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Clade of tetrapods
Synapsida is a diverse group of tetrapod vertebrates that includes all mammals and their extinct relatives. It is one of the two major clades of the group
Synapsida
Clade of tetrapods
Subclass Euryapsida (plesiosaurs, placodonts, and ichthyosaurs) Subclass Synapsida (stem or proto-mammals, progenitors of mammals) Class Aves (birds) Subclass
Amniote
Clade of synapsids
(Sphenacodontidae). The group includes Therapsida, the only living subclade of Synapsida (including living mammals), which is most closely related to Sphenacodontidae
Sphenacodontia
Genus of carnivorous synapsids from the Permian
310 Ma in the Late Carboniferous) are therefore split into two clades: Synapsida, which includes Dimetrodon and mammals, and Sauropsida, which includes
Dimetrodon
Extinct group of saber-toothed therapsids from the Permian
classification of Reptilia in 1903, and erected two major groups: Diapsida and Synapsida, and in 1905, South African palaeontologist Robert Broom created a third
Gorgonopsia
Taxonomic clade
most popular definition states that Sauropsida is the sibling taxon to Synapsida, the other clade of amniotes which includes mammals as its only modern
Sauropsida
Geologic formation in Texas and Oklahoma, United States
Flowerpot Formation (also referred to as the Flower Pot Formation) is a geologic formation in Texas and Oklahoma preserving fossils dated to the Early
Flowerpot_Formation
Clade of tetrapods including mammals
"The Evolution of the Maxillary Canal in Probainognathia (Cynodontia, Synapsida): Reassessment of the Homology of the Infraorbital Foramen in Mammalian
Therapsida
collectively include every genus that has ever been included in the clade Synapsida- the mammals and their evolutionary precursors. The lists includes accepted
Lists_of_synapsids
Geologic formation in Gansu, China
The Qingtoushan Formation is a Middle Permian-age geologic formation in the Qilian Mountains of Gansu, China. It is known for its diverse tetrapod fauna
Qingtoushan_Formation
Geologic formation in Niger
The Moradi Formation is a geological formation in Niger. It preserves the fossils of numerous tetrapods, including reptiles and synapsids. It is of Late
Moradi_Formation
Extinct family of synapsids
R.; Martens, T.; Henrici, A.C. (2001). "A new species of Dimetrodon (Synapsida: Sphenacodontidae) from the Lower Permian of Germany records the first
Sphenacodontidae
Extinct family of tetrapods
within Synapsida and considered them as the suborder Sphenacodontia. Most phylogenetic analyses have placed Varanopidae as a basal member of Synapsida and
Varanopidae
Phylum of animals having a dorsal nerve cord
species – 10,000+ species of birds and 11,300+ species of reptiles) Class Synapsida (mammals; 5,700+ species) Genus †Cathaymyrus Genus †Pikaia The cephalochordates
Chordate
Roof of the mouth
"Craniodental anatomy in Permian–Jurassic Cynodontia and Mammaliaformes (Synapsida, Therapsida) as a gateway to defining mammalian soft tissue and behavioural
Palate
Extinct genus of therapsids that lived in the Guadalupian epoch
first complete vertebral column of a basal tapinocephalid dinocephalian (Synapsida: Therapsida). S Afr J Sci 98:391-392 Rubidge, Bruce S.; Govender, Romala;
Moschops
Clade of synapsids
Luthardt, V. Annacker, and R. Roßler. 2018. First arboreal 'pelycosaurs'(Synapsida:Varanopidae) from the early Permian Chemnitz Fossil Lagerstatte, SE-Germany
Eupelycosauria
Geological formation in New Mexico
The Abo Formation is a geologic formation in New Mexico. It contains fossils characteristic of the Cisuralian epoch of the Permian period. The Abo Formation
Abo_Formation
American geologic formation
The Washington Formation is a coal, sandstone, and limestone geologic formation located in Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. It dates back to the Lower
Washington_Formation
Reservoir in Oklahoma, United States
Lake Frederick is a reservoir in Tillman County, Oklahoma. It is located about 15 miles (24 km) northeast of the town of Frederick, which owns it. It was
Lake_Frederick_(Oklahoma)
Extinct genus of synapsids
M.; Nicosia, U. (2015). "Cladistic analysis of Caseidae (Caseasauria, Synapsida): using the gap-weighting method to include taxa based on incomplete specimens"
Cotylorhynchus
Early Permian formation found in Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Ohio
Greene Formation is a geologic formation located in Ohio, West Virginia and Pennsylvania that has been dated to the Seymouran Land-Vertebrate Faunachron
Greene_Formation
Extinct genus of synapsids
0063. Spindler, Frederik (2020). "The skull of Tetraceratops insignis (Synapsida, Sphenacodontia)" (PDF). Palaeovertebrata. 43 (1): e1. doi:10.18563/pv
Tetraceratops
Geologic formation in Poland
Śmiłów quarry Szydłówek quarry Tracks Represent tracks from Mammaliformes, member of the ichnofamily Chelichnopodidae, incertae sedis inside Synapsida.
Drzewica_Formation
Paraphyletic grouping of reptiles
the most primitive subclass of amniotes, the ancestral stock from which Synapsida and Diapsida evolved, making anapsids paraphyletic. It is, however, doubtful
Anapsid
Class of animals with milk-producing glands
(including cats, dogs, and seals). Mammals are the only living members of Synapsida; this clade, together with Sauropsida (reptiles and birds), constitutes
Mammal
Jurassic sandstone formation of the southwestern United States
Hans-Dieter, Sues (1986). "Dinnebitodon amarali, a new tritylodontid (Synapsida) from the Lower Jurassic of western North America". Journal of Paleontology
Kayenta_Formation
terrestrial tetrapods whose eggs are "equipped with an amnion") 340 Mya Synapsida Proto-Mammals 318 Mya Therapsida Limbs beneath the body and other mammalian
Timeline_of_human_evolution
Geological formation in Mexico
The La Boca Formation is a geological formation in Tamaulipas state, northeast Mexico. It was originally thought to date back to the Early Jurassic, concretely
La_Boca_Formation
Extinct genus of therapsids
Biarmosuchia Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Synapsida see Synapsida Biarmosuchia see below↓ Biarmosuchia †Biarmosuchia
Lobalopex
Extinct genus of synapsids
"Was Ophiacodon (Synapsida, Eupelycosauria) a Swimmer? A Test Using Vertebral Dimensions". Early Evolutionary History of the Synapsida. Vertebrate Paleobiology
Ophiacodon
Suborder of stem-mammals
"Tiarajudens eccentricus and Anomocephalus africanus, two bizarre anomodonts (Synapsida, Therapsida) with dental occlusion from the Permian of Gondwana". Royal
Anomodontia
Extinct clade of therapsids
"Functional and Evolutionary Aspects of the Postcranial Anatomy of Dicynodonts (Synapsida, Therapsida)". Palaeontology. 49 (6): 1263–1286. Bibcode:2006Palgy..49
Dicynodontia
Genus of fossil montremes
Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: Cynodontia Clade: Mammaliaformes Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see Cynodontia Mammalia
Parvopalus
Extinct genus of mammals
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Subclass: Theria Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see Cynodontia Mammalia see Mammalia Eutheria see below↓
Ambolestes
Extinct family of cynodonts
Kusuhashi N, Corfe IJ (July 2016). "A new Early Cretaceous tritylodontid (Synapsida, Cynodontia, Mammaliamorpha) from the Kuwajima Formation (Tetori Group)
Tritylodontidae
Infraphylum of vertebrates
†Acanthodians (paraphyletic) Euteleostomi / Osteichthyes Actinopterygii Sarcopterygii: Tetrapoda Amphibia Amniota Sauropsida Sauria Synapsida Mammalia
Gnathostomata
Genus of diadectomorphs
placement of Limnoscelis and the Diadectomorpha relative to Amniota and Synapsida. Heaton's originally classified the diadectomorphs as amphibians, outside
Limnoscelis
Extinct genus of therapsids
Gorgonopsia Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Synapsida see Synapsida Gorgonopsia see below↓ Gorgonopsia †Gorgonopsia Aelurosaurus
Cyonosaurus
Clade of mammals and extinct relatives
Morganucodon Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: Cynodontia Clade: Prozostrodontia Clade: Mammaliamorpha
Mammaliaformes
Cheek bone
process of the zygomatic bone.[clarification needed] The arch is typical of Synapsida ("fused arch"), a clade of amniotes that includes mammals and their extinct
Zygomatic_arch
Genus of fossil montremes
Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: Cynodontia Clade: Mammaliaformes Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see Cynodontia Mammalia
Dharragarra
Extinct family of monotremes
Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: Cynodontia Clade: Mammaliaformes Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see Cynodontia Mammalia
Kollikodontidae
Extinct family of monotremes
Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: Cynodontia Clade: Mammaliaformes Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see Cynodontia Mammalia
Steropodontidae
Extinct genus of therapsids
martinsi Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Suborder: †Biarmosuchia Family: †Ictidorhinidae Broom
Ictidorhinus
Extinct genus of therapsids
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: Eutherapsida Synapsida see Synapsida Dinocephalia see below↓ Dinocephalia Dinocephalia
Ulemosaurus
Clade of therapsids
"The Evolution of the Maxillary Canal in Probainognathia (Cynodontia, Synapsida): Reassessment of the Homology of the Infraorbital Foramen in Mammalian
Cynodontia
Extinct genus of cynodont
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: Eutheriodontia Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see below↓ Cynodontia Cynodontia
Chaliminia
Extinct clade of tetrapods
recent research has recovered them as the sister group to the traditional Synapsida within Amniota, based on inner ear anatomy and cladistic analyses. They
Diadectomorpha
Extinct genus of monotremes
Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: Cynodontia Clade: Mammaliaformes Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see Cynodontia Mammalia
Patagorhynchus
Extinct order of mammals
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Subclass: Theria Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see Cynodontia Mammalia see Mammalia Eutheria see below↓
Pantolesta
Extinct genus of therapsids
Biarmosuchia Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Synapsida see Synapsida Biarmosuchia see below↓ Biarmosuchia †Biarmosuchia
Eotitanosuchus
Extinct genus of mammals
Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: Cynodontia Clade: Mammaliaformes Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see Cynodontia Mammalia
Tingamarra
Extinct family of therapsids
Biarmosuchia Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Synapsida see Synapsida Biarmosuchia see below↓ Biarmosuchia †Biarmosuchia
Eotitanosuchidae
Extinct genus of therapsids
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: Eutherapsida Synapsida see Synapsida Dinocephalia see below↓ Dinocephalia Dinocephalia
Enobius
Extinct family of Permian organisms
Spindler, F. 2016. Morphological description and taxonomic status of (Synapsida: Sphenacodontia). Freiberger Forschungshefte C550(23): 1–57. https://www
Palaeohatteriidae
Extinct order of early eutherians
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Subclass: Theria Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see Cynodontia Mammalia see Mammalia Eutheria see below↓
Asioryctitheria
Clade of reptiles with two holes in each side of their skulls
arrangement of openings in the skull. The other three subclasses were Synapsida (one opening low on the skull, for the "mammal-like reptiles"), Anapsida
Diapsid
Extinct genus of synapsids
osteohistology of hyperelongate neural spines in the Edaphosauridae (Amniota: Synapsida)". Palaeontology. 54 (3): 573–590. Bibcode:2011Palgy..54..573H. doi:10
Edaphosaurus
Posterior opening in zoology
(2026-08-21). "The evolutionary significance of the earliest cloacal opening in Synapsida". iScience. 29 (8) 116752. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.116752. ISSN 2589-0042
Cloaca
Part of the epithalamus
It is absent in mammals but was present in other extinct members of Synapsida including Therapsida. The pineal foramen became completely closed over
Parietal_eye
Extinct genus of therapsids
skeleton Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Suborder: †Dinocephalia Family: †Estemmenosuchidae Tchudinov
Estemmenosuchus
Extinct genus of therapsids
Gorgonopsia Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Synapsida see Synapsida Gorgonopsia see below↓ Gorgonopsia †Gorgonopsia Aelurosaurus
Sycosaurus
Extinct clade of therapsid stem-mammals
Tapinocephalidae. Phylogeny of Dinocephalia following Fraser-King et al. 2019 Class Synapsida Order Therapsida Suborder Dinocephalia ?Family Phreatosuchidae Phreatosaurus
Dinocephalia
Extinct genus of therapsids
Permian Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Suborder: †Dinocephalia Family: †Estemmenosuchidae Genus:
Molybdopygus
Extinct genus of synapsids
Frederik; Voigt, Sebastian; Fischer, Jan (2020-03-01). "Edaphosauridae (Synapsida, Eupelycosauria) from Europe and their relationship to North American
Remigiomontanus
Extinct genus of reptile from the early Permian of South Africa
Traditionally, amniotes are divided into two groups: a mammal lineage called Synapsida and a reptile lineage called either Reptilia or Sauropsida. In fact, the
Mesosaurus
Extinct genus of mammals
Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: Cynodontia Clade: Mammaliaformes Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see Cynodontia Mammalia
Repenomamus
Genus of giant dicynodont therapsid
mass estimate of the tapinocephalid dinocephalian Tapinocaninus pamelae (Synapsida: Therapsida)". Historical Biology. 33 (4): 498–505. doi:10.1080/08912963
Lisowicia
Extinct genus of therapsids
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: Eutheriodontia Synapsida see Synapsida Therocephalia see below↓ Therocephalia
Pardosuchus
Genus of marsupials
Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: Cynodontia Clade: Mammaliaformes Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see Cynodontia Mammalia
Caenolestes
Animals which have more than a single tooth morphology
dentition is heterodont and diphyodont as an example. Members of the Synapsida (including mammals) generally possess incisors, canines ("dogteeth"),
Heterodont
Outdated infraorder of extinct anomodont synapsids
Galechirus Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: †Anomodontia Informal group: †Dromasauria Broom
Dromasauria
Mythological serpent found in the mythology of many cultures
Benoit J (2024) A possible later Stone Age painting of a dicynodont (Synapsida) from the South African Karoo. PLoS ONE 19(9): e0309908. https://doi.org/10
Horned_Serpent
Extinct genus of therapsids from the early Triassic of Antarctica
Triassic Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: †Therocephalia Family: †Ericiolacertidae Genus:
Pedaeosaurus
Extinct genus of therapsids
Wordian Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Genus: †Microurania Ivakhnenko, 1995 Species: †M. minima
Microurania
Extinct clade of synapsids
Gilles (20 March 2025). "The rise and fall of Varanopidae† (Amniota, Synapsida)". Frontiers in Earth Science. 13. doi:10.3389/feart.2025.1544451. ISSN 2296-6463
Caseasauria
Extinct genus of therapsids
praeventor Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Suborder: †Dinocephalia Family: †Anteosauridae Genus:
Archaeosyodon
Extinct genus of therapsids
Permian Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Suborder: †Biarmosuchia Family: †Alrausuchidae Ivakhnenko
Alrausuchus
Earth's southernmost continent
Jörg; Angielczyk, Kenneth D. (eds.). Early Evolutionary History of the Synapsida. Springer Netherlands. ISBN 978-94-007-6841-3. Joyner, Christopher C.
Antarctica
Geologic formation on the island on Bornholm, Denmark
Heingård, M.; Milàn, J.; Lindgren, J. (2024). "The first tritylodontid (Synapsida, Cynodontia) fossil from Scandinavia" (PDF). Bulletin of the Geological
Hasle_Formation
Subphylum of chordates
(four-limbed vertebrates) Class "Amphibia" (amphibians, Lissamphibia) Class Synapsida (mammals and their extinct relatives) Class Sauropsida (modern reptiles
Vertebrate
Extinct genus of reptiles
Reptiliomorpha †Seymouria sp. †Recumbirostra †Hylonomus †Captorhinidae †Diadectomorpha †Protorothyrididae Amniota Synapsida Sauropsida/Reptilia (Pan‑Amniota)
Hylonomus
Extinct group of Permo-Triassic therapsids
cladistic relationships and monophyly of therocephalian therapsids (Amniota: Synapsida)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 157 (4): 865–891. doi:10
Therocephalia
Informal grouping composed of basal or primitive Late Paleozoic synapsids
information related to Pelycosauria. "Introduction to the Pelycosaurs". UCMP. "Synapsida - Pelycosauria". Palaeos.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival
Pelycosaur
Extinct genus of therapsids
Permian Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Suborder: †Dinocephalia Family: †Brithopodidae Genus:
Mnemeiosaurus
Extinct genus of therapsids
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: Eutherapsida Synapsida see Synapsida Dinocephalia see below↓ Dinocephalia Dinocephalia
Mormosaurus
Vertebrae of the tail
skeleton of the basal tapinocephalid dinocephalian Tapinocaninus pamelae (Synapsida: Therapsida) from the South African Karoo Supergroup". Journal of Systematic
Caudal_vertebrae
Extinct genus of dicynodonts
2913) Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: †Anomodontia Clade: †Dicynodontia Genus: †Nyaphulia
Nyaphulia
Extinct family of therapsids
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: Eutherapsida Synapsida see Synapsida Dinocephalia see below↓ Dinocephalia Dinocephalia
Titanosuchidae
Extinct genus of therapsids
Dinosaurus is not a dinosaur; like Dimetrodon, it belongs to the clade Synapsida and is therefore more closely related to mammals than to dinosaurs, the
Dinosaurus
Extinct genus of dicynodonts
simocephalus Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: †Anomodontia Clade: †Dicynodontia Family: †Kannemeyeriidae
Kannemeyeria
Sixth and last period of the Paleozoic Era
cladistic relationships and monophyly of therocephalian therapsids (Amniota: Synapsida)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 157 (4): 865–891. doi:10
Permian
Clade of cynodonts
traversodontid Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: Cynodontia Clade: Eucynodontia Clade: †Cynognathia
Cynognathia
Extinct genus of therapsids
Scaloporhinus Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: †Therocephalia Family: †Scaloposauridae Genus:
Scaloporhinus
Clade of mammals
Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: Cynodontia Clade: Mammaliaformes Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see Cynodontia Mammalia
Theriiformes
Extinct family of therapsids
skeleton of the basal tapinocephalid dinocephalian Tapinocaninus pamelae (Synapsida: Therapsida) from the South African Karoo Supergroup". Journal of Systematic
Tapinocephalidae
Extinct genus of cynodonts
Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: Cynodontia Clade: Eucynodontia Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see Cynodontia Cynognathia
Gornogomphodon
Extinct genus of therapsid from Late Permian Russia
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: Eutheriodontia Synapsida see Synapsida Therocephalia see below↓ Therocephalia
Scalopodontes
Gorgonopsia Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Synapsida see Synapsida Gorgonopsia see below↓ Gorgonopsia †Gorgonopsia Aelurosaurus
Arctosuchus
SYNAPSIDA
SYNAPSIDA
SYNAPSIDA
SYNAPSIDA
Male
Polish
Polish form of Slavic Bozidar, BOŻYDAR means "divine gift."
Boy/Male
Hindu
Horse rider, A star
Girl/Female
Hebrew
Graceful.
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Light of Saints
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Musical Instruments
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
Moon; Raise of Sun
Girl/Female
Indian
Silvery
Girl/Female
French
Feminine of Denis from the Greek name Dionysus.
Girl/Female
British, Celtic, Christian, English, French, German, Indian, Irish, Latin
Joy; Mother of the Romans; Women of Rome; The Vine; Purity
Boy/Male
Hebrew English
Strong.
SYNAPSIDA
SYNAPSIDA
SYNAPSIDA
SYNAPSIDA
SYNAPSIDA