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Ring of bone supporting the eye
The scleral ring (also sclerotic ring) is a hardened ring of plates, often derived from bone, found in the eye of animals in several groups of vertebrates
Scleral_ring
Cartilage found within the sclera of some vertebrate eyes
terminology in 2025. Scleral cartilage sensu stricto: Homologous cup-like cartilage in reptiles (including birds) and the ring-like cartilage in teleosts
Scleral_cartilage
Extinct species of reptile
lower than 0.21; in turn, the ratio between the internal diameter of its scleral ring to the diameter of its orbit is smaller than 0.35. The species maxilla
Temnodontosaurus_eurycephalus
Genus of Dinosaur (fossil)
Protoceratops used to be characterized as nocturnal because of the large scleral ring around the eye, but they are now thought to have been cathemeral (active
Protoceratops
Study of dinosaur visual acuity
formidable night vision and were capable of extensive nocturnal activity. The scleral ring is critical in determining a dinosaur's nocturnal capacity. Diameter
Dinosaur_vision
White part of an eyeball
bone, together forming a circular structure called the scleral ring. In primitive fish, this ring consists of four plates, but the number is lower in many
Sclera
Extinct family of ceratopsians
the size of its scleral ring, Protoceratops had an unusually large eye among protoceratopsids. In birds, a medium-sized scleral ring indicates that the
Protoceratopsidae
Genus of Late Cretaceous dinosaur
Schmitz, L.; Motani, R. (2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology". Science. 332 (6030): 705–8. Bibcode:2011Sci..
Velociraptor
Genus of Late Cretaceous theropod
Tyrannosaurus scleral ring has been found, Kenneth Carpenter estimated its size based on that of Gorgosaurus. The inferred scleral ring for the Stan specimen
Tyrannosaurus
Studies of coloration in dinosaurs
suggested that Microraptor was nocturnal due to the morphology of its scleral ring. However, the dark and glossy nature of its feathers may suggest otherwise
Dinosaur_coloration
Senses for birds
more of its visual field to be in focus. A circle of bony plates, the scleral ring, surrounds the eye and holds it rigid, but an improvement over the reptilian
Bird_vision
Extinct clade of dinosaurs
the scleral rings in the eyes of extinct archosaurs. Schmitz and Motani examined 33 taxa including five sauropodomorphs from which the scleral morphology
Sauropodomorpha
Anatomical feature in birds
with distinct yellow orbital ring Glossary of bird terms Iris List of terms used in bird topography Scleral ring - a ring of overlapping bony plates within
Eye-ring
Genus of ichthyosaurs
an associated rib and front flipper. The anatomy of the mandible and scleral ring indicate Eternauta had a different feeding strategy compared to other
Eternauta_patagonica
Genus of pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Late Jurassic
Schmitz, L.; Motani, R. (2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology" (PDF). Science. 332 (6030): 705–8. Bibcode:2011Sci
Pterodactylus
Extinct genus of bird-like dinosaurs
Schmitz, L.; Motani, R. (2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology". Science. 332 (6030): 705–8. Bibcode:2011Sci..
Archaeopteryx
Extinct genus of marine lizard from the Late Cretaceous
Antarctica. Mosasaurus had relatively large eye sockets with large scleral rings occupying much of the sockets' diameter; the latter is correlated with
Mosasaurus
Dinosaur fossil
completely preserved, including the impression of the horny beak and the scleral ring around the pupil of the eye. Sternberg reported that the trunk and skull
Edmontosaurus mummy SMF R 4036
Edmontosaurus_mummy_SMF_R_4036
Extinct order of large marine reptiles
covering the major part of the rear side surface. In the socket, a large scleral ring is present; this is a circular structure of small, overlapping bone segments
Ichthyosauria
Topics referred to by the same term
limbal ring, a dark ring around the iris of the eye, where the sclera meets the cornea. periorbital dark circles, dark blemishes around the eyes. scleral ring
Eye_ring
Extinct order of flying reptiles
Motani, Ryosuke (6 May 2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology". Science. 332 (6030): 705–708. Bibcode:2011Sci
Pterosaur
Extinct suborder of Dinosaurs
Schmitz, L.; Motani, R. (2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology". Science. 332 (6030): 705–8. Bibcode:2011Sci..
Ceratopsia
Extinct genus of therapsids
rarely preserved elements such as gastralia (abdominal ribs) and a scleral ring (a bony ring inside the eye). A larger, but poorly preserved specimen has also
Viatkogorgon
Extinct group of saber-toothed therapsids from the Permian
mammals (nocturnal bottleneck), but the large orbit size and presence of scleral rings in many early synapsids, stretching as far back as the Carboniferous
Gorgonopsia
Extinct genus of dinosaurs
Schmitz, L.; Motani, R. (2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology". Science. 332 (6030): 705–8. Bibcode:2011Sci..
Herrerasaurus
Tattooing the white part of a human eye
Scleral tattooing is the practice of tattooing the sclera, or white part, of the human eye. Rather than being injected into the tissue, the dye is injected
Scleral_tattooing
Extinct family of dinosaurs
Schmitz, L.; Motani, R. (2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology". Science. 332 (6030): 705–708. Bibcode:2011Sci
Hadrosauridae
Genus of diplodocid sauropod dinosaurs (fossil)
Schmitz, L.; Motani, R. (2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology". Science. 332 (6030): 705–8. Bibcode:2011Sci..
Diplodocus
Ornithomimosaur genus from the Late Cretaceous
diurnal (photopic) animals have smaller scleral rings, nocturnal (scotopic) animals tend to have more enlarged rings. Cathemeral (mesopic) animals—which are
Garudimimus
Extinct genus of dinosaurs
(such as baboons) have similarly grooved teeth. Comparisons between the scleral rings of Sinornithosaurus and modern birds and reptiles indicate that it may
Sinornithosaurus
Genus of ctenochasmatid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous
instead represent a crushed endosteal tissue. Comparisons between the scleral rings of Pterodaustro and modern birds and reptiles suggest that it may have
Pterodaustro
Family of theropod dinosaurs
Motani, R. (14 April 2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology". Science. 332 (6030): 705–708. Bibcode:2011Sci
Dromaeosauridae
Extinct genus of dinosaurs
droppings instead of producing pellets. Based on the morphology of the scleral ring of the eye, it has been suggested Microraptor hunted at night. However
Microraptor
Diverse clade of vertebrate animals
girdles are covered with large dermal bones. The eyeball is supported by a scleral ring of four small bones, but this characteristic has been lost or modified
Osteichthyes
Genus of theropod dinosaurs from the late Triassic
described the complete scleral ring found for a juvenile Coelophysis bauri (specimen NMMNH P-4200) and compared it to data on the scleral rings of reptiles (including
Coelophysis
Extinct genus of lizards
P. solvayi, the scleral ring is only partially preserved, consisting of five scleral ossicles in each ring. Similar scleral rings are seen in several
Prognathodon
Sauropodomorph dinosaur
vision to watch for predators. Some fossil skeletons have preserved scleral rings (rings of bone plates that protect the eye). The ribs were connected to
Plateosaurus
Extinct clade of dinosaurs
Motani, R. (14 April 2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology". Science. 332 (6030): 705–708. Bibcode:2011Sci
Eudromaeosauria
Early Cretaceous dinosaur genus
predators instead of to seek out prey. The scleral rings in reptiles directly show the size of the eyeball. The rings are not well preserved in Psittacosaurus
Psittacosaurus
Allosaurus specimen
originally have been about 20% wider. The skull also preserves parts of the scleral ring of the eye as well as hyoids, bones that supported the tongue. Most of
Big_Al_(dinosaur)
Bone found in the sclera of the eye in some bird species
discovered by Max Gemminger in 1852. The bird eye is supported by a scleral ring at the front and a cartilaginous cup at the back. The os opticus is an
Os_opticus
Clade of tetrapods
ectothermic like reptiles. Based on the size of the eye sockets and the scleral ring, some non-mammalian synapsids were likely diurnal (active during the
Synapsida
Group of theropod dinosaurs
ornithomimid hide was feathered rather than scaly. Comparisons between the scleral rings of the genus Ornithomimus and modern birds and reptiles indicate that
Ornithomimidae
Genus of rhamphorhynchid pterosaur from the Late Jurassic
Schmitz, L.; Motani, R. (2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology". Science. 332 (6030): 705–8. Bibcode:2011Sci..
Rhamphorhynchus
Genus of tapejarid pterosaur
genera: Europejara, Caiuajara and Tupandactylus. Comparisons between the scleral rings of Tapejara and modern birds and reptiles suggest that it may have been
Tapejara_wellnhoferi
Extinct genus of reptiles
their bones, namely the scleral rings and the phalanges. Although Owen suggested the still viable hypothesis that the scleral rings served to protect the
Temnodontosaurus
Extinct genus of dinosaurs
is slightly more derived than Agilisaurus. Comparisons between the scleral rings of Agilisaurus and modern birds and reptiles suggest that it may have
Agilisaurus
Sauropod dinosaur genus from Late Cretaceous Period
Schmitz, L.; Motani, R. (2011). "Nocturnality in dinosaurs inferred from scleral ring and orbit morphology". Science. 332 (6030): 705–708. Bibcode:2011Sci
Nemegtosaurus
Physiological structure of birds' bodies
considerable amount of the skull and is surrounded by a scleral ring, a ring of tiny overlapping bones. This ring is also seen in non-avian reptiles and various
Bird_anatomy
Extinct genus of reptiles
Euparkeria preserve bony rings in the eye sockets called scleral rings, which in life would have supported the eye. The scleral ring of Euparkeria is most
Euparkeria
Group of extinct jawless vertebrates
bony tissue. Anaspids all had prominent, laterally placed eyes with no scleral ring, with the gills opened as a row of holes along either side of the animal
Anaspida
Extinct genus of dinosaurs
Schmitz, L.; Motani, R. (2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology". Science. 332 (6030): 705–8. Bibcode:2011Sci..
Sapeornis
Extinct genus of dinosaurs
Schmitz, L.; Motani, R. (2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology". Science. 332 (6030): 705–8. Bibcode:2011Sci..
Riojasaurus
Hadrosaurid dinosaur genus from the Late Cretaceous period
Schmitz, L.; Motani, R. (2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology". Science. 332 (6030): 705–8. Bibcode:2011Sci..
Saurolophus
Extinct genus of reptiles
nichollsi; and between 14 and 18 ossicles in C. petrinus. Although a scleral ring is preserved in C. youngorum, nothing has been said about the number
Cymbospondylus
Extinct genus of dinosaurs
Schmitz, L.; Motani, R. (2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology". Science. 332 (6030): 705–8. Bibcode:2011Sci..
Corythosaurus
to the coracoid, forming the scapulocoracoid. scleral ring A scleral ring (also: sclerotic ring) is a ring of small plate-like bones located on eye within
Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy
Genus of rhamphorhynchid pterosaur from the Late Jurassic
Schmitz, L.; Motani, R. (2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology". Science. 332 (6030): 705–8. doi:10.1126/science
Scaphognathus
Abnormal yellowish skin colour caused by high level of bilirubin
observing the yellowing of conjunctivae. Traditionally referred to as scleral icterus, this term is actually a misnomer, because bilirubin deposition
Jaundice
Genus of leptonectid ichthyosaur from the Early Jurassic period
Eurhinosaurus has a very large orbit with scleral ring, a circular shaped bone that was embedded in their eye. The scleral ring was probably used to maintain the
Eurhinosaurus
Extinct genus of lizards
(around 10 teeth in each dentary). LACM 128319 preserves matter within the scleral ring that may possibly be the retina of the eye. Small structures in the retina
Platecarpus
Extinct genus of reptiles
centimetres (8.7–9.1 in) in diameter at the outer margin of the bony scleral ring, while the scleral aperture itself measured 10 centimetres (3.9 in) in diameter
Ophthalmosaurus
Extinct clade of theropod dinosaurs
Schmitz, L. & Motani, R. (2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology". Science. 332 (6030): 705–8. Bibcode:2011Sci..
Ornithomimosauria
Extinct subclass of jawless fishes
external openings of the endolymphatic ducts. The eyes, surrounded by a scleral ring, are housed in a notch at the anterior end of the dorsal shield. The
Arandaspida
Extinct genus of cartilaginous fish
reinterpreted as true scleral ossicles, akin to the scleral rings of densely-packed ossicles seen in Falcatus and Damocles. Scleral rings are present in many
Cladoselache
Genus of therapsids from the Late Permian of Russia
and ridges for blood vessels. Some specimens include parts of the scleral ring, a ring of bone embedded in the eye. On each side of the upper jaw are five
Karenites
Extinct genus of dinosaur
Lars; Motani, Ryosuke (2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology". Science. 332 (6030): 705–8. Bibcode:2011Sci..
Megapnosaurus
Extinct genus of dinosaurs
Schmitz, L.; Motani, R. (2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology". Science. 332 (6030): 705–8. Bibcode:2011Sci..
Prosaurolophus
Extinct genus of jawless fishes
likely covered a series of gill openings. The eyes are reinforced by scleral rings and are positioned far forward, at the very front of the head. The jawless
Sacabambaspis
Extinct genus of fishes
small pores and pits. The scleral ring is open wide ventrally and the scleral capsule consists of three fine plates, scleral bones one through three (anterior
Asterolepis_(fish)
Williston for reporting a scleral ring in Pteranodon rather than Nyctosaurus ignored the fact that Eaton had found scleral rings in both genera. Williston
Timeline of pterosaur research
Timeline_of_pterosaur_research
Extinct genus of reptiles
presence of fewer (24 instead of 33) neck vertebrae and the presence of a scleral ring, which led them to assign it to not Dinocephalosaurus but a closely related
Dinocephalosaurus
Extinct genus of dinosaurs
measuring over 25 percent of the skull's length. There is no indication of a scleral ring. The front teeth of Ornitholestes were somewhat conical, with reduced
Ornitholestes
Extinct genus of birds
Schmitz, L.; Motani, R. (2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology". Science. 332 (6030): 705–8. Bibcode:2011Sci..
Confuciusornis
Extinct genus of fishes
small, widely spaced, and shifted forwards to the base of the rostrum. A scleral ring of three bones surrounds each orbit. Like Entelognathus, Qilinyu can
Qilinyu
Deformation of the eye's cornea into a conelike shape
glasses or soft contact lenses. As the condition progresses, rigid or scleral contact lenses may be needed. In 2016, the FDA approved corneal collagen
Keratoconus
Extinct genus of bird-like dinosaurs
in addition to its fantastic night vision (analyzed by looking at its scleral ring) allowing it to potentially hunt in complete darkness, unlike other theropods
Shuvuuia
Blood vessel structure in bird eyes
discovered) that attaches to the inner lamella of the cornea and the scleral ring. For the detailed history, see. The structure varies across bird species
Pecten_oculi
Group of marine reptiles
long nasal bone, stretching to the front beyond the nostril; large scleral rings, filling the eye sockets; a narrow snout in top view; and converging
Ichthyosauriformes
Extinct order of mammaliaforms
Lars; Motani, Ryosuke (2011). "Nocturnality in dinosaurs inferred from scleral ring and orbit morphology". Science. 332 (6030): 705–708. Bibcode:2011Sci
Morganucodonta
Removal of opacified lens from the eye
through a self-sealing tunnel wound through the sclera. A well-constructed scleral tunnel is held closed by internal pressure, is watertight, and does not
Cataract_surgery
Genus of tapejarid pterosaur
counterslab of limestone. Several scattered plates that formed the scleral ring (a bony ring inside the eye) and two elements of the hyoid (tongue bone) are
Europejara
Genus of terrestrial crocodylomorph
modern crocodilians, the eye of Terrestrisuchus was supported by a scleral ring (a ring of ossicles). The body was relatively short and shallow, and the
Terrestrisuchus
on deep-diving while hunting its prey as suggested by its preserved scleral ring Eurhinosaurus Abel 1909 Valid Early Jurassic Belgium France Germany Luxembourg
List of ichthyosauromorph genera
List_of_ichthyosauromorph_genera
Genus of ichthyosaur
specimen probably belongs an ontogenetically mature individual based on the scleral ring filling half of the orbit area. The features of its skull and coracoid
Fernatator
Clade of reptiles
Lars; Motani, Ryosuke (2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology". Science. 332 (6030). Washington, D.C.: American
Dinosaur
Hadrosaurid ornithopod dinosaur genus from Late Cretaceous Period
contemporaries. The large size of hadrosaurid eye sockets and the presence of scleral rings in the eyes imply acute vision, evidence that sight was important to
Parasaurolophus
Extinct genus of dinosaurs
half the diameter of the eye socket overshadowed its top section. A scleral ring of fifteen small bone plates supported the outer eye surface. The back
Hypsilophodon
Extinct genus of tetrapods
scans. The orbits (eye sockets) were quite large, each filled with a scleral ring. The skull was fairly broad, but not as shallow as in more basal tetrapods
Westlothiana
Extinct genus of reptiles from the Early Triassic of South Africa
Schmitz, L.; Motani, R. (2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology". Science. 332 (6030): 705–8. Bibcode:2011Sci..
Proterosuchus
Extinct genus of therapsids
Measurement of scleral ring in orbital dimensions indicate Lemurosaurus were able to see in low light conditions. The inner scleral ring diameter is 18
Lemurosaurus
Medical intervention
Scleral reinforcement is a surgical procedure used to reduce or stop further macular damage caused by high myopia, which can be degenerative. Myopia is
Scleral_reinforcement_surgery
Genus of thalassodromid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous
Schmitz, L.; Motani, R. (2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology". Science. 332 (6030): 705–8. Bibcode:2011Sci..
Tupuxuara
Extinct genus of dinosaurs
Schmitz, L.; Motani, R. (2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology". Science. 332 (6030): 705–8. Bibcode:2011Sci..
Juravenator
Genus of ctenochasmatid pterosaur from the Late Jurassic
skull, though this is not found in juveniles. Comparisons between the scleral rings of both Ctenochasma elegans and Ctenochasma taqueti and modern birds
Ctenochasma
Extinct genus of fishes
Though partially hidden by the nasal an premaxilla, the scleral ring of the fish is preserved. The ring is comparably large compared to the orbit though does
Brazilichthys
Species of owl
proportionately greater length to the interorbital roof and a much longer scleral ring surrounding the eyes while the anterior opening are the greatest known
Snowy_owl
bone fragments inside of the orbit which may represent parts of the scleral ring. Similar to the rest of the skull, the opercular region of the fish is
Ostenolepis
Species of reptile
tuatara in oblique view Skull of the tuatara in oblique view, with scleral rings in eye sockets Skull of tuatara from above Skull of tuatara from above
Tuatara
Genus of anhanguerid pterosaur from the Cretaceous period
Anhanguera had bony rings in their eye sockets, called scleral rings. These disks may have provided support to the pterosaur's eyes. Scleral rings are found in
Anhanguera
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SCLERAL RING
SCLERAL RING
Boy/Male
English
King's field. King is one of several titles occasionally used as given names.
Girl/Female
Greek
Peace. An early Christian martyr, and later borne by several Byzantine empresses.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Name of Several of the Prophets Companion
Girl/Female
American, Australian, French
Little and Womanly
Boy/Male
Arthurian Legend
Hero of several Arthurian stories.
Boy/Male
Latin
Youthful. Jove's child. From Latin 'Julianus'. Form of Julius and family clan name of several...
Girl/Female
Slavic Spanish
Spanish abbreviation of Estanislao 'make famous' from the name borne by several Slavic kings and...
Boy/Male
Anglo, British, English
Name of Several Kings; Universal
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Name of Several of the Prophet's Companions
Boy/Male
Indian
Name of several of the prophets companions
Boy/Male
American, British, English
King's Meadow; King is One of Several Titles Occasionally Used as Given Names
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of several places named Staveley, in Cumbria, Derbyshire, and North Yorkshire.
Girl/Female
Hindu
To remember, Precious, Lovable person
Surname or Lastname
English
English : apparently a habitational name from a place in Shropshire or several farmsteads so named.
Boy/Male
Arthurian Legend English French
Hero of several Arthurian stories.
Boy/Male
Norse
Took refuge in Iceland after several killings he performed.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kashmiri, Marathi
It Refers to Several Different Trees; Goddess Parvati
Boy/Male
Anglo Saxon
Name of several kings.
Female
Egyptian
, the name of several Egyptian ladies.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Name of several of the prophets companions
SCLERAL RING
SCLERAL RING
SCLERAL RING
SCLERAL RING
SCLERAL RING
SCLERAL RING
SCLERAL RING
a.
Rounded like a sphere; sphere-shaped; hence, symmetrical; complete; perfect.
a.
Having many, or several, colors.
adv.
By itself; severally.
a.
Deeply divided into several portions.
n.
The optic capsule; the sclerotic coat of the eye.
n.
Each particular taken singly; an item; a detail; an individual.
n.
An inclosed or separate place; inclosure.
a.
Having several cells or loculi
a.
Relating to the stars.
a.
Sclerotic.
n.
Persons oe objects, more than two, but not very many.
a.
Affecting unfavorably by the supposed influence of the stars; baleful.
n.
One who speaks several languages.
a.
Having several or many leaflets.
a.
Separate; distinct; particular; single.
a.
Of or pertaining to a sphere or the spheres.
a.
Passing through several distinct larval forms; -- having several distinct kinds of young.
a.
Diverse; different; various.
a.
Consisting of a number more than two, but not very many; divers; sundry; as, several persons were present when the event took place.
n.
A villain; a criminal.
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