 16th century), structural unemployment on a mass scale rarely existed, other than that caused by natural
Reserve_army_of_labour
Statistics on unemployment in India had traditionally been collected, compiled and disseminated once every ten years by the Ministry of Labour and Employment
Unemployment_in_India
Unemployment in the United States discusses the causes and measures of U.S. unemployment and strategies for reducing it. Job creation and unemployment
Unemployment in the United States
Unemployment_in_the_United_States
American futurist and author
from advances in artificial intelligence, and the potential for structural unemployment and dramatically increasing inequality. Ford earned a BSE in computer
Martin_Ford_(author)
Degree to which a process minimizes waste of resources
so that resources are either unused or misused. For example, structural unemployment results from barriers of mobility in labor markets which prevent
Efficiency
that via a series of labour market reforms have helped reducing structural unemployment considerably. A series of tax reforms from 1987 onwards, reducing
Economy_of_Denmark
Forced or promoted return of non-European immigrants
Unemployment in Germany: Beginnings of an Attempt at an Evaluation of Structural Unemployment as a Partial Component of Joblessness" in Unemployment:
Remigration
Economic phenomenon
instead that jobless recoveries result from structural changes in the labor market. These changes lead to unemployment as workers require new skills, but the
Jobless_recovery
Situation of young people who are willing to work but unable to find a job
refers to unemployment among ages 25–34. Youth unemployment is different from unemployment in the general workforce in that youth unemployment rates are
Youth_unemployment
Study of an economy as a whole
would lead to a 1% decrease in unemployment. The structural or natural rate of unemployment is the level of unemployment that will occur in a medium-run
Macroeconomics
Lowering of skill levels by new technology
recomposed the working class. This view assumes that the unemployment being experienced was mostly structural and the working conditions were integral in the long-term
Deskilling
1930s programs of U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt
was a grave matter primarily until 1935. Between 1935 and 1941, structural unemployment became the bigger problem. Especially the unions successes in demanding
New_Deal
Criminal offenses committed by the lower social classes
conflict has therefore involved working-class youth but, as long-term structural unemployment emerged, an underclass was created. Ralf Dahrendorf argues that
Blue-collar_crime
2012 book by Federico Pistono
emergence of artificial general intelligence to create structural technological unemployment and destabilize the economy as we know it; Work and happiness
Robots Will Steal Your Job, but That's OK
Robots_Will_Steal_Your_Job,_but_That's_OK
Actions in the present are dependent on previous decisions or experiences
work attitudes. In other words, cyclical unemployment may generate structural unemployment. This structural hysteresis model of the labour market differs
Path_dependence
and enterprises kept upgrading and the unemployment during this period mainly consisted of structural unemployment. The employment measures were mainly
Social_mobility_in_Japan
Minimum wage in United Kingdom
will result in 60,000 fewer jobs, equivalent to a 0.2% increase in the unemployment rate. The announcement of the National Living Wage was seen as a political
National_Living_Wage
recovery as "the showcase for structural reform efforts". Spain's unemployment fell substantially from 2013 to 2017. Real unemployment is much lower, as millions
Economy_of_Spain
Region with specialized business and trade laws
development. The primary goal of creating SEZs in Poland was to reduce structural unemployment and boost the economy in the poorest regions of the country. The
Special_economic_zone
Work that employs people against their will
labour Structural unemployment Technological unemployment Types of unemployment Unemployment benefits Unemployment Convention, 1919 Unemployment extension
Forced_labour
Social category
labour Structural unemployment Technological unemployment Types of unemployment Unemployment benefits Unemployment Convention, 1919 Unemployment extension
Peonage
For people ages 15–24 is high
Youth unemployment in Spain refers to unemployment among people in a defined youth age group, typically 15–24 or 15–29 years. The youth unemployment rate
Youth_unemployment_in_Spain
Concept in market economics
labour. This results in what contemporary macroeconomics call structural unemployment, the presumed mismatch between the overall demand for labour in
Say's_law
Form of payment
labour Structural unemployment Technological unemployment Types of unemployment Unemployment benefits Unemployment Convention, 1919 Unemployment extension
Truck_wages
Government body that manages currency and monetary policy
frictional unemployment is classified as unintended unemployment. For example, structural unemployment is a form of unintended unemployment resulting from
Central_bank
Theory of management
obtain new employment due to mismatches like these is known as structural unemployment, and economists debate to what extent this is happening in the
Scientific_management
Private university in Metro Manila, Philippines
According to Mapúa president Reynaldo Vea, this was done to address structural unemployment in the Philippines. In 2020, the university launched the Mapúa
Mapúa_University
Subprefecture and commune in Grand Est, France
1970s. The city and the entire region have faced hardships and structural unemployment since then. Jean-Marie Demange, who had served as the town's mayor
Thionville
Form of violence
Structural violence is a form of violence where in some social structure or social institution may harm people by preventing them from meeting their basic
Structural_violence
Political views and policies promoted by the French politician
agriculture and fishing sectors, deindustrialization, offshoring and structural unemployment. She opposes supranationalism (in favour of a 'Europe of the nations'
Political positions of Marine Le Pen
Political_positions_of_Marine_Le_Pen
Welfare-state model with a pro-active labour market policy
the unemployment trend of the time and was further coupled to the first active labour market policy (ALMP) of 1994 which sought to reduce structural unemployment
Flexicurity
Society driven by the processing and communication of information
technologies are embedded into societal antagonisms that cause structural unemployment, rising poverty, social exclusion, the deregulation of the welfare
Information_society
1989 plan for transitioning the Polish economy to capitalism
enterprises and the state agricultural farms, creating poverty areas and structural unemployment, which in many places continues to this day. Some economists also
Balcerowicz_Plan
American-German economist (born 1950)
adjustment processes. This theory indicates that cyclical and structural unemployment are interdependent. This implies that the lagged adjustment processes
Dennis_Snower
British economist
international differences in inflation rates by various structural variables, such as structural unemployment rates and differential productivity growth rates
Geoffrey_Maynard
Polish economist and politician
of the reforms, leaving certain poverty-stricken regions with structural unemployment. Reducing unprofitability of the state-owned companies required
Leszek_Balcerowicz
Situation where the capital per worker is increasing in the economy
Capital (economics) Capital intensity Organic composition of capital Structural unemployment O'Sullivan, Arthur; Sheffrin, Steven M. (2003). Economics: Principles
Capital_deepening
Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. (1986). Technology and structural unemployment: Reemploying displaced adults (OTA-ITE-250). Washington, DC: U
Dislocated_worker_funding
stigma — Strategic Defense Initiative — stratification — strike — structural unemployment — structuration — structure — subculture — suburbanization — surplus
Index_of_sociology_articles
IMF and World Bank loans to countries in crisis
Structural adjustment programs (SAPs) consist of loans (structural adjustment loans; SALs) provided by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World
Structural_adjustment
the economic base of the Nation, develop human resources, reduce structural unemployment, increase productivity, and strengthen the Nation’s defense capabilities
Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Technical Education Act
Carl_D._Perkins_Vocational_and_Technical_Education_Act
Tertiary education provision in Canada
Canada Rankings of universities in Canada Education in Canada Structural unemployment List of universities in Canada List of private universities in
Higher_education_in_Canada
Economic and social policy option
at least one case when the country is left with immensely large structural unemployment after the internal devaluation. Some of the right wing politicians
Internal_devaluation
economics frictional unemployment Unemployment that is a result of workers moving from one job to another, as opposed to structural unemployment. Friedman rule
Glossary_of_economics
Dutch economist
Countries, (pp 283–339). (1978). "Labour Market Imbalances and Structural Unemployment", Kyklos, (pp. 638–661). (1979). "An Analysis of the Impact of
Wim_Driehuis
Historical social designation
labour Structural unemployment Technological unemployment Types of unemployment Unemployment benefits Unemployment Convention, 1919 Unemployment extension
Inquilino
Involvement of Muslim women in labor
trend is true of several non-Muslim majority regions as well. Structural unemployment in Muslim countries seems to be high for women and economic opportunities
Female labor force in the Muslim world
Female_labor_force_in_the_Muslim_world
Ownership of the means of production by society
the state." Woirol, Gregory R. (1996). The Technological Unemployment and Structural Unemployment Debates. Praeger. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-313-29892-9. The
Social_ownership
Sociolinguistic group
anglophones moved mostly to Toronto, taking their employees with them. Structural unemployment in the private sector with the mass hiring of francophones in an
English-speaking_Quebecers
Bruneian businessperson and politician (born 1988)
Steering Committee, and the Lifelong Learning Centre to reduce youth structural unemployment, and called for youths to be resilient and adaptable in a technology-driven
Queenie_Chong
Maltese economist
is a fellow member of the Salzburg Seminar on “Technology and Structural Unemployment” (1986). In 2001 he was granted Honorary Lifelong Membership in
Joseph_F.X._Zahra
Underutilization of workers' talents or skills in employment
them too few hours, or leaves the worker idle. It is contrasted with unemployment, where a person lacks a job at all despite wanting one. Examples of workers
Underemployment
Laws regarding poverty in England, 16th–19th century
that Old Poor Law was a device "for dealing with the problems of structural unemployment and substandard wages in the lagging rural sector of a rapidly
English_Poor_Laws
Economic policy debate
factors. Cyclical unemployment is due to variation in the economic cycle and is responsive to stimulus measures, while structural unemployment is unrelated
Deficit reduction in the United States
Deficit_reduction_in_the_United_States
British unemployment between the world wars
Unemployment was the dominant issue of British society during the interwar years. Unemployment levels rarely dipped below 1,000,000 and reached a peak
Interwar unemployment and poverty in the United Kingdom
Interwar_unemployment_and_poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom
1928 book by Margaret Mead
had undertaken fieldwork in an urban slum plagued by drug abuse, structural unemployment, and gang violence. Lowell Holmes – who completed a lesser-publicized
Coming_of_Age_in_Samoa
National political history
witnesses the beginning of a structural unemployment, which became an important political issue. Since the 1980s, unemployment has remained permanently high
Political_history_of_France
Collaboration between two or more groups
new technologies are replacing traditional industries causing structural unemployment. Relationships between employees and employers are stressed as
Social_partners
Georgian economist
the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. Structure of unemployment and structural unemployment in Georgia. Co-author. Tbilisi, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung
Merab_Kakulia
British labour economist (born 1948)
labour economics, active labour market policies, unemployment, labour market flexibility, structural adjustment programs and social protection. His best
Guy_Standing_(economist)
American feminist economist
Office. OCLC 237483. Bergmann, Barbara R.; Kaun, David E. (1967). Structural unemployment in the United States. Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution
Barbara_Bergmann
Idea that China may dominate the 21st century
middle income trap due to the rural urban divide in education and structural unemployment. Economists Martin Chorzempa and Tianlei Huang of the Peterson
Chinese_Century
countries. Due to challenges which are imposed by frictional unemployment and structural unemployment, European Public Employment Services are required to adapt
Public employment services in the European Union
Public_employment_services_in_the_European_Union
drought from the 2010s to present day, combined with constant structural unemployment and food insecurity, have contributed to repeated waves of displacement
IDP_camps_in_Nigeria
Contracting internal tasks to an external organization
is needed between cyclical unemployment – for which pump it up solutions have worked in the past, and structural unemployment – when "businesses and industries
Outsourcing
Opium industry in Afghanistan
the underlying economic nature of the opium problem. Poverty and structural unemployment are the main reason for 3.3 million Afghans' full dependence on
Opium production in Afghanistan
Opium_production_in_Afghanistan
Level of unemployment below which inflation would be expected to rise
The non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) is a theoretical level of unemployment below which inflation would be expected to rise. It
NAIRU
The national unemployment figures mask considerable differences between Flanders and Wallonia. Unemployment in Wallonia is mainly structural, while in Flanders
Economy_of_Belgium
Unemployment security benefit in Germany
pronunciation: [ˈbʏɐ̯ɡɐɡɛlt], lit. 'citizens' money') was Germany's unemployment benefits system from 1 January 2023 to 1 July 2026. The Bürgergeld was
Bürgergeld
Highly industrialised service-based economy
unemployment are given for 156 days after which a person may qualify for the means tested unemployment assistance. People eligible for unemployment benefits
Economy_of_Malta
"actual unemployment" rate hovers near 20%. Some critics disagree with this concept of "actual" unemployment, also termed "broad unemployment", since
Economy_of_Sweden
Overview article
The rate of youth unemployment in South Korea fluctuated in the 9–11% range between 2001 and 2014. It was above 10% in 2018 and down to 7.1% by the end
Youth unemployment in South Korea
Youth_unemployment_in_South_Korea
European Union financial tools
The European Structural and Investment Funds (ESI Funds, ESIFs) are financial tools governed by a common rulebook, set up to implement the regional policy
European Structural and Investment Funds
European_Structural_and_Investment_Funds
inflated ruble currency. Despite considerable hardship, dislocation, and unemployment, Estonia spent the first decade of independence entirely transforming
Economy_of_Estonia
Part of the history of Quebec
having total unemployment rates of around 3% - only slightly higher than in Canada or Ontario - and any appreciable structural unemployment only started
Premierships of Maurice Duplessis
Premierships_of_Maurice_Duplessis
Economics and other proponents of demographic structural approach (cliodynamics), Egypt's unemployment rate is driven by a demographic youth bulge: with
Demographics_of_Egypt
Transgender people who work in the sex industry
transgender workers in a position to have higher rates of unemployment and greater risk of poverty. Unemployment rates reported by transgender sex workers were twice
Transgender_sex_workers
relatively moderate unemployment, staying beneath 10%. Afterwards, unemployment rates began rising and in the years following, unemployment reached high levels
Economy_of_Poland
1981 structural collapse in Kansas City, Missouri
City Star described the national climate of the late 1970s as "high unemployment, inflation and double-digit interest rates [that added] pressure on builders
Hyatt Regency walkway collapse
Hyatt_Regency_walkway_collapse
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